Key Changes in API 571-2020 Part 1

Classification: Internal Use
Key Changes in July 2020 - Part 1

API 571, 3 Edition
rd
Baher Elsheikh
Three Damage Mechanism Withdrawn
Three Damage Steam blanketing (DM#26), withdrawn and combined

Mechanism
withdrawn and with DM#30 “Short-term Overheating-Stress Rupture
two of them (Including Steam Blanketing)”
combined with
other damage Vibration induced fatigue (DM#56) withdrawn and
Mechanisms as combined with DM#54“Mechanical Fatigue (Including
listed below, Vibration-induced Fatigue)”
DM# number is as Sulfate Stress Corrosion Cracking (DM#61) withdrawn

referenced form
Table 4.1 “Key to and not present on API 571-2020
damage
mechanism”
API RP 571 2020
API 571, 2020 TRAINING COURSE B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

Four Damage Mechanism Added
DM# 67: Brine Corrosion
DM# 68: Concentration Cell Corrosion
DM# 69: Hydrofluoric Acid Stress Corrosion of Nickle Alloys
DM# 70: Oxygenated Water Corrosion (Non-boiler)

Main Changes in API RP 571 3rd
• Became ANSI APPROVED
• Structure of the RP changed by removing the subcategories of the damage

mechanisms
The old categories in 2nd edition:

4.2 Mechanical and Metallurgical Failure Mechanism,
4.3 Uniform or Localized Loss of Thickness,
4.4 High Temperature Corrosion,
4.5 Environment – Assisted Cracking,
Section 5 Refining Industry

Changes in API 571 3rd Edition - 2020
Order of the damage mechanisms changed; in 2011 edition was ordered by relative damage
mechanisms while in 2020 ordered in alphabetic sequence
New Annex (Annex A) added listed useful standards and References relevant to API RP 571
In addition the following previous 5 categories DM as per 2011 edition now removed
a) General and local metal loss due to corrosion and/or erosion

b) Surface connected cracking
c) Subsurface cracking
d) Microfissuring /microvoid formation
e) Metallurgical changes
API RP 571 2020

Replace the “heat treatment”

The 2020 RP edition is more expression with the intended
specific in metallurgical terms type of heat treatment
(tempering, annealing,…)
There are several changes where

point relocated between different
Use specific terms of the paragraphs like moving from
intended metallic phases (like inspection and monitoring to
alpha prime). prevention and mitigation as it is
better repressing the meaning of
intention of the statement

The equivalent values In addition there’s Example: In 2020 Example: the Example for conversions
between the US and SI some case where the edition, atmospheric recommended heat correction: in 2020 edition,
units are changed in value in SI unit where corrosion increases treatment to prevent the susceptible range of
2020 edition as it was alkaline carbonate temperature for 885°F
mistakenly written and with temperature
direct conversion in stress corrosion embrittlement is 600 °F to
2011 edition now corrected in 2020 250 °F (120 °C) while cracking in 2020 edition 1000 °F (370 °C to 540 °C)
edition in 2011 edition it was is 1200F to 1225°F while in 2011 edition 700°F
while in 2020, the value
250 °F (121 °C). (650°C to 665°C) while to 1000°F (371°C to 538°C)
in SI units is edited to
reflect the nearest inter in 2011 edition it was
value. 1200°F to 1225°F
(649°C to 663°C)

Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) Term appeared in 2020 edition under the DM ‘Boiler
water and steam condensate corrosion
Many studies and publications from EPRI studies earlier the FAC and how it is differ
from normal erosion corrosion DM but that was not covered in API 571 up to 2011
edition
FAC may be defined as metal loss that occurs in carbon steel equipment when the
normally protective magnetite (Fe3O4) layer is dissolved into a flowing stream of
water or water and steam. The metal goes through continuous cycling of oxide layer
production followed by loosening and dissolution into the turbulent stream. The
oxide layer is not able to protect the metal, and the continuous loss of the oxide layer
results in the steady loss of metal thickness.
Changes in API 571 3rd Edition - 2020 2020
Four Conditions Required for FAC to be Active
Water Chemistry Hydrodynamics Materials Temperature
the water in the Turbulent flow is low concentrations water temperature

system needs to required of Chromium, to be between
be demineralized Molybdenum, and 212F and 572°F
with a pH of less Copper (100 -300 ° C)
than 9.6

