EGYPTIAN

LITERATURE
KIA - KARLA - RENZE
GEOGRAPHY
EGYPT
 EGYPT
Capital : Cairo

Located : Northeastern corner of Africa.

Currency : egyptian pound (EGP)

Language : Modern Standard Arabic

Religion : Islam
 GEOGRAPHY

Egypt is one of the most

populous countries in Africa
and in the Middle East. The
great majority of its over 81
million people live near the
banks of Nile river.
 GEOGRAPHY

42 Nomes – No. of province

• Upper part – lotus, vulture,
*norms = province
and white crown
• 22 – no. of nomes in the
upper part (south) •Lower part – red crown,

• 20 – no. of nomes in the cobra and papyrus.

lower part (north)
Kemet – original name of
Ancient Egypt which means
NILE RIVER
 Men clothing ▪ poor ▪ Most
clothes were made from linen
made from flax ▪ Men wore a
loincloth (a bit like a skirt). ▪
These sometimes ▪ had a belt. ▪
The design of these changed
through the ages. RICH ▪ They
would sometimes wear a shirt ▪
They wore make-up, jewellery
and headdresses for special
occasions. ▪ The pharaoh also
wore animal skins such as
leopard over their shoulders as a
sign of wealth
 Women clothing ▪ Women wore
linen dresses with one or two
shoulder straps. These often
had pleats or folds. ▪ Rich
women would wear dresses
decorated with beads and
feathers for special occasions. ▪
They would also wear jewellery,
head-dresses and make-up.
 PYRAMIDS
▪ One of the world's greatest
architectural wonders. ▪ A pyramid is
a tomb, a four-sided stone structure
that symbolizes the sacred mountain,
humanity's universal striving to reach
the heavens ▪ The ancient belief in
raising the human spirit towards the
gods is the quintessential purpose
behind the construction of pyramids. ▪
Approximately 80% of the building
materials are found in the lower half. ▪
Since pyramids are solid, no walls or
pillars were required to support the
structure. ▪ The pyramid built by King
Sahure (2491-2477 B.C., Old
Kingdom) is the largest of the three at
Abousir and the one that is best
preserved.
 PYRAMIDS
▪ The Pyramid Age began during the Old
Kingdom (2650-2134 B.C.) ▪ The first
pyramids were built by King Djoser in the
third dynasty. ▪ The famous architect and
scholar Imhotep designed the Step Pyramid,
a pharaoh's tomb at Saqqara that looks like
a stairway to heaven. ▪ In the fourth dynasty,
the Pharaoh Snefru built the first
geometrically true pyramids at Dahshur,
south of Saqqara. ▪ He started by adding a
smooth casing over the steps of two
pyramids that were built by his
predecessors. ▪ He then built two pyramids
of his own. ▪ The pyramids built during the
fifth dynasty had a core of rubble and mud
bricks, and a limestone facing
HISTORY
3, 100 BC - Civilized; 1st Dynasty; Narmor – “Menes”- founder

2,500 BC - The 2nd Dynasty; practice of mummification *Saqqara – the location of the
1st stone pyramid that was built by Zoser.

2,000 BC - Egypt colonized to expand their land

1,540 BC *1st female pharaoh – Hatu Shepsu; she wanted peace rather than war.
*Thutmose I – husband and half brother of Hatu Shepsu. He ruled Egypt for 4 yrs.
1,353 BC - practice of Monotheism – worshipping one God. *Amenhotep IV – change his
name to Aken(means other gods) *Akenhotep – from the name of god he wanted to
change

13th Century - beginning of Ramses(Pharaoh on Moses time.

332 BC *Alexander the Great – conquered Egypt and adapted their beliefs.

1805 - start of Modernization *Muhammad Ali – the pharaoh who modernized Egypt by
building the 1st port last 1805.
 ● EGYPT HAS DIVIDED BY SEVERAL PERIODS

PTOLEMAIC MUSLIM AND OTTOMAN

ACIENT EGYPT AND ROMAN PERIOD
CONSIST OF THREE EGYPT PERIOD
KINGDOMS Islamic Empire is
● OLD KINGDOM started by the Muslim
● MIDDLE KINGDOM Arabs.
● NEW KINGDOM
ANCIENT EGYPT
 The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series of stable kingdoms,
separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate
Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle
Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late
Bronze Age.
 OLD KINGDOM

In ancient Egyptian history, the Old Kingdom is the period spanning c. 2686–2181 BC. It is also known as the "Age of the
Pyramids" or the "Age of the Pyramid Builders", as it encompasses the reigns of the great pyramid-builders of the
Fourth Dynasty, such as King Sneferu, who perfected the art of pyramid-building, and the kings Khufu, Khafre and
Menkaure, who constructed the pyramids at Giza.

