UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE, NEW CAMPUS.

ASSIGNMENT # 02

SUBMITTED TO:

Mr. MUHAMMAD SULAIMAN

SUBMITTED BY:

MUHAMMAD UMER (2018-CH-244)

SUBJECT:

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL LAB

TOPIC:

PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM

ASSIGNMENT CODE: A2

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 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE, NEW CAMPUS.

 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Instrumentation and control refer to the analysis, measurement, and control of industrial
process variables using process control instruments and software tools such as temperature,
pressure, flow, and level sensors, analyzers, electrical and mechanical actuators, Human-Machine
Interfaces (HMI), Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) systems, automated control
systems and more.
 IMPORTANCE OF P&ID
A piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) is a drawing in the process industry. A P&ID
shows all piping, including the “physical sequence of branches, reducers, valves, equipment,
instrumentation and control interlocks.” A P&ID is used to operate the process system, since it
shows the piping of the process flow along with the installed equipment and instrumentation. P &
IDs play a key role in maintaining and modifying the process they describe, because it is important
to demonstrate the physical sequence of equipment and systems, including how these systems
connect. In terms of processing facilities, a P&ID is a visual representation of key piping and
instrument details, control and shutdown schemes, safety and regulatory requirements, and basic
start-up and operational information.
Some industries for which P&ID are very important are:

 Oil & Gas

 Petrochemical

 Fertilizer

 Wastewater Treatment

 Food & Beverage

Figure 1 INSTRUMENTS

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 PRODUCTION OF BENZENE, TOLUENE FROM NATURAL GAS

P&ID

FEED: NATURAL GAS & METHANOL

PRODUCT: BENZENE, TOLUENE AND FLUE GAS

Figure 2 P&ID OF BENZENE AND TOLUENE PRODUCTION PLANT

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 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE, NEW CAMPUS.

 INSTRUMENTS USED IN SELECTED PLANT:

ABBREVIATION MEANING

FI FLOW INDICATOR
FT FLOW TRANSMITTER
FY COMPUTER, RELAY, AMPLIFIER OR I/P CONVERTER
ETC. IN FLOW LOOP
FAL FLOW ALARM LOW
FAH FLOW ALARM HIGH
FE FLOW ELEMENT
TI TEMPERATURE INDICATOR
TAH TEMPERATURE ALARM HIGH
TAL TEMPERATURE ALARM LOW
TE TEMPERATURE ELEMENT
TT TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER
TY COMPUTER, RELAY, CONVERTER, ETC. IN
TEMPERATURE LOOP
PAL PRESSURE ALARM LOW
PAH PRESSURE ALARM HIGH
PY RELAY, COMPUTER, AMPLIFIER, CONVERTER OR I/P
CONVERTER ETC./ IN PRESSURE LOOP
PE PRESSURE ELEMENT
PT PRESSURE TRANSMITTER
PI PRESSURE INDICATOR
LE LEVEL ELEMENT
LT LEVEL TRANSMITTER
LAH LEVEL ALARM HIGH
LAL LEVEL ALARM LOW
LY I/P CONVERTER [LEVEL LOOP]

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 CONTROLLERS USED IN SELECTED PLANT

ABBREVIATION MEANING

FCV FLOW CONTROL VALVE

FRC FLOW RECORDER CONTROLLER

TRC TEMPERATURE RECORDER CONTROLLER

TCV TEMPERATURE CONTROL VALVE

PRC PRESSURE RECORDER CONTROLLER

LIC LEVEL INDICATOR CONTROLLER

LCV LEVEL CONTROL VALVE

 WORKING PRINCIPLE
I. FLOW INDICATOR
A sight flow indicator provides a window into a process pipeline that allows operators a visual
means of verifying liquid flow and flow direction. Simple and low-cost, it also allows operators
to observe the color, clarity, consistency, viscosity and other characteristics of process fluids. The
basic description of a sight flow indicator is a glass column or two opposing windows with a
means to mount the device to a pipeline. Bodies or heads in a tubular style are usually constructed
out of a specific metal. Windows are made from special glass discs in a gasketed assembly, glass
windows fused in a metal frame, or tubular glass. There are two main styles of sight flow
indicators. The first has two opposing windows, one for viewing and the other to allow light to
illuminate the intervening flow. A second style is a glass tube that allows 360-degree observation.

