2 .What is Data Flow Diagram (DFD)? Discuss its types.

Also draw a context diagram for

Hospital Management System.

Answer: Data flow diagram is a process of representing a flow of data through a systematic
process or a way. It help to provide information about the input and output of each entity and the
process itself. The data flow diagram has no control flow it doesn’t flow any kind of rules and
loops. There are several notations for displaying data flow diagrams. The data flow diagram is
part of the structured analysis modeling tools.
For each data flow, at least one of the endpoints must exit in a
process representation of a process can be done in another data flow diagram. DFD graphically
representing the functions, or processes, which capture, manipulate, store, and distribute data
between a system and its environment and between components of a system. The visual
representation makes it a good communication tool between User and System designer.
DFD graphically representing the functions, or processes, which capture, manipulate, store, and
distribute data between a system and its environment and between components of a system. The
visual representation makes it a good communication tool between User and System designer.
Structure of DFD allows starting from a broad overview and expand it to a hierarchy of detailed
diagrams. DFD has often been used due to the following reasons:
• Logical information flow of the system
• Determination of physical system construction requirements
• Simplicity of notation
• Establishment of manual and automated systems requirements
The different type of Data flow diagram are
1. Logical DFD:
Logical data flow diagram mainly focuses on the system process. It illustrates how data
flows in the system. Logical DFD is used in various organizations for the smooth running
of system. Like in a Banking software system, it is used to describe how data is moved
from one entity to another. A logical DFD focuses on the business and business activities,
while a physical DFD looks at how a system is implemented. So while any data flow diagram
maps out the flow of information for a process or system, the logical diagram provides the
“what” and the physical provides the “how.” They are two different perspectives on the same
data flow, each designed to visualize and improve the system.
Advantage of Logical DFD are as follows:
 Clarifying which processes are manual and which are automated: Manual processes
require detailed documentation and automated process require computer programs to be
developed.
 Describing processes in more detail than do logical DFDs: Describes all steps for
processing of data.
  Sequencing processes that have to be done in a particular order: Sequence of activities
that lead to a meaningful result are described. For example, update must be performed
before a producing a summary report.
 Identifying temporary data storage: Temporary storage such as a sales transaction file
for a customer receipt (report) in a grocery store, are described.
2. Physical DFD:
Physical data flow diagram shows how the data flow is actually implemented in the system.
Physical DFD is more specific and close to implementation. Physical DFD specifies actual
flow of physical documentation, while logical DFD only focus on the information flow in
business term. Clarifying which processes are manual and which are automated: Manual
processes require detailed documentation and automated process require computer
programs to be developed.
Advantage of Physical DFD are as follows:
 Describing processes in more detail than do logical DFDs: Describes all steps for
processing of data.
 Sequencing processes that have to be done in a particular order: Sequence of activities
that lead to a meaningful result are described. For example, update must be performed
before a producing a summary report.
 Identifying temporary data storage: Temporary storage such as a sales transaction file
for a customer receipt (report) in a grocery store, are described.
 Specifying actual names of files and printouts: Logical data flow diagrams describes
actual filenames and reports, so that the programmers can relate those with the data
dictionary during the developmental phase of the system.
 Adding controls to ensure the processes are done properly: These are conditions or
validations of data that are to be met during input, update, delete, and other processing
of data.
Data Flow diagram of Hospital Management System

: Employee
Management
Hospital
Patient
Management
Management

Hospital
Managemen
t system
Doctor
System user
Management Management

Login
Management