KPE ENGINEERING GROUP

(WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/POWERENGINEERINGKNOWLEDGE)

A ХХ !!
(A "#$% &' ( A "#$% )*)
Basic Electricity Part 21 – Part 30
KNOWLEDGE IN POWER ENGINEERING
19-Oct-19
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

Contents
A "#$% &' (Types of Overhead Conductors) ........................................................................................... 4

'C AAC (All Aluminium Conductors) .................................................................................................... 5

&C ACAR (Aluminium Conductor, Aluminium Reinforce).................................................................. 6

)C AAAC( All Aluminium Alloy Conductor).......................................................................................... 6

FC ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforce) ............................................................................ 7

A ХХ !! A "#$% && (Arc Suppression Coil/ Petersen Coil ) ......................................................... 9

A "#$% &) (Power Flow Study-Classifications of Power System Buses) .......................................... 14

'C Generator Bus or Voltage Controlled Bus (P-V )........................................................................ 16

&C Load Bus (P-Q Bus) ........................................................................................................................ 16

)C Slack Bus /Swing Bus/ Reference Bus (V- δ Bus) ..................................................................... 17

A "#$% &F (Load Flow Study-Admittance Matrix ) ................................................................................. 17

A ХХ !! A "#$% ................................................................................................................................. 23

A ХХ !! A "#$% &N (ABCD Parameters of a Transmission Line ) ............................................ 28

A ХХ !! A "#$% &O ........................................................................................................................... 32

(ABCD Parameters of Short & MediumTransmission Lines ) ........................................................... 32

A ХХ !! A "#$% &Q (HVDC Transmission A ХХST UVК " ) ............................................. 38

၁။ Monopolar Link .................................................................................................................................. 40

၂။ Bipolar Link ......................................................................................................................................... 41

၃။ Homopolar Link .................................................................................................................................. 42

A ХХ !! A "#$% &X (SF6 gas A ZКV$% [# КV$%!\V ) ............................................................. 44

A ХХ !! A "#$% )* (Advantages of Bundled Conductors ) ........................................................ 48

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

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К V ]n V(Knowledge in Power Engineering)

BE(Marine Electrical and Electronics Systems, MMU )

MPE(Power Engineering, U SYD)

ASP Level 3 Electrical Design Engineer (ADP Consulting, Sydney)

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

A "#$% &' (Types of Overhead Conductors)

A #"$% &* (V S"e%К U nderground Cables Sd A ZКV$%К"# A ХХ S$ Х`f cSnC AХ"

ogA "#$%(V SVf Power System \`f Transmission e` fDistribution #"$% Sd(V A["%( V%S`f
Overhead Conductors Sd A ZКV$%К"# UК КS$ %(V j! cSnC

Transmission/Distribution Systems Sd(V A\$S"e%К HDCU (Hard Drawn Copper)

SdК"# ( V% [VAV% j$f ["%ZК cSnC Conductivity #" КV$% (`f ! %ZКg%S`fASdК
! % #"[К[VS`f Aluminium Conductors SdК"# n e f ХS(V #"(#" Sd$К n!dV
A["% q VZК cSnC eVКS!Х" Aluminium Conductors Sd\f` AV%[VХ КК Copper
e` f !!!g% ZКV$% (Vx S^Хf\
` $ Diameter #"ZКg%S`fASdК Corona Effect (conductors
S*e%К $(V Ionization j! g% Hissing sound A[idК Х$% A#"]"e%pVS $d fiК
d h"#$ Х$%)
#"eT% cSnC

Copper e` fnU\$ Aluminium Conductors Sd\` fAV%eT%Х КК

'C Ud̀Ue fХh"#$(" (Tensile Strength) #"eT%S`fASdК " &'.' (V iV%S`f Sag (Span (
AVК[#" fA#К [V AКdVA *%) #"( V% cSnC (Sag К Temperature v(^ST cSnC
^Sf` \V[g Sd(V Sag #"( V% cSnC)
&C Conductivity #"eT% cSnC
)C Diameter #"ZКg%S`fASdК e` fi# Sd fSf` Area #"( V% [V ZКV$f Air pressure
#"( V% cSnC oc ZКV$f Swing j!h#"$ Х ( V%S`fASdК Crossarm ( " &'.&)
"#ZКg%ZКg%["%\ cSnC ogASdК Cost #"К"e cSnC

Ap#К AV%eT%Х КК All Aluminium Conductors SdrV Tensile Strength eT% cSnC
oc ZКV$f [g%[e f["%SV\#[ #" S ХV% Alloy Sd e` f \V g% Conductors SdК"#
Sgid$i"S " VZК cSnC

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &'.' Sag and Tension " &'.& Cross Arm Types

'C AAC (All Aluminium Conductors)

Aluminium [g%[e f c*$S` fConductors A( #q%A!V% j! cSnC " &'.) (V iV% cSnC
AiК(V V[ #" Tensile Strength eT% cSnC Sag ( V% cSnC oc ZКV$f [^S#" fК"# Span
Length (pVSS"#$ & Х"ZКV% AКdVA *%) eT%S`f Distribution Level Sd(V `
A["%( V% cSnC

" &'.) All Aluminium Conductor

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

&C ACAR (Aluminium Conductor, Aluminium Reinforce)

Corrosion [ Х % SК n
d cSnC Aluminium i`(V ! %AZКg%U"% j! cSnC " &'.F
К"#ZКTf cC

" &'.F ACAR

)C AAAC( All Aluminium Alloy Conductor)

" &'.k (V iV% cSnC AAC e`fST UVК " S^ cSnC [^К SVf Alloy
A( #q%A!V% j! cSnC Alloy j!S`fASdК AAC iК ! % #" %\ cSnC oc (`f Tensile
Strength #"( V%S`fASdК Span Length "#\T\T (U (VC C (!К#" jS g% ZК#q%[dnSV( #q%)
["% #" f\ cSnC AAC iК Sag #"eT% cSnC

" &'.k AAAC

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

FC ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforce)

Steel К"# A["% qiV%S`fASdК ACAR iК Weight #" % cSnC oc (` fAV%[VХ КК
Longer Span #" *% *% ["% #" f\ g% Sag К ` eT% cSnC oc ZКV$f EHV Transmission Line
Sd(V A["%( V% cSnC x/y/z e` f jV f\# cSnC x К aluminum strands A \ASdКl y
К Steel strands A \ASdК j! g% z К strand S!Х" \`f Diameter j! cSnC " &'.O (V
ZКTf cC z К Optional A ee` fiTf( ViV% cs^%C GZ U#"SV( #q% `
S!Х #q f e\V Sd(V Sdf\ cSnC Galvanized Steel Reinforce К"# U"# #"SV j! cSnC

" &'. N ACSR

" &'. O

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

og e\V(V Solid Conductor iК Stranded Conductors Sd\f` AV%[VХ КК ZК#q% SdК"#

^%Х TiV%S`fASdК Breakage Sh"#$ Х eT% g% Skin Effect #"eT% cSnC oc ZКV$f
Power Loss eT% cSnC

Conductors Sd(V Phase S!Х"Х $%!g S! Х V$%!g [dV%S`f Bare Conductors e` f3 Phase
+Neutral c$%iV%S`f Arial Bundled Conductors (ABC) A( #q%A!V% ` \# cSnC " &'.Q (V
iV% cSnC ABC Sd\` fAV%[VХ КК Cover Insulation cS`fASdК
[! $e` f\"#К(#SfA
` Хc flush over short ( j!h"#$ cs^%C Line person (S U$[^) Sd
ASdК ` Safe j! cSnC maintenance #"eT% cSnC crossarm S !\V ( #"A cs^%C

" &'. Q Aerial Bundle Conductor (ABC)

eVКS!Х"К Overhead Conductors Sd(V ` Strand A \ASdК Diameter

A( #q%A!V%A "#К Cherry, dog, neptune !S` feV(T % Sd %iV%SV( #q% `
\# cSnC

ocfA $ AХ" eVК "#$%(V Material Science S"#%SК V("e` fAS^ Higher Temperature (>80
deg C) Sd(V["%S`f

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

'C TACSR ( Thermal Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforce)