Figure 3 FLOW INDICATORS

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II. FLOW TRANSMITTER

The mass flow transmitters are the typical flow measurement devices used in the process
industry. They measure the mass flow of any fluid that passes through a tube at a particular time.
The volumetric flow rate is the mass flow rate that is divided by the density of the fluid. The fluid
density is affected by variables such as pressure, temperature, or composition. The fluid may
feature a combination of various phases such as a fluid containing bubbles. In various industries
such as food and beverage, outcome of the process entirely depends on various variables. Out of
these variables, the measure of the flow of the liquid, vapor, or gas is an important consideration.
Many types of devices are used for measuring the flow of the liquid. The flow transmitters are one
of the important devices used for the purpose. Equipped with sensors, these devices provide an
electrical transmission for indication of the flow of liquid,
gas or mixture of both.

Figure 4 FLOW TRANSMITTER

III. FY
It serves as Computer, Relay, Amplifier or I/P Converter etc. in Flow Loop. It is a current-to-
air (I/P) transducer (FY) to convert the controller’s electronic output signal into a variable air
pressure. The action of FY is increasing current input signal = increasing pneumatic output signal.
It also act as I/P transducer.

Figure 5 FY IN A TRANSMISSION LINE

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IV. FLOW ALARM (FAL+FAH)

Flow switches are mechanical devices used in controlling the flow of air, steam, or liquid.
A flow switch operates by conveying a trip motion (relay, reed switch, and paddle) to another
machine within the system, usually a pump. The trip signal will indicate to the pump to turn on
or turn off. It is necessary to provide damage protection and circuit cooling or adjust flow rates
that are too high or too low. Flow switches can serve numerous functions and get used in a variety
of applications. If one needs to monitor the flow rate or to protect the pump, then the flow switch
can serve your purpose. The flow sensor will send an electrical signal to PLC or any other
electronic controller.

Figure 6 FLOW ALARM

V. FLOW ELEMENT
A primary flow element is a device inserted into the flowing fluid that produces a physical
property that can be accurately related to flow. For example, an orifice plate produces a pressure
drop that is a function of the square of the volume rate of flow through the orifice. Flowmeters
consist of a primary device, transducer and transmitter. The transducer senses the fluid that passes
through the primary device. The transmitter produces a usable flow signal from the raw transducer
signal. These components are often combined, so the actual flowmeter may be one or more
physical devices.

Figure 7 DIFFERENT FLOW ELEMENTS

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VI. TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

A temperature indicator is frequently used to control the quality of raw materials and semi-
finished products and to control finished products during storage and transportation, to easily
detect products that may be spoilt, to reduce the risk of manufacturing low quality, defective
products. They are devices to measure temperature readings through electrical signals. The sensor
is made up of two metals, which generate electrical voltage or resistance once it notices a change
in temperature.

Figure 8 TEMPERATURE INDICATORS

VII. TEMPERATURE ELEMENTS

Bimetallic is temperature element instrument formed from two types of metal, which have
different thermal expansion properties. These two metal are bonded together become one strips.
The metal strips will bend if temperature changes. They are devices to measure temperature
readings through electrical signals. The sensor is made up of two metals, which generate electrical
voltage or resistance once it notices a change in temperature

Figure 9 TEMPERATURE ELEMENTS

VIII. TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER

A temperature transmitter is an electrical instrument, which interfaces the temperature sensor
to isolate, amplify, filter noise and convert the signal from the sensor to send it to the control
device. It is a tool to help measure and alert temperature changes a temperature transmitter works
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by drawing in the current from the remote DC power supply, connected to the sensor input. The
actual signal is transmitted as a change in the power supply. To connect the temperature
transmitter, only two copper wires are needed.

Figure 10 TEMPERATURE TRANMITTER

IX. PRESSURE ELEMENTS

It acts as a fluid connection (as between an accumulator and a machine). Primary elements for for
pressure measuring are Diaphragm, Borden tube, bellows.

