EGYPT

HISTORY
Egypt, country located in the northeastern corner of Africa. Egypt’s
heartland, the Nile River valley and delta, was the home of one of the
principal civilizations of the ancient Middle East and, like Mesopotamia
farther east, was the site of one of the world’s earliest urban and literate
societies. Paranoiac Egypt thrived for some 3,000 years through a series of
native dynasties that were interspersed with brief periods of foreign rule.
After Alexander the Great conquered the region in 323 BCE, urban Egypt
became an integral part of the Hellenistic world. Under the Greek
Ptolemaic dynasty, an advanced literate society thrived in the city
of Alexandria, but what is now Egypt was conquered by the Romans in
30 BCE. It remained part of the Roman Republic and Empire and then part
of Rome’s successor state, the Byzantine Empire, until its conquest
by Arab Muslim armies in 639–642 CE.
 MAP

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 CURRENCY

The Egyptian pound is frequently abbreviated as LE or L.E., which stands

for livre égyptienne (French for Egyptian pound). E£ and £E are commonly
used on the internet. The name Genēh is derived from the Guinea coin,
which had almost the same value of 100 piasters at the end of the 19th
century.

NATIONAL FLAG

Many flags have been flown over Egypt in its thousands of years of history,
but its first true national flag was established only on February 16, 1915,
after the British, who had effectively controlled the country since 1882,
formally proclaimed a protectorate to deter restoration of Egypt’s nominal
ties to the Ottoman Empire. The flag previously used by the khedive (the
Ottoman viceroy in Egypt) became the national flag; it was red with three
white crescents and stars
LANGUAGE
 Modern Standard Arabic

Egypt’s official language is Modern Standard Arabic, which is used in most written
documents and schools. However, Modern Standard Arabic mostly describes the
literary form of Arabic, which is actually a macro language composed of multiple
distinct vernacular dialects. In other words, it’s the written standard for a group of
similar dialects that are, for the most part, mutually intelligible.

NATIONAL AIRLINES

EGYPTAIR HOLDING

EGYPTAIR is the world-renowned national airline of Egypt, based in the

cosmopolitan city of Cairo. It started operations May 7th 1932 as the first
airline in the Middle East and Africa and the seventh airline in the world to
join IATA and become a treasured brand. Throughout its 88 years of service,
EGYPTAIR has experienced significant growth.
PRESIDENT
 ABDEL FATTAH SAEED HUSSEIN KHALIF EL-SISI
Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi was born 19 November 1954 is an
Egyptian politician who is the sixth and current President of Egypt, former
Director of Military Intelligence, former Minister of Defence, and former
General. Starting 10 February 2019, Sisi also began serving a one-year term
as Chairperson of the African Union, which concluded in 2020.[1]
Sisi was born in Cairo and after joining the Egyptian Army, held a post
in Saudi Arabia before enrolling in the Egyptian Army's Command and Staff
College. In 1992, Sisi trained at the Joint Services Command and Staff
College in the United Kingdom, and then in 2006 trained at the United
States Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Sisi served as
a mechanized infantry commander and then as director of military
intelligence. After the Egyptian revolution of 2011 and election of Mohamed
Morsi to the Egyptian presidency, Sisi was appointed Minister of Defence by
Morsi on 12 August 2012.
 TOURIST ATTRACTION

PYRAMIDS OF GIZA

Pyramids of Giza, Arabic Ahramat Al-Jizah, Giza also spelled Gizeh, three 4th-

dynasty (c. 2575–c. 2465 BCE) pyramids erected on a rocky plateau on the west
bank of the Nile River near Al-Jīzah (Giza) in northern Egypt. In ancient times they
were included among the Seven Wonders of the World. The ancient ruins of
the Memphis area, including the Pyramids of Giza, Ṣaqqārah, Dahshūr, Abū
Ruwaysh, and Abū Ṣir, were collectively designated a UNESCO World Heritage
site in 1979. The designations of the pyramids—Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure—
correspond to the kings for whom they were built. The northernmost and oldest
pyramid of the group was built for Khufu (Greek: Cheops), the second king of the
4th dynasty. Called the Great Pyramid, it is the largest of the three, the length of
each side at the base averaging 755.75 feet (230 metres) and its original height
being 481.4 feet (147 metres). The middle pyramid was built for Khafre (Greek:
Chephren), the fourth of the eight kings of the 4th dynasty; the structure
measures 707.75 feet (216 metres) on each side and was originally 471 feet (143
metres) high. The southernmost and last pyramid to be built was that
of Menkaure (Greek: Mykerinus), the fifth king of the 4th dynasty; each side
measures 356.5 feet (109 metres), and the structure’s completed height was 218
feet (66 metres).

WHITE DESERT
Upon first glimpse of the 300-sq-km national park of the White Desert, you’ll feel
like Alice through the looking-glass. About 20km northeast of Farafra, on the east
side of the road, blinding-white chalk rock spires sprout almost supernaturally
from the ground, each frost-coloured lollipop licked into a surreal landscape of
familiar and unfamiliar shapes by the dry desert winds.
These sculptural formations are best viewed at sunrise or sunset, when the sun
lights them with orangey-pink hues, or under a full moon, which gives the
landscape a ghostly Arctic appearance. The sand around the outcroppings is
littered with quartz and different varieties of deep-black iron pyrites, as well as
small fossils. On the west side of the Farafra–Bahariya highway, away from the
wind-hewn sculptures, chalk towers called inselbergs burst from the desert floor
into a spectacular white canyon. About 50km north are two flat-topped
mountains known as the Twin Peaks, a key navigation point for travellers. A
favourite destination of local tour operators, the view from the top of the
surrounding symmetrical hills, all shaped like giant ant-hills, is spectacular. Just
beyond here, the road climbs a steep escarpment known as Naqb As Sillim (Pass
of the Stairs); this is the main pass that leads into and out of the Farafra
depression and marks the end of the White Desert.

ALEXANDRIA
Alexandria has long occupied a special place in the popular imagination by virtue
of its association with Alexander and Cleopatra. Alexandria played an important
role in preserving and transmitting Hellenic culture to the wider Mediterranean
world and was a crucible of scholarship, piety, and ecclesiastical politics in early
Christian history. Although it has been asserted that Alexandria declined as a
result of its conquest by Muslim Arabs in the 7th century CE, such a statement is
misleading. While the city’s political primacy was lost when the capital was moved
to the interior, Alexandria remained an important center of naval operations,
maritime commerce, and craft production. As late as the 15th century, the city
prospered as a transit point in the trade conducted between the Red Sea and the
Mediterranean basin. at the western edge of the Nile River delta, about 114 miles
(183 km) northwest of Cairo in Lower Egypt. Area city, 116 square miles (300
square km). Pop. (2006) city, 4,110,015.

BY- MANAN GOYAL