The purpose of this note is to show how

obtain limit or equivalent of sequence with Theorem Stolz-Cesaro

by Moubinool OMARJEE

Let me remind the main tool in this note

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Theorem of Stolz-Cesaro: a n  n≥0 , b n  n≥0 sequences of reals numbers.
Assume b n  n≥0 is strictly increasing , unbounded and the following
limit exist
lim a n+1 − a n = L
n→+∞ b n+1 − b n

Then the
lim a n also exist and its equal to L
n→+∞ bn
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APPLICATION 1 : x n  n≥1 sequence of real number with x n > 0 for any n ≥ 1
lim x n = +∞
n→+∞ n

Then
n
lim 1
n→+∞ n
∑ 1 =0
xn
k=1

Proof: With S.C (Stolz-Cesaro)

n 1
n+1 + n n+1
lim 1
n→+∞ n
∑ 1 = lim
xn n→+∞
x n+1

n+1 − n
= n→+∞
lim
x n+1
= n→+∞
lim 2
x n+1
=0
k=1

APPLICATION 2 : x n  n≥1 sequence of real number given by

∑ k=1
n
k. k!
xn =
n + 1! − 1
Find the limit of x n  n≥1
Proof: With S.C
n + 1n + 1! n + 1n + 1!
lim x
n→+∞ n
= n→+∞
lim = n→+∞
lim =1
n + 2! − n + 1! n + 1n + 1!
APPLICATION 3 :x n  n≥1 sequence of real number with x 1 = 1
x n+1 = x 1 + x 2 +. . . +x n
Find
lim x n
n→+∞ n

Proof: All the term of x n  n≥1 are strictly positive x 2n+1 = x 2n + x n

x n  n≥1 is strictly increasing, if it was bounded then
lim x
n→+∞ n
exist = L

L2 = L2 + L
This gives the limit L = 0 contradiction since all x n ≥ 1. So
 lim x
n→+∞ n
= +∞

x 2n+1
= 1 + x1n → 1
x 2n
lim x n+1 = 1
n→+∞ x n

With S.C theorem

lim x n = lim x n+1 − x n = lim x 2n+1 − x 2n

n→+∞ n n→+∞ n + 1 − n n→+∞ x n+1 + x n

lim x x n+ x = n→+∞
= n→+∞ lim x n+11 = 1 = 1
n+1 n
xn + 1 1+1 2
APPLICATION 4 :Find
lnn! − n lnn
lim
n→+∞ n
Proof: With S.C.
lnn! − n lnn lnn + 1 − n + 1 lnn + 1 + n lnn
lim n = n→+∞
lim
n→+∞ n + 1 − n
ln1 + 1

= n→+∞
lim −n lnn + 1 + n lnn = n→+∞
lim − 1
n
= −1
n

APPLICATION 5: Find
∑ k=1
n 1
Ene n 
lim
n→+∞ n2
Proof: With S.C
∑ k=1
n 1
Eke k  Ene n 
1
n
lim = n→+∞
lim 2 = n→+∞
lim = 1
n→+∞ n2 n − n − 1 2 2n + 1 2
APPLICATION 6: x n  n≥1 sequence of real number with
n

n→+∞ n ∑ k
lim x x2 = 1
k=1

Prove that
lim 3 3n x n = 1
n→+∞

Proof: S n = ∑ k=1 x 2k , x n S n  tend to 1. The sequence S n  is strictly increasing

n

if S n  converge to L , then x n → L1 > 0 and we will have S n = ∑ k=1 x 2k → +∞

n

contradiction. We have
lim S n = +∞ and n→+∞
n→+∞
lim x n = 0
We also have x n S n−1 → 1 when n → +∞ and
S 3n − S 3n−1 = x 2n S 2n + S n S n−1 + S 2n−1  → 3 when n → +∞
With S.C.
S3 S 3 − S 3n−1
lim nn = n→+∞
lim n =3
n→+∞ n − n − 1
We deduce that
 3 3n
→1
Sn
3 3n
3
3n x n = x S →1
Sn n n
APPLICATION 7: x n  n≥1 sequence of reals numbers with 0 < x 1 < 1 and
x n+1 = x n − x 2n for any n ≥ 1. Prove that
lim nx n = 1
n→+∞

Proof: The sequence x n  n≥1 is decreasing and bounded

lim x
n→+∞ n
= L exist

L = L − L2
So L = 0
Consider y n = 1
xn with S.C.
y − yn
lim x nx n−x n+1
y x n+1
lim n = n→+∞
n→+∞ n
lim n+1 = n→+∞
n + 1 − n
x 2n 1
= n→+∞
lim = n→+∞
lim =1
x n x n − x 2n  1 − xn
APPLICATION 8: x n  n≥1 sequence of reals numbers with x 1 = 1
x 2n +2
x n+1 = n+1
for any n ≥ 1. Find
∑ k=1
n
xk
lim
n→+∞ ∑ n 1
k=1 k

Proof: By induction 0 < x n ≤ 2 for any n ≥ 2

0 < x n+1 ≤ 2 + 2 → 0 when n → +∞
2
n+1
With S.C.
∑ k=1
n
xk x n = lim n x 2n−1 + 2 = 2
lim
n→+∞ ∑ n 1
= lim
n→+∞ 1 n→+∞ n
k=1 k n

APPLICATION 9: x n  n≥1 sequence of reals numbers such that

lim x n+1n− x n = L > 0
n→+∞

Prove that

lim x n+1 − xn = eL
n→+∞
n+1 n + 1! n n! 2

Proof: Since x n+1 − x n ∼ nL the equivalence of partial sum for divergence

gives ∑ k=1 x k+1 − x k  ∼ L ∑ k=1 k this gives xnn ∼ nL
n−1 n−1
2
With S.C.
x n+1
n+1 n+1!
− nx n
lim x n+1 − xn = n→+∞
lim
n!
n→+∞ n+1 n + 1! n n! n + 1 − n

= n→+∞
lim x n = eL
n n n! 2
 e lnn+ln2π
Since n
1
= e
n − 2 n2
+O 1
n3
n!