&C Zirconium Alloy Conductor Invar Steel Reinforced (ZACIR)
)C Gap Thermal Resistant Aluminum Alloy Steel Reinforced (GTACSR)
FC Annealed Aluminum Conductor Steel Supported (ACSS)
kC Aluminum Conductor Composite Core (ACCC)
NC Aluminum Conductor Composite Reinforced (ACCR) Sd ` \# V cSnC

Reference: Power System Engineering (Planning /Design and operation of PS &

equipments) by Jurgen Schlabbach, Karl-Heinz Rofalski (2nd Edition_Wiley-2014)
www.electrical4u.com Google Images

A ХХ !! A "#$% && (Arc Suppression Coil/ Petersen Coil )

Power System S!Х"(V Earthing System rV A e

d A \% c cSnC Earthing A ZКV$%К
!e!SК e` fsV[V\ S!Х"A ee` f f Vj#" f КV$% cSnC Ai^%[ j$f Distribution
Network Sd(V Star Connection Transformer Sd A["% qZК cSnC Consumer sК(V
Neutral Point #"Х $ #"f cC A\$A "#$% Sd(V VХ`f[ #" U nderground Cables Sd\f`
Dielectric Insulation #" f ХvS`f Capacitance Sej#"%rV ( V% cSnC A "#$% 'N(V
S$ Х`f cSnC Earth Fault (Phase to Earth) j! VS`fAХc Fault Current !g%U$%(" ( Zero
Sequence Current) (VxrV Phase Current \`f ) U i# \#SS cSnC ogA ХA eК"#
Arcing j!Sn #" f Хv cSnC

System Earthing (V Ap#К ["%( #q%\# cSnC Solid Earthing #" f ХvS`f S"#К\"#К Star Point
К"# Earth Х SVl Resistive Earthing #" f ХvS`f Resistor Х g% Earth Х SV e`f Inductor /Coil
Х g% Earthing Х SV Sd ` j! cSnC og ["%eT%(V i( eT%К AiК(V VХ`f[ #"
Arcing Current ) U i#\#h"#$ cSnC ^К [dV%К"#$(#[T j!\$ ` Ahƒ\Vn( V% cSnC
oc ZКV$f o"S#neT%e` fSS#neT%К"# A["%( V% cSnCo"S#n eT%К Resistance Sej#"%
S!Х" ХiV%S`fASdК Fault j! VS`fAХc Current Limit " #"КS`fASdК ^ [#"f(r"S
Device/Appliance SdК"# КVКdn g%[V% j! cSnC oc (`f Insulation

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

КV$% КV$% " j#" f #" cSnC AiК c & eT%К ^[#( V%S`fASdК A [%!#SК#"
eVКA $%[$fSfA
` Хc( \% cf(nC

AХ" ogS! S(V SVf SS#neT% j!S`f ^[#eT%S`f Petersen Coil [#" f(r"S Arc
Suppression Coil " &&.' К"# U nderground System Sd(V sn #" A["% qSV ` U"#SV
S$ % cf(nC Ap#К Petersen Coil \`f A " К Charging Current К"# Resonance " g%
Neutralize " j#" f j! cSnC A [%!#SК"# A ХХК! g% f VZКTf\ AV$C

" &'.' Petersen Coil

!!Х $% Three Phase System \`f Voltage Vector Diagram К"# " &&.& (V iV% cSnC
S!Х"e` fS!Х"rV 120 Degrees КdV ХV% cSnC

" &&.)

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

AiК(V VХ`f[ #" U nderground Cable Sd(V Capacitance Sej#"%\#SfA

` SdК Phase
e` f Earth ZКV%(V\#Sf` Capacitance Current ZКV$f Current Vector rV Voltage Vector К"#
90 degree !V g% " &&.) cAS"#$% \# e ! cSnC

" &&.)

SКn #" fYellow Phase К Earth Fault j!SnU#"\$ System Balance e j! AV$
S ХV% Vector Sd\f` Null Point [#" f(r"S A (g%rV Yellow Vector \`f i# К"#
\d f[Vd %S`fASdК S ХV% Phase Capacitance Current / Charging Current rV ` sqrt(3)*
IB e` fsqrt(3)*IR U#" g% j! V cSnC " &&.F e` f&&.k (V f VZКTf cC

" &&.F Phase Voltage during fault " &&.k Phase Current during fault

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

oc ZКV$f A[V%S$ Resultant Current rV sqrt[(sqrt(3)* IB )^2 + (sqrt(3)*IR^2)

j!S`fASdК 3I U#" g% \ V cSnC [ sVК Balance System (V \#Sf` Current iК ) U
j! VS`f [ sV cC " &&.N (V ZКTf cC

" &&.N

" &&. O(V SVf К Sd f(V !g% eS`f Current К"# f Vh"#$ cSnC ogA ХA e(V Phase
Current \`f ) U rV Fault Current A ee` f!g%U$% e cSnC

" &&.O

SКn #" fКd e SVS"#fК " &&.Q AS"#$% Inductor S!Х"К"# Star Point К e Ground К"#
Х #SUК #"К(nU"#\$ SVf !V !VК Capacitance Current К"# Х j К #"К cSnC
[ sVК Inductor \`f Reactance rV Capacitor \`f Reactance Sej#"% e` fTg[Vd %S`fASdК

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

Capacitance Current rV Inductor Current e` fS^[Vd %S`fASdК Resultant Current

(!g%h"#$ SVf cs^%C ocК"# Resonance A ХA e #" fControl System (V Хv cSnC
ogeT% (%К"# W. Petersen U"#Sf` TV\$К 1917 (V ! Sd fХfS
` fA
` SdК Petersen Coil
#" f["%h"e% cSnC

" &&.Q

og SVf Inductance Sej#"%К"# sn #" SdКn^ZК(V ` UК f VZК\ AV$C

Capacitance Reactance (Xc= 1/2*pi*f *C) j!S`fASdК Capacitance ZКV$f j!S`f

Current rV I = Vph/Xc = Vph/(1/2*pi*f*C) j! cSnC SКn #" fFault j! VS`fAХc
Current ) U j! VS`fASdК A`ogAХ #e(V

3I = 3Vph/(1/2*pi*f*C) = 6*pi*f*C*Vph U#" g%\# cSnC

Inductor \`f Current К `

IL=Vph/XL = Vph/2*pi*f*L

j!S`fASdК AiК c Capacitance Charging Current К"# Х j Кj#" fASdК U#"\$ 3I=IL=
6*pi*f*C*Vph = Vph/2*pi*f*L j!\ c(nC

og Tg( Х$%К e Inductance L Sej#"%К"# UКSdКZКTf\$

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

L=1/ (12*pi^2*f^2*C) U#" g%\ V c SVfSnC

L \`f U nit К Henry f К System frequency (50/60Hz), Vph К Phase /Phase to Neutral
Voltage cC C in Farad , pi =3.14 j! cSnC К Sd f(V SVf System S!Х"e` fS!Х"
(S^TgSfA
` SdК #"[ #" V$% #" f\ AV$ " &&.X (V iV%[ #" Inductance Sej#"%К"# Tap
Changer e` f V$% ` ZК cSnC

" &&.X

Reference: Practical Power System Protection by L.G. Hewitson, Mark Brown, Ramesh
Balakrishnan www.electrical4u.com Google Images

A "#$% &) (Power Flow Study-Classifications of Power System Buses)

ogS! S(V SVf Power System e` f S[К g% ([#( j! A \% cS`f Power Flow Study
A ZКV$% A! q S$ Х $ cSnC
Power Flow Analysis К"# Х #SUКiV%S`f Interconnected Power System Sd(V j! eS`f
К\# A ХA el AeVaS Load Flow sn #" j!( `l !S`f A ХA e SdК"#
f Vj#" fASdК A["% qZК cSnC

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

Power Flow Study " S`f e\V(V Power System Bus A( #q%A!V% Sd A ZКV$%К"#
A\$U"% eV% Tj#" f #" cSnC
Power System S!Х"(V Busbar SdrV A \% c cSnC Busbar SdrV Generatorsl
Feeder Linesl Load SdК"# Х #SUК\V e\V j! cSnC Bus S!Х"К"# Variable Sej#"% F ( #q%
e` f[S(Sh"#$ cSnC

'C Voltage magnitude (|V|) Voltage Sej#"%

&C Phase Angle of Voltage (δ)
)C Active Power (P)
FC Reactive Power (Q)

Power Flow SdКS`f e\V(V AiК c Variable F Х" i`К Variable & Х" К"# [S(S g%
([#"f(r"S) [#\# g% A ХV% ([#Sf` U nknown Variable& Х" К"# SdКi"SZК\ cSnC

og #" Variable [# Х$% ([# Х$% v (^ST g% Bus A( #q%A!V% ) ( #q% Хd̀ ХV%h"#$ cSnC

'C Generator Bus or Voltage Controlled Bus (P-V Bus)

&C Load Bus (P-Q Bus)
)C Slack Bus /Swing Bus/ Reference Bus (V- δ Bus)
" &).' e` f " &).& (V iV% cSnC

" &).'

