Food & Nutrition (★★★+)

1. General functions of human digestive system

(a) Digestion of fats (the role of liver & gall bladder, effect of blockage of bile
duct/pancreatic duct on the digestion of fats) {DSE 12 P1-10, AL 12 P1-10,
CE 99-2(b), CE 03-2(c)}
(b) A flow chart to show the flow of absorbed food from small intestine to
heart/ Flowchart to show the route of transport of a fat soluble compound
{CE 04-1(a), AL 04 PIIA-1(c), AL 05 PIA-6, AL 07 PIIA-1(a)}
(c) The role of stomach in digestion; gastric ulcer; gastric reflux
{CE 05-3, CE 07-6}
(d) Digestion of proteins
(e) Role of liver in Deamination

2. Food requirements
(a) The concept of balance diet {CE 06-5, CE 07-9(b)}
-total energy intake＞＞total energy output ->> obesity/gain weight
-total energy intake＜＜total energy output ->> lose weight
(b) Energy value of different types of food/Carbohydrates as an immediate
source of energy {AL 02 PIIA-3(a)(I), AL 10 PIIB-5(c)}
(c) General functions of different types of food {DSE 14 P1-11}
(d) Long term health problem brought about by excessive intake of fat, sugar
or sodium in food {AL 99 PIIC-9}
(e) Food test {Benedict’s test, DCPIP test, Ph test for the presence of fatty
acids}
(f) Calorimeter

3. Structural adaptations of villus/small intestine to the absorption of food {DSE

13 P1-3}
4. (a) The role of teeth in mechanical digestion {CE 01-1(c)}
(b) Dentition of carnivores vs herbivores {AL 04 PIA-3, AL 08 PIA-5}
(c) Dietary requirement for keeping tooth healthy
(d) The cause & prevention of tooth decay
Circulatory System (★★★★+)

1. Mammalian Heart
{AL 01 PIIA-1(d), AL 03 PIIB-4(c), AL 04 PIIB-6(a), AL 09 PIIB-4(c)}
{CE 97-2(c), CE 03-4(b)}
(a) Role of coronary arteries and veins (blockage of coronary arteries leads to
heart attack)
(b) Role of tricuspid valves, bicuspid valves & semi-lunar valves (prevents
backflow of blood)
(c) The changes in the heart rate and stroke volume during exercise & its
significance
(d) Trained person vs untrained person (at rest & during exercise)

2. A flowchart to show the flow of blood from small intestine through liver to
lungs (small intestine->hepatic portal vein->liver->hepatic vein->vena
cava->heart->pulmonary artery->lung)
3. (a) Composition of blood in pulmonary arteries vs pulmonary veins (OR
umbilical artery vs. umbilical vein) {blood in pulmonary artery has a higher
CO2 and lower O2 content than pulmonary vein}
(b) Comparison of the cross-section of an artery & a vein (artery has a thicker
wall than vein) {DSE 15 P1-11, CE 04-3(c)}
(c) Structural adaptations of blood capillaries on the exchange of materials

4. Formation of tissue fluid & functions of lymphatic system

{DSE 17 P1-11, AL 05 PIIB-5(b), CE 00-3(a), CE 01-3(b), CE 05-8(a)}

Reproduction (★★★★+)

{CE 98-3(b), CE 99-1(a), CE 99-3(c), CE 00-1(a), CE 01-4(c), CE 02-1(a), CE

04-2(a), CE 05-10(a), CE 09-8(b)}

1. The concept of cloning (both animals and plants)

2. Reproduction in flowering plants vs mammals {AL 06 PIIB-4(a)}
3. Comparison between egg and sperm (food reserve, size, mobility)
4. Clinical test for testing abnormality (amniocentesis, karyotyping, sex
determination)
5. Pregnancy
-function of amnion, amniotic fluid, uterus, umbilical cord and placenta{DSE
16 P1-2}
6. Reproduction in flowering plants
-Formation of pollen tube {DSE 17 P1-3(b)}
-The role and fate of different floral parts
-Features of wind-pollinated flowers vs insect-pollinated flowers
{DSE 14 P1-8, DSE PP P1-10(b)}
-Cross-pollination vs self-pollination {DSE 17 P1-3(a)(c)}
7. Seed dispersal {AL 00 PIIA-1(a)(b)}
8. Hormonal Control of menstrual cycle {AL 00 PIA-3(b)}
9. Treatment of infertility; biological principles of contraceptive pills
{AL 00 PIA-3(a), AL 06 PIIB-4(c), AL 11 PIA-2}

Growth and development (★★){CE 04-1(b), CE 06-10(a)}

1. The process of seed germination {AL 99 PIA-9, AL 04 PIIA-3(c)}

2. Changes in the dry mass during seed germination
3. Dry mass vs fresh mass
4. Seed Germination-Importance of Water {DSE PP P1-10(b)(c)}

Sensitivity (★★★★)