DM# 885 F (475 C) Embrittlement

Changed Para. 2020 Edition 2011 Edition
Damage Description 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement 885°F (475°C) embrittlement is

changed as is a loss of ductility and a loss in toughness due to a
indicated fracture toughness due to a metallurgical change that can
metallurgical change that can occur in alloys containing a
occur in stainless steels ferrite phase, as a result of
containing a ferrite phase as exposure in the temperature
the result of exposure in the range 600°F to1000°F (316°C to
temperature range 600 °F to
540°C).
1000 °F (315 °C to 540 °C). The
embrittlement can lead to
cracking failure.
API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# 885 F (475 c) Embrittlement

Affected Materials: a) 400 series SS (e.g. 405, 409, a) 400 Series SS (e.g., 405, 409,
410, 410S, 430, and 446). 410, 410S, 430 and 446).
Austenitic stainless
added to the b) Duplex stainless steels such b) Duplex stainless steels such
affected materials as Alloys 2205, 2304, and 2507. as Alloys 2205, 2304 and 2507.
c) Austenitic (300 series)
stainless steel weld metals,
which normally contain up to
about 10 % ferrite phase to
prevent hot cracking during
welding.


Changed Para. 2020 Edition
The lower-chromium alloys (e.g. 405, 409, 410, and 410S) are less susceptible to
embrittlement. The higher Cr ferritic stainless steels [e.g. 430 (16 % to 18 % Cr)
Critical Factors and 446 (23 % to 27 % Cr)] and duplex stainless steels (22 % to 25 % Cr) are much
Additional critical more susceptible.
factors added
Although it has not yet been shown in all 300 series SS weld metals, Charpy
impact testing of Type 308 and Type 347H SS weld metal aged in approximately
the 850 °F to 885 °F (455 °C to 475 °C)
temperature range has found evidence of 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement, with
individual sample results in some cases being less than 15 ft-lb (20 J) at ambient
temperatures. However, 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement of austenitic stainless steel
weld metal historically has not been found to be a significant concern in typical
refining applications.


Critical factors: a) Increasing amounts of ferrite
Paragraph of the phase in duplex stainless steels a) Increasing amounts of ferrite
effect of the ferrite increase susceptibility to phase increase susceptibility to
phase changed to be damage when operating in the damage when operating in the
considered for DSS high-temperature range of high temperature range of
concern. A dramatic increase in concern. A dramatic increase in
Additional
requirements to the ductile-to-brittle transition the ductile-to-brittle transition
cool DSS rapidly temperature will occur. temperature will occur.
after welding to
avoid embrittlement Duplex stainless steels also
phases need to be cooled rapidly after
welding to avoid formation of
embrittling phases..

Critical factors:
Paragraph edited as Damage is cumulative and Damage is cumulative and
shown with results from the formation of results from the precipitation
indication that an embrittling ordered metallic of an embrittling intermetallic
metallic phase at phase (alpha prime phase) that phase that occurs most readily
the high occurs most readily at at approximately 885°F
temperature is approximately 885 °F (475 °C) (475°C).
alpha prime phase


Inspection and
monitoring An increase in hardness is
Field hardness testing may
Some restrictions distinguish embrittled from another method of evaluating
and precautions non-embrittled material, but 885°F embrittlement
added about the hardness testing alone is
application of
generally not definitive. Also,
hardness as a
detection method the hardness test itself may
for the produce cracking, depending
embrittlement as on the degree of
indicated embrittlement.


Inspection and
monitoring Hammer testing (“field impact testing”) is considered a
Hammer test added destructive test. Tapping a suspect component with a hammer
as field detection may crack the component, depending on the degree of
technique with embrittlement. Hammer testing might confirm that a component
restriction on the is not badly embrittled, if it does not crack, or that it is
application as it embrittled, if it does crack.
might crack the
component

DM# Amine Corrosion

Inspection and
Monitoring Visual inspection (VT) of internal surfaces at flow impingement
areas, turbulent flow areas, liquid/vapor interfaces, and of
Additional welds/heat-affected zones (HAZs) is effective in identifying
inspection target
localized corrosion.
locations added as
indicated
Sometimes a pit gauge is used in conjunction with visual
examination to provide specific data on extent of metal loss.