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &).&

'C Generator Bus or Voltage Controlled Bus (P-V )

Generator Bus К Active Power (P) Rating Sej#"% e`f i"S %(`f Voltage Magnitude
Sej#"%К"# [S(S %iV% [#"f(r"S [#\# cSnC oc ZКV$f P-V bus #" f ХvZК cSnC
Reactive Power (Q) Sej#"%К"# Injection " ZКTf Х$%AV% j$f Voltage Sej#"%К"# Constant
" [ j! e AV$ q " iV% cSnC [ sVК Load Flow (V Generator Bus К #"Х $S`f
Voltage e` fActive Power Sej#"%\ AV$ Reactive Power (Q) e` fPhase Angle(δ) К"# #"[ #"
V$% % cSnC

&C Load Bus (P-Q Bus)

Load #" f V\$ Power Consumption \# cSnC Power (V Active Power (P) e` f Reactive
Power (Q) U#" g% \#h"#$ cSnC oc ZКV$f Load Bus rV Real Power (P) e` fReactive Power
(Q) S#" fК"# System К e A["% q cSnC Power Flow К e Voltage e` f Phase Angle(δ) К"#
SdКn^\\#h"#$ cSnC system stability ASdК Load Voltage Sej#"%К"# A V$%A ` (+/-
5%) i# КХh"#$ cSnC Phase Angle К SVf Load Bus ASdК A \%[# ( c cs^%C
S!ХcS! Generator \V Load \V (Х #SiV%S`f Bus К"# ` Impedance
\#Sf[
` sVe` fLoad Bus A j! [S(SZК cSnC

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

)C Slack Bus /Swing Bus/ Reference Bus (V- δ Bus)

Voltage Magnitude Sej#"% 1 per unit (1pu) e` fPhase Angle Zero (0) iV%ZК cSnC og Bus
\`f A " К Infinite Power %h"#$ cSnC oc ZКV$f System ASdК #"A S`f Real Power
(P) e` fReactive Power (Q) К"# #"[ #" i"S %h"#$ cSnC I^2 *R Loss #" f ХvS`f Power
Flow SdК(ZКTfХ$ ([#h#"$S`f Line Loss SdК"# ` i"S %h"#$ cSnC oc ZКV$f Generator
e` fХ #SiV%S`f Bus К"# T% Slack Bus A ee` fiV%h"#$ cSnC Generator
e` fХ #S #" fGenerator bus #" f " [((S !Х $ cs^%C

AХ"U#"\$ Bus A( #q%A!V% Sd КdV ХV% " К"# [#\#ZК(n #" fn^U cSnC

(SХ КC CLoad Flow SdКS`fAХc Voltage Magnitude К"# 1 pu e` fPhase Angle (0) iV% g%
К eS`f [#Sf` Sej#"% SdК e S!U$f U nknown Variables Sd (Ap#КAV% j$f output of
Generator-S, voltage of each bus-|V| δ, Power Flow on each feeder) К"# SU$f g%SU$f
U pdate " g% Condition SdAV% "% К"#КTg[TAi# SdКi"S cSnC
SdКeT% Sdi(
` V A["%( V%S`f Newton-Raphson l Gauss-Seidal SdКeT% SdК"# SVf
eVКA #"$% Sd(V S$ cf(nC

Reference: Practical Power System Protection by L.G. Hewitson, Mark Brown, Ramesh
Balakrishnan www.electrical4u.com

A "#$% &F (Load Flow Study-Admittance Matrix )

g%Х`fSf` A #"$%(V Load Flow e` f S[КS` fBus A( #q%A!V% Sd КdV ХV%Х Кe` f \d%Х n " К"#
S$ Х`f cSnC AХ"ogA "#$%(V SVf Power System (V Admittance Matrix #" f ХvS` fYbus
matrix К"# sn #" SdКn^( ` f VZК(V j! cSnC A\$Ug%U"% Admittance Y= 1/
Impedance (Z) U#"SVК"# [#j"# f #" cSnC Z e` f V$% e AХ #q%К cSnC Network Power
Flow SdКS`fAХc Impedance iV% g% SdК #" f\[ #" Admittance e` f V$% g% SdК #" f `

Page 17
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

\ cSnC Admittance e` f V$%SdКS`fAХc Network К #"(#"\$% $%[dV%S`fASdК

SdК\SV #" n
d К^ ! cSnC

A\$A #"$%(V \%Х`f[ #" bus Sd(V Generator Sd\#(nl Load Sd Х #SUКiV%(nl
oc((r"S Network ASdК Reactive Power Compensation " %S`f static Capacitors
Sd Х #SUКiV%(nC sn #" ` \# e c !l Power Flow К"# f V(V j!S`fASdК Bus
S!Х"(V Power Generation e` fDemand & Х" \# cSnC Bus К"# Generator К e % #"КS`f
Complex Power SGi = PGi + jQGi \#[ #" Bus К e n^["%(`f Demand SDi = PDi +jQDi
\## c(nC i К Bus number j! cSnC i=1,2,3, …, n i# \#h"#$ cSnC og Power Sej#"% &Х" \`f
ХV%eV%Х КК Bus К"# Inject " #"КS`f Network Power A[V%S$ Sej#"% j! cSnC
Pi=PGi-PDi , Qi=QGi-QDi j! cSnC

" &F.' (V U (VA ee` f4-Bus System Network К"# Single Line Diagram e` f iV% cSnC
Bus FХ" "%(V Generator \V Load \V \# c(nC Power Flow SdКj#" fASdК n
d К^ AV$
TT model (Pi) [#"f(r"S Admittance Model V$%n^ZК cSnC c$%!T% %S`fASdК
Lumped Circuit #"f ` ["%h"e% cSnC " &F.& (V Pi Model К#" V$%iV%SVК#"
iV% cSnC " &F.& A\ Generator Bus Sd(V Shunt Capacitance "!e`f Ground (0) К"#
Х #SiV%SVК#" Sd f\(V cC ocrV Generator S"#$%(V \#Sf` Series Inductance К#" Pi Model
(V Parallel "! Х #SiV%SV j! cSnC Shunt Admittance A ee` fY10, Y20 ![ j$f
\# c(nC i#" fAS^ Transmission Line (V ` Impedance \#SfA
` SdК Admittance Model
V$%S`fAХc Yij (Bus i to j) [#" f(r"S Y12, Y23,… ![ j$f Line Admittance
A[g%[g%\# c(nC ocК#" SVf Mutual Admittance #" f Хv cSnC

Page 18
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &F.'

" &F.&

Kirchoff’s Current Law (Current Flowing into the Bus = Current Flowing Out of the bus)
К#" A["% q g% Bus S!Х"Х $%!g(V \#Sf` Current Equation К"# \%ZКTf c(nC Ohm’s Law A\
I=V/Z =V*Y j! cSnC oc ZКV$f " &F.) cAS"#$% Bus F Х"ASdК Current Equation F
ZКV$% \ cSnC og Current Equation F ZКV$%К"# Matrix "!e` f \%S`fAХc " &F.F (V
iV%[ #" \ V cSnC

Page 19
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &F.)