1. Rods vs cones (functions, distribution)

{DSE 14 P1-10, DSE PP-P1-3, AL 04 PIIB-4(a), CE 10-5}
2. Yellow spot vs blind spot
3. Formation of image on retina and signal transduction along the optic nerve
4. Eye Defects (Glaucoma, cataract, etc)
5. Pupil reflex {CE 03-3(a)}
6. Accommodation {CE 01-2(a)}
(a) Focusing near object and distant object (the role of ciliary muscle,
suspensory ligaments, lens)
(b) Short-sightness
7. Sensation in ears {DSE 15 P1-1, AL 01-PIIA-1(a), CE 02-4(a)}
Growth Response (★★★)

1. Significance of phototropism {DSE 15 P1-7}

2. Effect of auxin on the growth of root and shoot
3. Tropism in flowering plants vs Reflex actions in humans (contrast the nature
and process) {DSE PP P1-12}
4. Significance of geotropism

Coordination (★★★){CE 95-3(b), CE 00-2(b), CE 04-2(c)}

1. Function of cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla, spinal cord {DSE 14 P1-10, DSE

16 P1-1, DSE 13 P1-1}
2. Nervous transmission across a synapse/neuro-muscular junction
{DSE 15 P1-5, AL 04 PIA-6, AL 07 PIA-6, AL 09 PIA-1}
3. Reflex action vs voluntary action (Compare their nature with named
examples)
(a) Fast vs slow
(b) Under the control of will or not (cerebrum is involved or not)
(c) Stereotype vs different responses, altered through learning or experience
4. Pupil reflex
5. Withdrawal reflex
6. Hormonal coordination vs nervous coordination {AL 02 PIIB-5(b)}

Homeostasis (★★★★★)

1. Blood glucose level regulation

{DSE 15 P1-8, DSE 12 P1-7, AL 06 PIB-10, AL 07 PIIC-8, CE 02-1(c), CE
05-9(a)}
(a) The roles of pancreas and liver in blood glucose regulation
(b) The antagonistic roles of insulin & glucagon
(c) The appearance of glucose in urine under different circumstances
(d) The consequences of the failure in keeping blood glucose level constant
(e) The cause & treatment of diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes vs
insulin-independent diabetes)
(f) The use of recombinant DNA technology in making insulin
2. General concept of homeostasis-importance, negative feedback mechanism,
parameters of internal environment (e.g. blood glucose level, gas content in
blood, water content and body temperature)

Ecosystems (★★★★★)

1. Energy flow/ Nutrient flow in the ecosystem

-Energy flow {AL 01 PIIB-6, AL 95 PIIB-5}
-Nitrogen Cycle {DSE 13 P1-5, CE 96-2(b)(i), CE 05-8(b), AL 06 PIIC-8}
-Carbon Cycle {AL 09 PIIB-5}
2. Energy loss along the food chain/Pyramid of number {DSE 15 P1-3, DSE 12
P1-6, CE 05-6(c)}
3. Ecological Succession (The effect of fire on ecological succession)
{DSE 14 P1-5, DSE PP P1-8(a)}
4. Predation vs Competition; Mutualism vs Commensalism
{DSE 17 P1-8, DSE PP P1-5(b), DSE PP P1-8(b)}
5. Ecological Studies-Rocky Shore {DSE 16 P1-5, DSE 13 P1-8}
6. The use of frame quadrat (Belt/Line transect method) {DSE 13 P1-8, DSE PP
P1-5(a)}
7. Accumulation of toxin along the food chain (e.g. mercury, DDT)
{CE 96-4(b), CE 99-4(c), CE 04-4(b), AL 08 PIA-3, AL 09 PIC-11(a)(c)}

Personal Health (★★★){DSE 14 P1-9, DSE PP P1-7(b)}

1. Effect of exercise on health {AL 00 PIIC-10}

2. Effect of diet on health
3. Effect of smoking on health

Disease (★★★★+)

1. Infectious disease {DSE 12 P1-2, DSE PP P1-1}

e.g. Common cold/Influenza, Avian Flu, AIDS, Dengue Fever, SARS
2. Non-infectious disease {DSE 14 P1-9}
-Diabetes Mellitus {DSE 12 P1-7, AL 06 PIB-10}
-Cardiovascular disease {DSE PP P1-7, AL 05 PIC-12}
-Cancer {DSE 16 P1-6, AL 05 PIC-12, AL 04 PIC-13}
3. Treatment (indiscriminate use of antibiotics) {DSE PP P1-6, AL 06 PIC-13}
Body Defense (★★★)

1. Human Defense Mechanism {DSE 16 P1-7, DSE 14 P1-2}

2. Vaccination {DSE 17 P1-9, DSE 13 P1-9, CE 98-2(b), CE 03-4(c), CE 04-1(c)}
3. Control of the spread of infectious diseases{AL 04 PIIC-7, AL 00 PIIC-9}