DM# Amine Corrosion

Critical Factors
Concentration of The critical factors are the level The critical factors are the level
Amine replaced by of tensile stress, the type of of tensile stress, amine
Amine type amine, and temperature. concentration and
temperature
While a separate
point added
indicating that g) Amine concentration does
concentration does not appear to have a significant
not appear to have effect on the propensity for
significant impact on cracking.
propensity

DM# Amine Corrosion

Critical Factors
Increasing temperature increases the likelihood and severity of cracking;
New point added however, cracking has been reported down to ambient temperatures with
about the effect of some amines, MEA in particular. Other than in special cases (such as where the
temperature in steel component is completely clad or overlayed with stainless steel or other
increasing g the alloy and the welds are not exposed), PWHT is now commonly recommended
susceptibility to for all lean amine systems (excluding fresh amine) at all operating
cracking temperatures, regardless of amine type.
Some refiners also PWHT’d rich amine service equipment, whether for amine
SCC resistance, wet H2S [SSC and stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking
(SOHIC)] resistance, or both. Refer to API 945 for guidelines on PWHT for
various amine services

DM# Amine Corrosion

Inspection and
Monitoring The level of amine degradation Monitoring should target the
products (e.g. bicine, oxalate, hot areas of the unit such as
One point removed
and formate salts), should be the reboiler feed and return
from 2011 edition
and new point monitored. An increase in iron line, the hot lean/rich amine
added to 2020 content of the amine solution piping, and the stripper
edition as indicted will coincide with an increase overhead condenser piping.
in the level of these
degradation products.

DM# Amine Corrosion

Inspection and
Monitoring Visual inspection (VT) of internal
surfaces at flow impingement areas, Visual examination and UT
Additional turbulent flow areas, liquid/vapor thickness measurement are
inspection target interfaces, and of welds/heat- the methods used for internal
locations added as affected zones (HAZs) is effective in equipment inspection. UT
indicated identifying localized corrosion.
Sometimes
scans or profile radiography
a pit gauge is used in conjunction are used for external
with visual examination to provide inspection.
specific data on extent of metal loss.
Note: Profile Radiography and UT

already considered in 2011 but under
separate points

DM# Amine Stress Corrosion Cracking

Critical Factors
The critical factors are the level The critical factors are the level
Concentration of of tensile stress, the type of of tensile stress, amine
Amine replaced by
amine, and temperature. concentration and
Amine type
temperature
While a separate g) Amine concentration does
point added not appear to have a significant
indicating that effect on the propensity for
concentration does cracking.
not appear to have
significant impact on
propensity


Critical Factors
Increasing temperature increases the likelihood and severity of cracking;
New point added however, cracking has been reported down to ambient temperatures with
about the effect of some amines, MEA in particular. Other than in special cases (such as where the
temperature in steel component is completely clad or overlayed with stainless steel or other
increasing g the alloy and the welds are not exposed), PWHT is now commonly recommended
susceptibility to for all lean amine systems (excluding fresh amine) at all operating
cracking temperatures, regardless of amine type.
Some refiners also PWHT’d rich amine service equipment, whether for amine
SCC resistance, wet H2S [SSC and stress-oriented hydrogen-induced
cracking (SOHIC)] resistance, or both. Refer to API 945 for guidelines on PWHT
for various amine services


Prevention and
Mitigation Carbon steel welds in piping and PWHT all carbon steel welds in
equipment should be stress relieved piping and equipment in
Reference made to in accordance with API 945 and
NACE SP0472 for the accordance with API RP 945.
NACE SP0472. The recommended
stress relief The same requirement applies
minimum stress-relief temperature
requirements is 1175 ± 25 °F (635 ± 15 °C). The
to repair welds and to internal
same recommendation applies to and external attachment welds
repair welds and to internal and
external attachment welds.
For local PWHT, recommended heat

treatment band width is listed in
NACE SP0472 with reference to WRC
452.