" &F.F

Matrix "!e`f Х$%AV% j$f MATLAB e` fSК

d S`fAХc #"(#" n
d К^[Vd % ! cSnC " &F.F \`f
Matrix Main Diagonal (V \#Sf` Y10+Y11+Y12 S#" frV Bus 1 e` fХ #SiV%S`f Admittance
Sej#"% Sd j! cSnC i#" fAS^ Y20+Y12+Y23+Y24 S"# frV Bus 2 e` fХ #SiV%S`f
Admittance j! cSnC oc ZКV$f Main Diagonal (V \#Sf` Admittance Sej#"% Sd К"# Self-
Admittance (driving point admittance) #" f Хv cSnC Yii e`f К#"n!V% q cSnC " &F.k (V
ZКTf cC

" &F.k

Page 20
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &F.F \`f matrix row columns Sde` fnUZКTfSfA

` Хc " &F.N (V iV%[ #" [КU#"$\V
Mutual Admittance Sd \ V cSnC

" &F.N

oc ZКV$f Ybus S!Х"rV " &F.O cAS"#$% I = Y*V "!e`f Ybus Admittance Matrix К"#
\ V cSnC

" &F.O

Page 21
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &F.Q

" &F.Q e` fSd̀ f V cC

Ybus К"#ZКTf\$ Main Diagonal К Bus К"# VХ #SiV%S`f Self-Admittance Sej#"% Sd

j! g% Other Diagonal К Bus ' Х"e` f' Х"ZКV%К Mutual Admittance j! cSnC Ybus К#"
ZКTf\"e` fNetwork \`f Admittance Sej#"% SdК"# \$% $%!dV Хd̀ ХV%[#h"#$ cSnC Ybus rV
Sparse Matrix (most of elements could be zero) j!S`fASdК Memory eT%eT% `
n^ [V ZКV$f Computer (MATLAB) e` fSК
d S`fAХc Processing Speed (eUe cSnC
oc ZКV$f Power Flow Calculation/Load Flow SdКS`fAХc Sd$К n!dV A["% qZК cSnC
AХ" ogA "#$%(V iV%S`f U (V v(^ST g% ZК#qКS`f Network \`f Ybus Matrix К"#
SdКn^h"#$ZК cSnC

Reference: Power System Analysis By Hadi Saadat , J Duncan Glover el

https://circuitglobe.com/formation-of-bus-admittance-matrix…

Page 22
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

A ХХ !! A "#$% &k (Per U nit System)

g%Х`fSf` A #"$%(V Load Flow e` f S[КS`f Admittance Matrix #" f ХvS` fYbus matrix К"#
sn #" SdКn^( ` f VХ`fZК cSnC AХ" ogA #"$%(V SVf Power Flow study
SdКSV ` j! j!l Power System Analysis " S`fAХc(V ` j! j! A\$U"% ([#( j!
A \% cS`f Per U nit System A ZКV$%К"# S$ [dV% fc(nC Short circuit calculation
e` fSingle Line Diagram A "#$% Sd (V ` A ХХA ee` fS$ Х`f cSnC

Voltage Level S!Х"ST%\#Sf` Power System Sd\f` Parameters Sd j!S`f Transformers,

Generators, Load Sd\f` Voltage, Current, Impedance, Power SdК"# SdК\SV (ХК (`f
К Sd fPower System SdrV (S^TgSf` Voltage Level Sd\#Sf` Interconnected
Network SdК"# Х #SUКiV%S`fASdК AiК c Parameters SdК"# SdКХ К\SV
( n
d К^ cs^%C oc ZКV$f Power Engineer SdA ee`f base Sej#"%S!Х"e` fh"#$%nU g%
jV S`f [#"f(r"S o[(К#e%Sej#"% SdA ee` f jV S`f Per U nit System К"#
A["% q VZК cSnC og!e!(V (S^TgSf` Voltage Level U#"SV (\# SVf ` Generator,
Transformer Sde` fLines Sej#"% SdAV% "%К"# Impedance (Z) A ee` f jV %h"#$ cSnC
oc ZКV$f \#"%\#"% SdКSViК Per U nit V$% g% SdКХ К\SV #" g% (eUe n
d К^ cSnC

Per U nit \`f Definition К"# ZКTf\$ Quantity (pu) = actual quantity/ base value quantity
U#" g% jV ZК cSnC Ap# ŽVnК Base Sej#"% S!Х" v(^ST g% Power System
Parameter Sd\f` SКnfSej#"%К"# h"#$%nU jV Х$% c `C Parameters Sd v(^ST g%
Complex Power S (pu)= S/SB , V (pu) = V/VB , I (pu) =I/IB , Z (pu) =Z/ZB U#" g%
\#h#"$ cSnC A vК #"$% * rV Complex Number j!h"#$ g% #"$% ХК SVf Real Numbers
j! f\# cSnC Base Parameters F Х"(V Voltage VB e` fComplex Power (SB) S#" fК"#
Sej#"%S!Х" A\$[S(S\ cSnC kV e` fMVAК"# n^ f\# cSnC К eS`f Base
Sej#"% SdК"# SVf IB=SB/(sqrt(3)xVB), ZB= (VB/sqrt(3))/IB К e SdКn^ #" f\ cSnC
Power System rV 3 Phase j!S`fASdК 3phase Circuit \`f U o[AS"#$% j! cSnC IB
Sej#"%К"# ZB (V A!V%i#"% #"К(nU#"\$ ZB= (VB)^2/SB U#" g% \ V cSnC

Page 23
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

Per U nit System rV Circuit Law К"# ` #"КeV cSnC oc ZКV$f Line Parameter SdК#"
SdКS`fAХc S(pu) = V(pu) x I(pu)* e`f V(pu)=Z(pu)xI (pu) j! cSnC * К Conjugate
[ КbS j! cSnC Complex Sej#"%\`f j term К"# К•xV V$%\ cSnC oc((r"S Polar
form (VU#" Angle К"# К•xV V$%\ cSnC Load sКК"# SdКS`fAХc SL (3ph) = 3x Vp
x Ip* e` fIp=Vp/Zp j! cSnC Vp , Ip , Zp S"# fК Phase Sej#"% Sd j! cSnC Ip Sej#"%К"# SL
(3ph) (V A!V%i#"% g% Zp К"# SdКZКTf(nU"#\$ Zp = 3x |Vp|^2 / ( SL(3ph)*) = |V(line to
line) ^2 | /SL (3ph)*) \ cSnC oc ZКV$f Load \`f Zpu К"# SdКZКTf\$ Zpu=Zp/ZB=|V(line-
line)/VB| ^2 x (SB/SL(3ph)*) = |Vpu|^2 /SL (pu)* U#" g% \ V cSnC

ocК#" eV% T gU"#\$ Per U nit base V$%SVК#" UК f VZКTf c(nC Manufacturer
i"S " [^ SdrV Generator, Transformer, Motor SdК"# [^S"#f[S(SiV%S`f Rating
S!Х"e` fSК
d Х К g% Per U nit Sej#"% SdК"# [КU"#$\V Equipment Sd(V
jV f\# cSnC oc ZКV$f Power System SdК#" SdКS`fAХc S^TgSf` System Base
Sej#"% SdК"# V$% `n^\ cSnC !!Х $% Sbase Sej#"%К"# [S(S\ cSnC System
Parameter Sd v(^ST g% ( V% [VAV% j$f 100MVAn^ f\# cSnC eVКUК К g%
Vbase [S(S cSnC

Vbase S!Х"[S(S #"К gU"#\$ A ХV% base voltage SdК"# Transformer Sd\f` Turn
Ratio КSU$f [S(S #" f\[dV% cSnC U (VC C 34.5V/115kV transformer К"# primary
sК(V Base Voltage 36V [S(S #"КSnU"#\$ Secondary sК(V\#Sf` Base Voltage
rV 36 x (115/34.5)=120Kv \ cSnC К Sd f(V n
d К^ AV$ #"f Base voltage К"#
System Voltage Sej#"%n^ f\# cSnC eVКUК К g% Impedance Z ohm К"# base
V$%n^SVК#" S$ cf(nC Zpu (old) = Zohm /ZB (old) = Zohm x (SB (old) /VB(old)^2)
U#" g% old base Sej#"%e`f V$%Х $S`f Zpu (new) = Zohm /ZB (new) = Zohm x (SB (new)
/VB(new)^2) U"# g% Tg( Х$%&Х"К e SdКZКTf(nU"#O$ Z pu (new) = Zpu (old) x (SB
(new)/SB(old)) x [(VB(old)/VB(new))]^2 \ V cSnC Vbase К"# Rated Values Sde` f
AS^S^[S(SiV%(nU"#\$ Z pu (new) = Zpu (old) x (SB (new)/SB(old)) U"# g%
\ V cSnC

Page 24
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

AiКК Tg( Х$% Sd(V ZКTf\$ 3phase system SdASdК Per U nit К"# ["% Х$%AV% j$f
sqrt(3) e` f3 S#" fe` f (VК\S`f \" id%(" Sd (\#SVК#" Sd f\(V j! cSnC

Per U nit System К"# #"eV% T AV$ U (V %S!Х" SdК c(nC " &k.' (V Power
System S!Х" Generator, transformer Motor, Load Sd e` fХ #SiV% cSnC [КU"#$\V
Reactance Sej#"% Sde` fMVASej#"% Sd %iV% cSnC

" &k.'