The concept of an "Old Kingdom" as one of three "golden ages" was coined in 1845 by the German Egyptologist
Baron von Bunsen, and its definition would evolve significantly throughout the 19th and the 20th centuries. Not only was
the last king of the Early Dynastic Period related to the first two kings of the Old Kingdom, but the "capital", the royal
residence, remained at Ineb-Hedg, the Ancient Egyptian name for Memphis. The basic justification for a separation
between the two periods is the revolutionary change in architecture accompanied by the effects on Egyptian society and
economy of large-scale building projects .
 MIDDLE KINGDOM

The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (also known as The Period of Reunification) is the period in the

history of ancient Egypt following a period of political division known as the

First Intermediate Period. The Middle Kingdom lasted from approximately 2040 to 1782 BCE,

stretching from the reunification of Egypt under the reign of Mentuhotep II in the

Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty. The kings of the Eleventh Dynasty ruled

from Thebes and the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty ruled from el-Lisht.

The concept of the Middle Kingdom as one of three "golden ages" was coined in 1845 by

German Egyptologist Baron von Bunsen, and its definition evolved significantly throughout the
 NEW KINGDOM

The New Kingdom , also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history

between the sixteenth century BC and the eleventh century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth,

and Twentieth dynasties of Egypt. Radiocarbon dating places the exact beginning of the New

Kingdom between 1570 BC and 1544 BC.The New Kingdom followed the

Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. It was Egypt's most

prosperous time and marked the peak of its power.

The concept of a "New Kingdom" as one of three "golden ages" was coined in 1845 by German

Egyptologist Baron von Bunsen, and its definition would evolve significantly throughout the
PTOLEMAIC AND ROMAN
EGYPT PERIOD
 PTOLEMAIC AND
ROMAN EGYPT

The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic

state. The last ruler was Cleopatra VII, who
committed suicide with her lover Mark Anthony after
Caesar Augustus had captured them.
MUSLIM AND OTTOMAN
PERIOD
 MUSLIM AND
OTTOMAN

Muslim and Ottoman period, after a brief

Persian invasion early in the 7th century, until
in 639, Egypt was absorbed into the Islamic
Empire by the Muslim Arabs.
EGYPTIAN GODS AND GODDESSES
EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY
Like other creation myths, Egypt's is
complex and offers several versions of
how the world unfolded. The ancient
Egyptians believed that the basic
principles of life, nature and society
were determined by the gods at the
creation of the world. It all began with
the first stirring of the High God in the
primeval waters.
 ATUM-RE
● Was the god of the sun
● was usually represented with a
human body and the head of a
hawk.
 GUB
● God of earth
● Child of god of she and tefnut
 TEFNUT
● One of the child of
god Atum
● Goddess of Moisture
SHE (shu)
● One of the child of
god Atum
● God of the Air
 NUT
● Child of she and tefnut
● God of the air
 OSIRIS

● one of Egypt’s most important

deities,
● was god of the underworld.
● He also symbolized death,
resurrection, and the cycle of Nile
floods that Egypt relied on for
agricultural fertility
 ISIS
● God of motherhood
● Wife of Osiris
● Isis was also one of the main deities
concerned with rites for the dead.
Along with her sister Nephthys, Isis
acted as a divine mourner
 SETH
● Brother of Osiris
● was the god of chaos, violence,
deserts, and storms. In the
Osiris myth, he is the murderer
of Osiris
 NEPHTHYS
● God of the air
● was one of the eight primordial
Egyptian deities. Amun's role
evolved over the centuries; during
the Middle Kingdom he became the
King of the deities and in the New
Kingdom he became a nationally
worshipped god
 HORUS
● was a sky god associated with
war and hunting. He was also the
embodiment of the divine
kingship
● Son of osiris and isis.
 HATHOR
● Goddess of love , beauty, sky,
music and dance
● She is the wife of horus
 ANUBIS
● god of mummification
● was concerned with funerary
practices and the care of the
dead
 PTAH
● was the head of a triad of gods
worshipped at Memphis
● god of magic and architecture
 THOTH
● the god of writing and wisdom, could be
depicted in the form of a baboon or a
sacred ibis or as a man with the head of
an ibis.
● He was believed to have invented
language and the hieroglyphic script.
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