Prevention and
Mitigation Consider using solid or clad Use solid or clad stainless steel,
stainless steel or other Alloy 400 or other corrosion
Specific
recommendations corrosion-resistant alloys in resistant alloys in lieu of
for upgradation to lieu of carbon steel carbon steel.
alloy 400 replaced
by stainless steel


Inspection and
monitoring c) Liquid penetrant testing (PT) b) PT is usually not
may be used but should not be
effective in finding tight
the only means of detection. PT
may not be effective in finding and/or scale filled cracks
tight cracks because the cracks and should not be used.
are oxide filled.
d) RT may not be effective in

detecting fine, tight cracks.

DM# Ammonia Stress Corrosion Cracking

Affected Materials
a) Copper-zinc alloys (brasses, a) Some copper alloys in
especially as zinc increases environments with aqueous
above 15 %), including ammonia and/or ammonium
admiralty brass and aluminum compounds.
brasses, in environments with
aqueous ammonia and/or b) Carbon steel in anhydrous
ammonium compounds ammonia.
b) Carbon steel, especially high-

strength steel, in anhydrous
ammonia


Affected unit or a)Copper-zinc alloy tubes in heat exchanger a) Copper-zinc alloy tubes in
equipment 1- Ammonia is present as a process
heat exchangers.
contaminant in some services or may be
intentionally added as an acid neutralizer. b) Ammonia is present as a
2- Ammonia can be present in cooling process contaminant in some
water.
services or may be
3- Ammonia can be present in steam
condensate and boiler feedwater (BFW) intentionally added as an
systems. Some chemicals used for treating acid neutralizer.
BFW, including hydrazine, neutralizing
c) Carbon steel is used for
amines, and ammonia-containing
compounds, can lead to SCC if not properly ammonia storage tanks, piping
controlled. and equipment in ammonia
b) Non-stress-relieved carbon steel
refrigeration units as well as
ammonia storage tanks, piping, and
equipment in ammonia refrigeration units, some lube oil refining
as well as some lube oil refining processes. processes.

Prevention and
mitigation
Copper alloys Copper alloys
2. The 90-10 Cu-Ni and 70-30 Cu-Ni
alloys have very low susceptibility. 2. The 90-10CuNi and 70-
Below 120 °F (50 °C), the cupronickels
30CuNi alloys are nearly
are immune for all practical purposes
immune.


Prevention and
mitigation
Nitrogen can be used to purge Weld hardness should not
Restriction on the oxygen prior to introduction of exceed 225 BHN.
hardness of the steel ammonia into atmospheric and
removed from the pressurized storage systems.
preventing factors
Recommendations for
the use of Nitrogen
purge before
Ammonia introduction
to the vessel is added


Inspection and
monitoring
NOTE: NH3 SCC can occur parallel, transverse, or oblique to the
Note added about the weld and HAZ. NDE applied should be performed to detect various
application of the NDE orientations of SCC
considering the
different orientation
of the cracks which
can be developed top
enhance the
detectability of the
cracks


2020 Edition 2011 Edition
Changed Para.
Affected Materials
a) Carbon steel and low-alloy steels.
a) Carbon steel is less
b) 300 series SS, duplex stainless steel, nickel-based
resistant.
alloys, and titanium and its alloys are more resistant,
More affected depending on ammonium bisulfide (NH4HS) b) 300 Series SS,
materials added as concentration and velocity.
duplex SS, aluminum
shown alloys and nickel base
1. Aluminum has been used for NH4HS corrosion alloys are more
resistance in air coolers, but can suffer high corrosion resistant, depending
rates in high-velocity or turbulent locations. on ammonium
bisulfide (NH4HS)
2. Titanium and its alloys have been used for NH4HS concentration and
corrosion resistance in air coolers but can suffer velocity.
embrittlement from hydriding in these services.
3.Welds in duplex stainless steel can be susceptible
to SSC.


Inspection and
Monitoring
d) Permanently mounted thickness monitoring sensors can be used.
e) Guided wave testing (GWT) can be used as a screening tool.
More affected f) For steel (magnetic material) air cooler tubes (which are normally finned),
materials added as internal rotating inspection system (IRIS), magnetic flux leakage (MFL), near-field
shown testing (NFT), and other electromagnetic techniques can be used. ECT and IRIS can
be used to inspect nonmagnetic material air cooler tubes.
g) For steel (magnetic material) exchanger bundle tubes, IRIS, MFL, remote field
testing (RFT), and other electromagnetic techniques can be used. ECT and IRIS can
be used to inspect nonmagnetic material exchanger bundle tubes.