!!Х $% Common Base К"# 100MVAn^ c(nC bus S!Х"Х $%!g\f` Base Voltage Sej#"% SdК"#
SdКn^ cSnC Bus1 ASdК Generator \`f Voltage VB1=22kV n^ cSnC ogК e
%iV%S`f transformer Voltage Turn Ratio A\ UКSdК(nU"#\$ VB2= 22(220/22) =
220Kv , VB2=VB3 j!S`fASdК VB4=220(11/220)=11Kv \# cSnC i#"fAS^ VB5=VB6=
22 (110/22) =110Kv n^\ cSnC
UК К g% [S(S #"КS` fMVAbase =100MVA(V [КU"#$\V per unit Impedance
Sej#"% SdК"# Z pu (new) = Zpu (old) x (SB (new)/SB(old)) К e SdКZКTf\$ " &k.&
AS"#$% \ V(V j! cSnC Motor К %iV%S`f Name Plate Sej#"%A\ 66.5MVA

Page 25
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

e` f10.45Kv \# cSnC oc (`f AiК(V n^iV%S`f 100MVAe` fBase Voltage A\ Bus 4 (V

11kV \# cSnC oc ZКV$f Z pu (new) = Zpu (old) x (SB (new)/SB(old)) x
[(VB(old)/VB(new))]^2 К"# ["% g% SdКZКTf\$ Motor \`f Impedance (pu) К A[!
[S(S #"КS`f 11kV base (V 0.25pu \# cSnC

" &k.&

UК К g% Line 1 , Line 2 (V \#Sf` pu Sej#"% SdК"# \Vj#" fASdК ZB= (VB)^2/SB К"#
["%(nU"#\$ ZB2=484 ohm e` fZB5=121ohm \ V cSnC oc ZКV$f Line 1 : X (pu) =
(48.4/484)= 0.10pu e`f Line 2: X (pu)= (65.43/121) =0.54 pu \ cSnC
Load sК(V SVf Power Factor %iV%S`fASdК SL (3ph) = 57 angle(cos-1[0.6]) = 57
angle (53.13) MVA\ V cSnC ZL= Vline-line ^2/SL(3ph)* e` fSК
d ZКTf\$ ZL=1.1495 +
j1.53267 ohm \ cSnC Load Х #SiV%S`f Bus \`f Base Impedance rV ZB4=
(11)^2/100=1.21 ohm j!S`fASdК ZL(pu)= 0.95+j1.2667pu U"# g% \ V cSnC " &k.)
(V SVf AiК(V SdК Х`fSf` Sej#"% SdA\ per unit circuit diagram К"# iV% cSnC

Page 26
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &k.)

ocU#"\$ per unit system К"# V$%SSZК(n #" fn^U cSnC A fAК $f\ AV$
( V%( V%SdК %j#" f #" cSnC SdК\$%e` f #"(#"eV% T V c #(f(nC

Reference: Power System Analysis By Hadi Saadat , J Duncan Glover el

Page 27
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

A ХХ !! A "#$% &N (ABCD Parameters of a Transmission Line )

ogS! S(V SVf Power System e` f S[К g% Network Design " \V(V ([#( j!
A \% cS`f ABCD parameters A ZКV$% S$ Х $ cSnC

Power System (V Power Point S!Х" (U (VC C Generating Station) ( A ХV% Power point
S!Х" ( U (VC C Substation ["# f(r"S Distribution U nit)Ug[#" fMaximum Power
#" f UV$ %h"#$j#" f A \%ZКg% cSnC oc ZКV$f Power Engineer SdrV Sending End
e` fReceiving End \`f UК[dnХ КК"# Mathematical Modeling " g% f VZК cSnC

og #" f V\V(V n
d К^ AV$ " ' AS"#$% Transmission System S!Х" "%К"# Two-Port
Network (Sending End e` fReceiving End К"# Хd̀ ХV% g%) e` f jV ZК cSnC " &N.' К"#
ZКTf\$ Vs, Is К Sending End (V \#Sf` Voltage e` fCurrent j! g% Vr, Ir SdК SVf
Receiving End ( Voltage, Current Sej#"% Sd j!ZК cSnC $ Network (U (VC
CGenerator/Load) e` fХ #SUКj#" fSending End (V Terminal (P/Q) & Х"\# g% Receiving End
(V Terminal (R/S) &Х" A[g%[g%\#ZК cSnC oc ZКV$f Two-port Network #" f ХvZК[ #"
Four terminal Network #" f ` ХvZК cSnC

" &N.'

ABCD parameters SdК Sending End e` fReceiving End (V\#Sf` Voltage, Current
Sej#"% Sd\f` UК[dnХ КК"# " &N.& AS"#$% Equations & ZКV$%e` f jV %h"#$ cSnC
ABCD parameters SdrV Transmission Line Modelling " S`f e\V(V A["%*$ cSnC

Page 28
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

Transmission Line \`f AКdVA *% (Short, Medium, Long) v(^ST g% ABCD parameters
Sd\f` Sej#"% Sd КdV ХV%[dV% cSnC og #" Sej#"% Sd v(^ST g% Power Cable SdК"#
i"S " [^ SdК Design " \ cSnC AХ" ogA "#$%(V SVf ABCD parameters A ZКV$%
(#SUК j!S`fASdК A [%!#SК"# [КU#"$\V A "#$% Sd(V UК КS$ cf(nC

AХ" UК К g% ABCD parameters SdК"# SdК c(nC

" &N.&

" &N.& \`f Equation & ZКV$%К"# f VZКTf\$ Ir = 0 j!S`fAХ #e(V Ae` fC S#" f\f` Sej#"%К"#
SdКi"Sh"#$ g% Vr=0 j!S`fAХ #e(V B e` fD S#"# f\f` Sej#"%К#" SdКn^ #" f\ cSnC

Ir = 0 A ХA e j!j#" fASdК Receiving End К#" " &N.) cAS"#$% Open Circuit
q " \ cSnC Equation 1 (V Ir=0 A!V%i"#%\$ Vs=AVr+B (0) К e A= Vs/Vr U#" g%
\ cSnC i#" fAS^ Equation 2 (V Ir=0 A!V%i"#%S`fAХc Is= CVr+D(0) К e C=Is/Vr
\ V cSnC Aparameter \`f n^e! К"# ZКTfO$ Vs/Vr (Voltage Ratio) j!S`fASdК
n^e!(O#(U nit less) j! g% C parameter \`f n^e! К SVf Is/Vr =Conductance \`fn^e! (mho)
j! cSnC Open Circuit Conductance #" f ` Хv cSnC

Page 29
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &N.)

ogS!Хc Vr=0 A ХA e j!j#" fASdК Receiving End К"# " &N.F cAS"#$% Short Circuit
q " cSnC " &N.& \`f Equation 1 (V Vr=0 A!V%i#"%ZКTf\$ Vs = A(0) +BIr j!S`fASdК
B=Vs/Ir \ cSnC Vs/Ir AХ #q% j!S`fASdК Resistance \`f n^e! Ohm j! cSnC i"#fAS^
Equation 2 (V Vr=0 A!V%i"#%ZКTf\$ Is=C(0)+DIr j!S`fASdК D= Is/Ir (Current Ratio)
j! cSnC D parameter \`f n^e! К SVf U nit less cC