Figure 11 PRESSURE ELEMENT

X. PRESSURE INDICATOR
Pressure indicators are often called manometers, itself a generic term for pressure measurement
devices. Barometers, not only used as weather instruments but also as aeronautics instruments or

Figure 12 WORKING OF PRESSURE INDICATORS

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industrial components, are also types of pressure indicators. The working principle of pressure
gauges is based on Hooke's law, which states that the force required expanding or compress a
spring scales in a linear manner about the distance of extension or compression. There is inner
pressure and outer pressure.
XI. PRESSURE TRANSMITTER
A pressure transmitter is a device that has been designed to measure pressure in liquids, fluids
or gases. They are commonly used to measure pressure inside industrial machinery, in order to
alert users before an incident occurs. They have a wide range of different uses, mostly of an
industrial or automotive nature. The functional principle of a resistive pressure transmitter is very
simple. The diaphragm is deflected under the influence of pressure. Thus, the strain gauges
attached to it are elongated or compressed and its electrical resistance changes. This change in
resistance is directly proportional to the pressure.

Figure 13 WORKING OF PRESSURE TRANSMITTER

XII. LEVEL TRANSMITTER

Level transmitters provide continuous level measurements over the range of the system rather
than at a single point and produce an output signal that directly correlates to the level in the vessel.

Figure 14 MAGNETIC FLOAT LEVEL TRANSMITTER

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The output signal generated can be used to display the depth or to actuate control functions. These
transmitters work on the principle of a radar by using radio wave emissions. The transmitter sends
a radar signal into the liquid, and receives a reflection of the signal. The transmitters then analyze
the current fill level of the tank based on the time taken by the transmitted signal to return.

XIII. FLOW CONTROL VALVE

The purpose of a flow control valve is to regulate the flow rate in a specific portion of a
hydraulic circuit. In hydraulic systems, they are used to control the flow rate to motors and
cylinders, thereby regulating the speed of those components. The energy transfer must be equal to
the total work done. The control valve manipulates a flowing fluid, such as gas, steam, water, or
chemical compounds, to compensate for the load disturbance and keep the regulated process
variable as close as possible to the desired set point. The most common valve types in flow control
industries include: Gate valves, Globe valves, Pinch valves, Diaphragm valves, Needle valves.

Figure 15 FLOW CONTROL VALVE

XIV. FLOW RECORDER CONTROLLER

A mass flow controller automatically controls the flow rate of a gas according to a set flow
rate sent as an electric signal, without being affected by use conditions or changes in gas pressure.
A volumetric flow measurement is affected by ambient temperature and pressure. The gas is input
from an Inlet joint, and is divided so that it flows over both the flow rate sensor and a bypass. The
sensor measures the mass flow rate of the gas, and the flow rate control valve modifies the flow
rate so that the difference between the measured flow rate and the flow rate received from the
external flow rate setting signal is 0 (zero). The gas, which enters from the inlet, first splits to

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flow past the sensor or through the bypass. At the sensor, the mass flow rate is detected as a
proportional change in temperature and converted by the bridge circuits to an electrical signal.

Figure 16 FLOW RECORDER CONTROLLER

XV. TEMPERATURE CONTROLVALVE

A valve that is actuated by internally sensing and controlling the fluid temperatures is called a
thermostatic valve. ... As the temperature of the fluid changes, it causes the wax to expand or
contract which, in turn, slides the valve up or down, opening or closing ports.

Figure 17 TEMPERATURE CONTROL VALVE

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 CONCLUSION
From our selected P&ID we can conclude that piping and instrumentation diagram, shows the

piping and related components of a physical process flow and shows how process equipment is

connected and by the use of symbols, represents flow directions, safety and control systems,

pressure ratings and other key piping and instrument details of a system. .P&ID is indispensable

as transmitters of information, essential in the design stages. It can also be considered as the

instruments of communication. In the final analysis, process diagrams communicate an astonishing

amount of engineering information about many things to many groups for a variety of uses.

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