DM# Ammonium Chloride and Amine Hydrochloride Corrosion

Critical Factors
Water dew point value Ammonium chloride salts may Ammonium chloride salts may
precipitate from high-temperature
removed and maxi. precipitate from high temperature
streams as they are cooled, depending
temperature for streams as they are cooled,
salting added to be upon the concentration of NH3 and depending upon the
HCl, and may corrode piping and
400F concentration of NH3 and HCl,
equipment at temperatures well above
the water dew point. Salting has been and may corrode piping and
observed up to approx. 400 °F (205 °C). equipment at temperatures well
above the water dewpoint [>
300°F (149°C)]


Changed 2020 Edition 2011
Para. RT or UT scanning methods [automated UT (AUT), manual
Edition
close-grid, scanning UT] can be used to determine remaining
Inspection and
wall thickness. These methods are preferred over typical spot RT or UT thickness
Monitoring monitoring can be
UT thickness monitoring because the corrosion is so highly
localized. used to determine
Automated UT,
GWT can be used as a screening tool. remaining wall
manual close grid and
Corrosion probes or coupons can be useful, but the salt must thickness.
scanning UT added as
preferred techniques deposit on the corrosion probe element to detect corrosion
h) For steel (magnetic material) air cooler tubes (which are
compared to spot UT
normally finned), IRIS, MFL, NFT, and other electromagnetic
techniques can be used. ECT and IRIS can be used to inspect
Additional point
nonmagnetic material air cooler tubes.
added for online
i) For steel (magnetic material) exchanger bundle tubes, IRIS,
monitoring using the MFL, RFT, and other electromagnetic techniques can be used.
corrosion probes ECT and IRIS can be used to inspect nonmagnetic material
exchanger bundle tubes.

DM# Aqueous Organic Acid Corrosion

Affected Materials Most corrosion-resistant alloys
Note added to restrict used in crude tower overhead b) Most other corrosion
the use of austenitic systems are generally not affected.
resistant alloys used in crude
stainless steel unless it tower overhead systems are
is confirmed that Austenitic stainless steels are
generally resistant, but this generally not affected.
Halogens are not
present mechanism is often associated with
streams that cause inorganic acid
corrosion as well as pitting and SCC
due to halogens (e.g. chlorides), so
their use should be avoided unless
it is known that halogens are not
present.

DM# Aqueous Organic Acid Corrosion

Affected units or
equipment
b) Localized corrosion can occur at mix points from recovered oil
streams when wet streams combine with streams contaminated with
Additional affected organic acid.
locations at mix
points and in d) In horizontal piping, organic acid corrosion is generally found both
horizontal piping
in the vapor space where liquid water can condense and along the
added in 2020
edition bottom of the piping where liquid water may run.

DM# Boiler Water and Steam Condensate Corrosion

Changed Para. 2020 Edition 2011
Affected Factors
Edition
c) In the case of FAC, this protective oxide layer is
More illustration
dissolved or prevented from forming. Carbon steel
for the added term e) Ammonia SCC
is the most affected. Alloying elements in low-alloy of Cu-Zn alloys can
FAC is provided
steels such as Cr, Cu, and Mo can enhance occur due to
corrosion resistance. The most critical hydrazine,
temperature for FAC is 300 °F (150 °C), and it neutralizing amines
or ammonia
decreases with increasing pH.
containing
Too low an oxygen concentration increases the compounds..
corrosion due to the inability to form the
protective oxide layer. At least 3 ppb to 7 ppb may
be required to form the oxide layer.


Critical Factors
Oxygen Pitting e) Oxygen pitting can occur if the deaeration and oxygen
Concern added
scavenging treatment are not working correctly.


Affected Units or
Equipment
b) Corrosion in the condensate return system as well as in process unit
In addition to the
boiler systems and reboilers and associated piping may be due to carbon dioxide, although
external treatment oxygen pitting from oxygen contamination is also possible as well as
system, concerns FAC if the proper conditions are present.
about FAC occurrence
conditions ad
susceptibility of
threaded connections c) Threaded connections are especially susceptible.
added
DM# Boiler Water and Steam Condensate

Corrosion
Appearance or
Morphology of DM d) FAC failures are often located in areas where there is a flow
disturbance such as an orifice run, flow meter, elbow, reducer, or
other types of fittings.
Additional point for
The wall thinning occurs just downstream of these flow
the appearance and
location of FAC disturbances, leaving behind a corroded surface free of oxide scale,
added sometimes with a specific flow pattern. FAC has led to rupture of
piping.