"&N.F

AiК c A ХA e SdК#" " &N.k (V iV% cSnC ocU#"\$ Transmission Line \`f ABCD
parameters Sd A ZКV$%К"# A ХХeV% T(n #" fn^U cSnC

Page 30
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &N.k

eVКA "#$% Sd(V Short Transmission Line (80km) Sd\f` ABCD parameters SdКSVК"#
UК КS$ cf(nC

UК cUg%(TC
Reference: www.electrical4u.com

ABCD parameters of transmission Line

Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat

Page 31
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

A ХХ !! A "#$% &O

(ABCD Parameters of Short & MediumTransmission Lines )

g%Х`fSf` A "#$% &N(V Transmission Line e` f S[К g% ABCD parameters SdA ZКV$%К"#
A! qS$ Х`f cSnC ABCD parameters Sd SdКХ К "rVTransmission Line Length
A V% [#" f(r"S AКdVA *% v(^ST g% КdV ХV%Sn #" f \%[V%Х`f cSnC

Transmission Line AКdVA *% v(^ST g% Transmission Line SdК"#

'C Short Transmission Line (0-80km Ai#)
&C Medium Transmission Line (80-250km Ai#)
)C Long Transmission Line (250km e` fAiК) U#" g% ) ( #q% Хd̀ ХV%h"#$ cSnC

A( #q%A!V%S!( #q%!g v(^ST g% Network Modeling КdV ХV% cSnC sn #" ` КdV ХV% c !l
Transmission Line SdrV " &O.' cAS"#$% Sending End /Receiving End (V\#Sf`
Current/Voltage Sd c*$S`f Two-Port Network e` fК"#n!V% q jV h"#$ cSnC

" &O.'

Two-port Network К"# Equation \%ZКTf\$ " &O.& AS"#$% \ cSnC Matrix Format e` f `
jV #" f\ cSnC Ae` fD К U nitless /Dimensionless n^e!(\# cs^%C B К ohms e` fC \`f
n^e!К Siemens j! cSnC g%Х`fSfA
` "#$%(V e f VZКTf cC Two-port Network \`f
ABCD Parameters SdrV AD-BC=1 U#"Sf` general equation К"# #"КeV cSnC

Page 32
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

"&O.&

Transmission Line Sd\f` ABCD parameters SdrV Line \`f Constant Sej#"% Sd j!S`f
Resistance (R), Inductance (L), Capacitance (C), Conductance (G)
S#" f v(V(^ST cSnC og e\V(V 1.series impedance per unit length=z/metre=R + jwL
(unit-ohm/metre), 2. Shunt admittance per unit length=y(admittance)/metre = G + jwC
(unit-Siemens/metre) 3. Total Series Impedance Z=zl (l К Total Line Length) (unit-
ohms) 4. Total Shunt AdmittanceY=yl (unit-Siemens) U#"SVК#" [#iV%j#" f #" cSnC w К
radian Omega (2 pi) e` fTg cSnC

AХ" ogA S(V Short & MediumTransmission Line \` fABCD parameters SdК"#
SdКХ КZКTf c(nC

" &O.) (V Short Transmission Line Model К"# iV% cSnC og "К"#ZКTf\$ Short
Transmission Line Sd(V Series Resistance e` fReactance SeT%AV% j$f Series
Impedance z=R+jwL Sd ` \# cSnC Line Length S#"SfA
` SdК Line Capacitance Effect
j!S`f Shunt Admittance К"# iTf!U%!V%!\V( #" cs^%C Short Transmission Line \`f ABCD
parameters SdК#" SdКj#" fU"#\$ " &O.) Iine Model (V KVL e` fKCL (Kirchoff’s Current &
Voltage Laws) SdA["% q g% \V\ cSnC " &O.F (V iV%[ #" Equation \ V cSnC

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

Matrix Tg( Х$%К"# Two-port Network Equation e` fnUZКTf\$ A=D = 1 , B=Z (ohm), e` fC=
0 U#" g% Short Transmission Line \`f ABCD parameters SdК"# A n
d SК^
SdК #" f\ V cSnC g%Х`fSfA
` "#$%(V \$% Х`fSf` SdКeT%e` fA jS^SVК"#
Sd f\(V j! cSnC eh"#$%nUZКTfZК cC

" &O.) " &O.F

AХ" Medium Transmission Line (80-250km) \`f ABCD parameters SdК#" UК\V c(nC
Medium Line Length j!S`fASdК Shunt Admittance effect (Y) К"# Line e`f S!sК!g(V
S!*К!g (Y/2) lump !"!T% g% iTf!U%!V%j#" f #" cSnC " &O.k AS"#$% Model
ST UVКh"#$ cSnC pi (TT)[ КbSe` fS^Sf`ASdК TT-model #" f ` ХvZК cSnC
!!Х $% " &O.k \`f Series Branch current К"# KCL ["% g%\V #"К\$ Ir+(Vr*Y)/2
U#" g%\ V cSnC KVL SZКTf(nU"#\$ " &O.N (V iV%S`f Equation \ V cSnC
UК g% Sending End sК(V KCL ["%ZКTf(nU"#\$ " &O.O(V iV%[ #" \ V cSnC "
&O.N К Equation К"# " &O.O(V A!V%i"#%ZКTfS`fAХc " &O.Q (V iV%[ #" equation
\ V c SVfSnC ocК"# Two-port Network Equation e` fnUZКTfS`fAХc " &O.X (V
iV%[ #" Medium Transmission Line \`f ABCD parameters SdК"# \ V cSnC
((SХ КC C n
d К^ cSnC [Х V e f VZКTfZК c)C

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A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &O.k

" &O.N " &O.O

" &O.Q

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &O.X

S!Х #q f e\V Sd(V Medium Transmission Line SdASdК Pi-Model A!V% T-model
["% cSnC AS^S^ c `C T model К Series Impedance К"# half-lumping
" iV%SV j! cSnC " &O.'*(V f VZКTf cC [^ f\f` ABCD parameters SdК"# `
iV% cSnC " &O.'' (V Cascade Х #SiV%S`f Series Networks Sd\f` ABCD Parameters
SdК"# iV% cSnC

" &O.'*

" &O.''

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

ABCD parameters SdrV line loading v(^ST g% Line Voltage V$% (

` " К#" `
jV h"#$ cSnC Voltage Regulation #" f["% cSnC Transmission Line \`f Voltage
Regulation U#"SV Sending End Voltage " [iV%S`fAХ #e(V Receiving End (V\#Sf` Load
К"# (No load-NL К e Full-load-FL Ai#) V$% ` %S`fAХc Receiving End Voltage
V$% (
` " \VХ"#$h"e%К#" jV SV j! cSnC " &O.'& (V f VZКTf cC

" &O.'&

Reference: www.electrical4u.com

ABCD parameters of Short & Medium transmission Line

Power System Analysis by J Duncan Glover

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

A ХХ !! A "#$% &Q (HVDC Transmission A ХХST UVК " )

Х"ogA "#$%(V SVf n ef ХS(V A["%( V% VS`f HVDC- High Voltage Direct Current
Transmission ST UVК " SdК#" S$ Х $ cSnC HVDC Transmission System SdrV
HVAC -High Voltage Alternating Current Transmission System SdiК Power Loss
VfeT% Х$%l Long Term Cost \\TК"eК !\#S[К[V Х$%l (S^TgSf` Frequency
ZК#(h"e% SdК"# Х #SUК %h"#$ Х$%l #" *%S`f AКdVA *%l $ n \ AVК К"# Stability
КV$%(de!dV j$f !! #"f UV$h"#$ Х$% !S`f AV%[VХ К Sd ZКV$f HVDC К"#
A["%( V% VZК cSnC og SVf HVDC Transmission A ZКV$%К"# ! f VZК\ AV$C

HVDC System (V Converter A "#$% & #"$% Ap#К c*$ cSnC

'C Sending End sК(V\#Sf` Generators SdК idК VS`f AC К"# DC

V$% %j#" fRectifier Circuit

&C Rectifier К ei"S % #"КS`f DC К"# S!sК(V AC Load Sd e["%j#" fASdК DC

К e AC e V$% %S`f Inverter Circuit U"# g% & #"$% c*$ cSnC " &Q.' (V iV% cSnC

"&Q.'