Corrosion
Prevention and
Mitigation e) The pH, temperature, and oxygen concentration are the main
Recommendations parameters that can affect the potential for
to avoid FAC by FAC. BFW pH from 9.2 to 9.6 is often recommended. Upgrading the
marinating pH value material to Cr-Mo steel usually solves the problem.
9.2 to 9.6 or by
material upgrade to Too low or total absence of oxygen is no longer considered the best
Cr-Mo steel corrosion control for BFW and condensate. Oxygenated treatments
that deliberately inject oxygen into the condensate and BFW
system or the use of oxygen scavenger at reduced concentrations
may be necessary to maintain oxygen levels within the desired range
to mitigate FAC.


Corrosion
Prevention and
Mitigation c) Boiler water needs to be blown down to control the concentration
of solids and non-condensable gases.
Steam equipment should be checked to ensure there are working
Recommendations for non-condensable vents. It is also important that steam piping and
the Boiler Blow down
and water sampling equipment allow for blowdown of condensation.
added
d) Water treatment, sampling, and analysis are the common methods
used to ensure integrity and prevent boiler water and condensate
corrosion.
It may be necessary to modify or improve the water treatment

program if problems such as a ruptured boiler tube or condensate
leaks occur in the boiler water or condensate systems.

Inspection and
a) Monitoring the appropriate parameters can indicate
Monitoring c) Deaerator
whether the treatment program is performing satisfactorily.
cracking problems
Parameters that can be monitored through analysis include
can be evaluated
pH, alkalinity, hardness, conductivity, chlorine or residual
off-line at
biocide, dissolved gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), iron,
shutdowns by
copper, and total dissolved solids
utilizing properly
b) Vacuum testing can be used to check for air ingress into applied wet
the condenser hotwell.
fluorescence
c) UT and RT methods can be used to monitor for pipe wall magnetic particle
thinning. inspection
d) For boilers, there are no practical online inspection
methods.
UT and RT can be performed on boiler tubes and other
boiler components when the system is offline
DM# Carburization
Inspection and monitoring Check the revised paragraph and explanations in
the RP
More explanations about the
applicable inspection techniques and
their limitations are considered in
2020 edition
Similar to the other embrittlement

DMs, 2020 edition highlighted the
concerns to apply hammering
hardness testing as it may create
brittle fracture initiation site in
heavily carburized materials
DM# Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking

Prevention and
Mitigation c) Nickel-based alloys are more resistant to cracking and may be
required at higher temperatures and/or caustic concentrations.
Additional point
about the conditions However, caustic SCC of these alloys has been observed at high
where Ni Alloys are temperatures that promote the formation of molten caustic in the
susceptible to absence of free water [604 °F (318 °C), at atmospheric pressure]. This
caustic SCC in damage has sometimes been referred to as molten caustic cracking.
molten caustic
conditions at high
temperature


Critical Factors Ammonium chloride salts may
Water dew point value precipitate from high- Ammonium chloride salts may
removed and maxi. temperature streams as they are precipitate from high
temperature for cooled, depending temperature streams as they
salting added to be upon the concentration of NH3 are cooled,
400F and HCl, and may corrode piping depending upon the
and equipment at temperatures concentration of NH3 and HCl,
well above the water dew point. and may corrode piping and
Salting has been observed up to equipment at temperatures
approx. 400 °F (205 °C). well above the water dewpoint
[> 300°F (149°C)]


Prevention and
Mitigation f) Ensure all soda ash (sodium carbonate) solution that may have been
used as a protective measure against polythionic acid stress corrosion
Additional cracking (PTA SCC) in 300 series SS equipment is drained prior to
precautions heating up as this soda ash can result in caustic SCC of 300 series SS as
added about the well as Alloy 800 and Alloy 825 as the water is boiled away.
susceptibility of
300 SS if soda ash
is exist at high
temp.