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

Rectifier Circuit e` fInverter Circuit SdZКV%(V SVf DC Transmission Line \# cSnC DC

Transmission " S`fASdК AC #"( #q% Frequency V$% !
` \V( #"Sf`ASdК Line Loss
eT% cSnC og #"( #q% Converter Stations &Х" e` fTransmission Line ' Х" c*$S`f !e!К"# Two
Terminals DC System #" f Хv cSnC SКn #" fConverter Stations &
Х"iК #"( V%(nU"#\$ SVf Multi terminal DC System #" f Хv cSnC

" &Q.&

" &Q.& (V SVf HVDC Systems (V c*$S`f A!#SA "#$% SdК#" iV% cSnC " &Q.'
e` fКVd ХV%Х КК DC К"# Polarity &Х" (+DC & -DC) ST UVК "К"# iV% cSnC Bipolar
Link #" f Хv cSnC Ap#КAV% j$f HVDC System (V

'C Converters- Transformers Sdl Bridge " %S`f Rectifier Sd Inverter Sd c*$S`f
A "#$%

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

&C Smoothing Reactors- Inverter Sd(V j! f\#Sf` Commutation Failures К"#

КVКdn % Х$%l Harmonics SdК"# VfХ % Х$%l Load Current
S SV$% S SV$% j! Х$%( КVКdn Х$%

)C Electrodes- Earth (!#"КZК#q% Х j#" fASdК (ZКg% [#" f(r"S \ AVК $ n

ZК(% $e` fХ #SUКS`fA "#$%

FC Harmonic Filters- Converters switching signals Sd ZКV$f j!S`f Harmonics SdК"#

VfХ %S`fA #"$%

kC DC Line- U nderground Cables [#" f(r"S Overhead Conductors Lines

NC Reactive Power Sources/Supply- Converter SdК n^["%S`f Reactive Power (Q) К"#
Shunt Capacitors Sd e` fCompensate " %S`fA "#$%

OC Circuit Breakers- DC Link К"# jqSХ j#" fe` fTransformer Fault К"# Clear " %S`fA "#$%
U#" g% Ap#К c*$ cSnC

HVDC System SdК"# Х #SUКS`f Network v(^ST g%

'C Mono polar Link
&C Bipolar Link
)C Homopolar Link U"# g% Хd̀ ХV%iV% cSnC

၁။ Monopolar Link

" &Q.) (V Monopolar Link К"# iV% cSnC ( V% [VAV% j$f Corona Loss eT% AV$
Negative Polarity (-DC) i"S %S`f Conductor Link c*$ cSnC Earth [#" f(r"S Sea К"#
Metallic Return Wire A j!A["% q g% Earth Х iV% cSnC AV%eT%Х КК Polarity S!Х" `
i"S %h#"$S`fASdК A ZКV$% ZКV$% ZКV$f Link Power S SVК[dV%Х`f\$ S ХV%
Network К e ( %h"#$S`fASdК AU$( cs^% oc ZКV$f AХ" ХS(V A["%eT% cSnC

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &Q.)

၂။ Bipolar Link

" &Q.F (V Bipolar Link К"# iV% cSnC Positive Polarity e` fNegative Polarity & ( #q% "%К"#
i"S % cSnC Earth Electrode Return Х #SUКiV% cSnC Earth Electrode (V Link
S!Х"!g\f` Half Voltage \# e cSnC A ZКV$% ZКV$% ZКV$f Link S!Х"К Power
S SVК[dV%Х`f\$ eVК Link S!Х"К e Power UК %iV%h"#$ cSnC ocК Bipolar
Link \`f AV%[VХ К j! cSnC

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &Q.F

၃။ Homopolar Link

" &Q.k (V Homopolar Link К#" iV% cSnC [^ f\fA

` V%[VХ КК Polarity & Х" AS^S^
i"S % cSnC g% SVf Switch S!!"!g [g% ХV% Parallel A " " S`fASdК Insulation
Cost #"[К[V cSnC AV%eT%Х КК Earth Return Current ( V% cSnC

" &Q.k

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &Q.N (V SVf HVAC e`f HVDC Transmission Cost КdV ХV% "К#" iV% cSnC " A\
HVDC System rV Terminal Equipment Sd j!S`f Rectifer, Inverter, Sd ASdК
К"eК !\#S( V% (`f Break-even Distance #" f[S(SiV%S`f 500km-900km
iК( V% VS`fAХc HVAC iК К"eК !\#S[К[V cSnC oc ZКV$f HVDC System К"#
Long Transmission Lines Sd(V A["%( V% cSnC

" &Q.N

Reference: www.electrical4u.com

HVDC Transmission
https://circuitglobe.com/different-types-hvdc-links.html

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

A ХХ !! A "#$% &X (SF6 gas A ZКV$% [# КV$%!\V )

ogA "#$%(V SVf Power System (V Insulation Medium A ee` f Sd$К n!dVA["% qZКS`f
SF6 gas A ZКV$% S$ Х $ cSnC

SF6 \`f A\TК Sulfur HexaFluoride j! cSnC Sulfur atom ' Х" e` fFluorine atom N Х"
c*$jd̀f!T%iV% cSnC

'X** Tfh!(V $[!h"#$$ Faculte de Pharmacie de $Ve pVSХd̀Хe% S!Х"(V !S$

Sd f\#Хf` cSnC 'X)O Х"h!(V General Electric (GE) company К SF6 К"# insulating
material ( КV !‘T%) A ee` fA["% qh"#$ ZКV$% Sd f\#Хf` cSnC o"S#nК(’V!! A g%(V
Electrical System (V SF6 К"# Insulating material A ee` fSd$К n!dV A["% qХ`fZК cSnC
'XFQ (V Allied Chemial Corporation e` fPennsalt #" f ХvS`f American !К(" К"(Žxg &
Х"К e !g% Vd % j! i"S " g% ! %КdКS$ #" f \V$%Х Х`f cSnC 'XN* (V High Voltage
Switchgear Sd(V !S$ A["% q VZК cSnC SF6 К"# !S$A["% qХ #e(V Insulating
Material ( КV) A ee` f ` [#\#ХfZ` К cSnC eVК #"$%(V SF6 \`f Arc Quenching
((g% Vd % $#(% ! Х$%) Property ZКV$f Circuit Breakers Sd(V A["% q VZК cSnC 'XNN
Х"h!(V $[! Gas Insulation Substation pVSAV%Хd̀\" Sd(V A["% qZК g% 'XO' Х"h!(V
Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers SdК"# ! %КdКК"# \V$%Х Х`fZК cSnC

SF6 К"# Fluorine e` fSulfur К"# Electrolysis pVS q ! Х$%AV% j$f AVК cTg( Х$% AS#"$%
i"S " cSnC S + 3F2 = SF6 + 262 kCal.
SF6 К"# i"S " !U(V SF4, SF2, S2F2, S2F10 !S`f pVS" “o s%idК !‘T% Sd `
idК cSnC oc fA $ impurities Sd j!S`f Air/Moisture/CO2 Sd idК cSnC Impurities
SdК#" SVf AU$fU$f !!i"S cSnC

SF6 \`f Molecular Structure ST UVК "К"# " &X.' (V iV% cSnC " &X.& e` f&X.)
(V SVf Sulfur atom e` fFluorine atom S#" f\f` o !$ ST UVК "К"# iV% cSnC Sulfur
atom rV AКS( A(S!U (Atomic Number ) 'N j! cSnC i( (% ZКV$%(V 2
electrons, o"S#n (% ZКV$%(V 8 electrons e` fSS#n (% ZКV$%(V 6 electrons

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

A[g%[g%\# cSnC Fluorine atom К SVf Atomic Number 9 j! cSnC oc ZКV$f 1st Shell
(V 2 electrons, 2nd shell (V 2 electrons, 3rd shell (V 5 electrons \# cSnC Sulfur atom
S!Х"rV Fluorine Atom N Х" e` f 6 Covalent bond A j! Stable j! cSnC " &X.F(V
ZКTf cC [ sVК Sulfur atom\`f outermost A $sКU"% Shell (V Electrons N!" (12
Electrons) \# g% Fluorine atom (V SVf 8 Electrons e` fStable j! e cSnC "(eAV% j$f
atomic structure SdrV Octal Rule (8 electrons stability) К"# #"КeV cSnC Sulfur \`f
A $sК(V 12 electrons \#SfA
` SdК SF6 rV fully stable j! cSnC A ^Х #e 500 degree
Celsius Ai# SF6 gas rV decompose pVSКd̀[Vd % Х$% (\# ` Stable STSf e ! cSnC
oc ZКV$f Flammable (g% SVК Х$%К"# КVКdn cSnC \, Chlorine, e` facid
Sde` fpVS q Х$% (\# cs^%C

" &X.'