Caustic service chart updated as
referenced from NACE SP0403_2015
“Avoid Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking
of Carbon Steel”
New area “D” added to the curve allowing

the use of CS without PWHT if the caustic
concentration is less than 2%, regardless
of temperature, and some users use 5%,
as their threshold.

DM# Cavitation
Critical Factors
Additional critical factor added d) Cavitation taking place in a corrosive environment

indicating that corrosive can be accelerated by the corrosive effects of the
environment can accelerate environment. This is often referred to as cavitation-
cavitation corrosion.

DM# Cavitation
Damage Description
Graphical illustration of the

cavitation mechanism added

DM# Cavitation
Inspection and Monitoring
Additional inspection techniques It can be difficult to get accurate thickness readings

included by adding the acoustic on pump casings or other castings due to their
monitoring of turbulent areas inherent thickness variability combined with the fact
that inside and outside surfaces may not be parallel
Additional point added highlighting
the difficulty on depending on d) Acoustic monitoring of turbulent areas can detect
thickness measurement of pumps characteristic sound frequencies associated with
casing considering the non- cavitation. The technique is a qualitative method to
uniform thickness profile determine damage progression.

DM# Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking

Critical Factors
b) Cl− SCC is caused by the inorganic chloride ion
(Cl−) (or other inorganic halide ions such as
bromide, in which case it might be named
differently). Organic chlorides will not directly cause
Cl− SCC, but they can, and typically do, produce
ionic, inorganic chlorides by the processes of
hydrolysis or thermal decomposition (pyrolysis).
Therefore, organic chlorides can lead to Cl− SCC.


Critical Factors
More explanation Cracking usually
Although there are exceptions at lower
about the effect occurs at metal
temperatures and even ambient temperature, temperatures above
of temperature particularly with highly cold worked or sensitized about 140oF (60oC),
on susceptibility
materials, cracking usually occurs at metal although exceptions
to Cl SCC
temperatures above about 140 °F (60 °C), and can be found at lower
temperatures.
experience has shown this to be a useful
temperature limit guideline for fixed equipment in
the refining industry.


Affected Units or
Equipment e) External Cl− SCC can occur on insulated 300 series SS surfaces when
insulation gets wet.
The operating temperature range of most concern for external Cl− SCC is
140 °F (60 °C) to 400 °F (205 °C).

DM# Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)

Affected Materials
400 series SS Carbon steel, low-alloy steels, 300 series SS, 400 series SS,
added to the list of and duplex stainless steels
the affected
materials


Critical Factors It affects externally insulated
Temperature range for piping and equipment and
the susceptibility of SS For 300 series SS and duplex SS , those that are in intermittent
changed to be 60-170 where Cl− SCC is the concern, refiners service or operate between:
C matching the values generally focus on the temperature
in API RP 583 range of 140 °F (60 °C) to 350 °F (175 1) 10°F (–12°C) and 350°F
In addition the °C). (175°C) for carbon and low
statement of the
critical temperature
alloy steels,
range changed to be 2) 140ºF (60°C) and 400ºF
less restrict showing (205°C) for austenitic
that this is the range stainless steels and duplex
where refineries focus
stainless steels
on CUI


Prevention and d) Careful selection of insulating materials is important. Both water absorption properties and
Mitigation water retention characteristics are important and should be considered. Some insulating
materials absorb little water but still trap water against the pipe or equipment for an extended
Guidelines added for time because water removal is slow.
the selection of the While closed cell foam glass materials will hold less water and, therefore, might be less prone
insulation material to causing CUI, studies
with Both water show that an open cell structure provides a path for water vapor to escape faster, allowing the
absorption properties insulation to dry quicker. Faster drying time, corresponding to less metal wetting time, should
help mitigate CUI.
and water retention
1- Types of open cell insulation that limit and delay water ingress have been developed.
Characteristics. 2- Water absorption and retention properties of insulation materials can be tested per EN
13472 or ASTM C1134.
e) Insulation with added corrosion inhibitor is available.
f) Low-chloride insulation should be used on 300 series SS to minimize the potential for pitting
and Cl− SCC.
1- Some manufacturers supply insulation certified to be low chloride. Thermal insulation
materials can be tested per ASTM C871 to evaluate chloride content and/or ensure it satisfies a
specified limit.
DM# Creep and Stress Rupture

Description of
Damage
At high temperatures [typically greater than half the absolute
melting temperature in °R (°K)], metal components can
continuously deform under load, even below their elastic yield
stress. This time-dependent deformation of stressed components
is known as creep.


Critical factors
1- Because a coarse-grained material has less grain boundary surface
area than a fine-grained material, a material heat treated to have a
Explanation added coarse-grained structure will generally have better creep strength than
for the effect of the same material with a fine-grained structure.
the coarse gains


Inspection and
Monitoring In-line inspection (smart pigging) of heater tubes will provide a more
complete assessment of remaining wall thickness and diameter
Additional
inspection growth. However, it is unlikely to detect internal creep damage, and
techniques added further NDE may be needed.
for the fired
heater tubes Automated inspection devices (crawlers) are commercially available for
inspecting hydrogen reformer heater tubes. The selection of such
equipment for inspection, as well as analysis and interpretation of
results, involves careful evaluation

DM# Dealloying
Affected unit or
equipment Alloy 400 exposed to HF acid in HF alkylation plants can be
Conditions of susceptible to denickelification, particularly above 300 °F (50 °C)
Denickelification or if oxygen is presentinterpretation of results, involves careful
of 400 alloy added evaluation

DM# Dealloying
Affected Materials
CI removed from Primarily copper alloys
Primarily copper alloys (brasses and
the list of the
bronzes and Cu-Ni alloys) as well as Alloy (brass, bronze, tin) as
affected materials
as it is covered
400. well as Alloy 400 and
under Graphitic cast iron.
Corrosion DM

DM# Dealloying
Prevention and
Mitigation
Added point for Dealuminification of aluminum-bronze can be prevented by heat
the prevention of treatment to produce an alpha and Beta microstructure
Al-Bronze
dealuminization

DM# Dealloying
Table for combination
of alloys and
Environment subject
dealloying
Table updated by
removing the CI as it
is covered under
Graphitic Corrosion
DM

End of Part 1
Thank You
Baher Elsheikh
Baher Elsheikh @

Key Changes in API 571-2020 Part 1

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Key Changes in API 571-2020 Part 1

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Key Changes in July 2020 - Part 1

Three Damage Steam blanketing (DM#26), withdrawn and combined

DM# number is as Sulfate Stress Corrosion Cracking (DM#61) withdrawn

API RP 571 2020

API 571, 2020 TRAINING COURSE B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# 67: Brine Corrosion

DM# 68: Concentration Cell Corrosion

DM# 69: Hydrofluoric Acid Stress Corrosion of Nickle Alloys

DM# 70: Oxygenated Water Corrosion (Non-boiler)

API 571, 2020 TRAINING COURSE B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

• Became ANSI APPROVED

• Structure of the RP changed by removing the subcategories of the damage

The old categories in 2nd edition:

API 571, 2020 TRAINING COURSE B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

a) General and local metal loss due to corrosion and/or erosion

API RP 571 2020

Replace the “heat treatment”

There are several changes where

API 571, 2020 TRAINING COURSE B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

API 571, 2020 TRAINING COURSE B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

Four Conditions Required for FAC to be Active

Water Chemistry Hydrodynamics Materials Temperature

the water in the Turbulent flow is low concentrations water temperature

API 571, 2020 TRAINING COURSE B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# 885 F (475 C) Embrittlement

Damage Description 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement 885°F (475°C) embrittlement is

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# 885 F (475 c) Embrittlement

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# 885 F (475 c) Embrittlement

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# 885 F (475 c) Embrittlement

DM# 885 F (475 c) Embrittlement

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# 885 F (475 c) Embrittlement

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# 885 F (475 c) Embrittlement

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# Amine Corrosion

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# Amine Corrosion

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# Amine Corrosion

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# Amine Corrosion

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# Amine Corrosion

Note: Profile Radiography and UT

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# Amine Stress Corrosion Cracking

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# Amine Stress Corrosion Cracking

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# Amine Stress Corrosion Cracking

For local PWHT, recommended heat

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# Amine Stress Corrosion Cracking

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# Amine Stress Corrosion Cracking

d) RT may not be effective in

API 571, 2020 B A H E R E L S H E I K H – J U LY 2 0 2 0

DM# Ammonia Stress Corrosion Cracking