" &X.&

Page 45
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" &X.)

" &X.F

SF6 gas \`f Density [# [T%U (6.139kg/m3) \# cSnC iК k U #" % cSnC

Temperature ZКV$f Pressure Variation eT% cSnC eVКS!Х КК SF6 \`f Volumetric
Specific Heat Capacity ($ f cSnC oc ZКV$f V$% S
` fA
` ^Х #e(V Хh"#$\T\#SfA
` SdК
Electrical System Sd(V Cooling Effect ASdКA["% qZК cSnC Thermal Conductivity
eT%S`fASdК Arc (g% SVК j!Х #e(V SF6 gas К e A ^i"S % cSnC oc ZКV$f
A ^ Vf ! cSnC SF6 gas rV Highly Electronegative j! cSnC Circuit breakers Sd

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

open j!S`fAХ #e(V Arcing j! cSnC Arcing ZКV$f idК VS`f Free Electrons SdК"#
SF6 e` f c$%! ! g% ZКg%(V% % S`f ions j! ! cSnC oc ZКV$f Ions SdrV
\d f V%("eT%S`fASdК SF6 SdК"# dielectric property ($fSn #" f ` U#"h"#$ cSnC SF6 \`f
dielectric property rV iК & UХd̀ #"( V% cSnC oc ZКV$f Arc Quenching medium
A ee` fA["% qZКSV j! cSnC " &X.k(V SF6 \`f a"x[Sƒ# SdК"# iV% cSnC

"&X.k

SF6 \`fAV%eT%Х КК AiК(VS$ Х`f[ #" impurities gas (CO2) #"( #q%idКS`fASdК
[sV* S*e%К $К"# i#Х"#Кh"#$ ZКV$% S$ ZКSV( #q% ` \# cSnC

Reference: www.electrical4u.com

Sulfur Hexafluoride | SF6 Gas Properties

Power System Analysis by J Duncan Glover

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

A ХХ !! A "#$% )* (Advantages of Bundled Conductors )

High Voltage 3 phase Power Transmission Line SdК"# ZКTf\$ Phase

S!Х"Х $%!gASdК Single Conductors S! Х V$%Х $%!g["%SViК Bundled Conductors
#" f ХvS` fConductors A!"A *%К#" ["%SV( #q% Sd f\ cSnC " )*.' cAS"#$% Phase ' Х" !g
К"# Spacers (metallic structure) Sd e` f c$% g% ["%ZК cSnC Phase ' Х"!g(V ) ZК#q%
[#" f(r"S F ZК#q%Ai# c$% g% Bundled Conductors A ee`f["%ZК cSnC Single Circuit
transmission line tower ( " )*.&) (V Phase ) Х" S U$ h"#$S`fASdК Bundled
Conductors Groups ) Х" \# g% Double Circuit Transmission Tower ( " )*.)) (V SVf Phase
3 Х" & !" cS`fASdК Groups N Х" \# cSnC #"\$% $% !j#"fASdК " )*.F (V Transmission
Tower &( #q%К#" iV% cSnC

" )*.' " )*.&

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" )*.)

" )*.F

Bundled Conductors SdК"# sV #" f["%ZКSV `…

=========================================
'C Bundled Conductors SdК Line Inductance К"# VfeT% !S`fASdК Transmission
Power Loss #"eT% cSnC Transmission Line Inductance \`f Tg( Х$%К"# ZКTf\$
L=2x10^(-7) x ln(GMD/GMR) j! cSnC GMD = Geometric Mean Distance, GMR
=Geometric Mean Radius j! cSnC Single Conductor ASdК GMR=0.7788r

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 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

j! cSnC (r=conductor \`f radius) " )*.k (V Conductors ) Х" l F Х" k Х" S#" f\f`
ST UVКiV% "К"# iV% cSnC " )*.N (V GMR Tg( Х$%A[g%[g%К"# f Vh"#$ cSnC
" N A\ GMR rV Conductor A \ASdК AКdVA *% v(^STSn #" fU#"h"#$ cSnC
oc ZКV$f Bundled Conductors A \ASdК( V% VSVe`fA( GMR S"#% V cSnC GMR
S"#% VS`fASdК Line Inductance rV AХ #q%К VfeT%[dV% cSnC Line Inductance
eT%[dV%S`fASdК P= { (Vs*Vr)/ X } * sin (delta) A\ Power Transfer Capability
S#"% V cSnC og e\V(V X=wL =Line reactance j! cSnC

" )*.k

" )*.N

Page 50
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

&C Line Inductance (L) Vf[Vd %S`fASdК Transmission Line \`f Capacitance (C)
S#"% V cSnC " )*.O (V Line Capacitance e` fGMR UК[dnХ К Tg( Х$%К"#
iV% cSnC Line Capacitance S"#% VS`fASdК Tranmission Line Load ASdК
#"A S`f Reactive Power (Q) К"# %h"#$ cSnC oc ZКV$f SIL (Surge Impedance Loading)
К"# Vf ! cSnC SIL = sqrt(L/C) j! cSnC AК #q%UКA ee` f Power Transfer
Capability К"# S"#% ! cSnC

" )*.O

)C Bundled Conductors SdrV Transmission Line Sd(V j!SSS`f Corona

ZКV$f j!S`f Power Loss К"# VfХ % cSnC Corona Effect rV i"!#"i"#$% S`f
\V[gUS" Sde` fК"e% ($f o[ Sd(V Single Conductors Sd\f` S*e%К $(V free electrons
Sd \d f V% Х$% ZКV$f Voltage Gradient ( V% cSnC Conductors ( КhV $(V j! v eS`f
Voltage Gradient Sej#"%rV Disruptive Voltage (30Kv/cm) iК( V%S`fAХc Corona
Discharge j! ! cSnC Corona Effect ZКV$f Conductor e` f i"ZКV%(V
(g% Vd %idК eSV( #q% Sd f\ cSnC " )*.Q e` f )*.X (V iV% cSnC Bundled Conductors
Sd(V Conductors Spacing К Diameter iК Q U К e '* U Ai# \#SfA
` SdК
Voltage Gradient К"# VfХ % g% Corona Effect К"# КVКdn g%[V% j! cSnC Bundle
Conductors SdrV Corona loss К"# VfeT% !S`fASdК Power Loss eT% cSnC
oc ZКV$f Power Transmission Efficiency ( V% cSnC

Page 51
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

" )*.Q

" )*.X

FC Single Conductors Sd(V j! fO#Sf` Skin Effect ZКV$f Transmission Power

VfeT% !SV( #q%К"# ` Bundled Conductors SdК КVКdn % cSnC

Page 52
 A ХХ !! A "#$% &' ( A #"$% )*

sV #" f `U#" SVf Bundled Conductors SdК Current Carrying Capacity (Current
[n UV$h"#$!d(% ["# f(r"S Ampacity) #"( V% #" f j! cSnC

kC Bundled Conductors Sd rV Single Conductors SdiК Effective Surface Area

( КhV $ E\#nV #"( V%S`fASdК Cooling Effect #" КV$% cSnC oc ZКV$f Heat
Dissipation VfeT% cSnC Performance "# КV$% cSnC
AiК c AК #q% К %]^% Sd ZКV$f Long Distance High Voltage Transmission Line Sd(V
Bundled Conductors SdК"# Ap#КA["% qZК cSnC

Reference: https://www.electrical4u.com/advantages-of-bundled-conduct…/

https://electricalbaba.com/why-are-bundled-conductors-used…/

https://electricalbaba.com/corona-discharge-factors-affect…/

Photos Credit :Google Images

!VjS \#[S( V%AV% %!V%!dV j$f К %]^%S$ К

К V ]n V(Knowledge in Power Engineering)

19/10/2019

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