THE

PHILOSOPHY
OF MAN
Philosophy is the
science that
investigates all
things in their
ultimate causes,
reasons and
principles through
reason alone.
PHILOSOPHY OF MAN
 HUMAN BEINGS WITH
DIVERGENT CONCEPTS AND
VIEWS ABOUT HUMAN NATURE
 MAN ACCORDING TO SOME
WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS
WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS
 MAN ACCORDING TO THE
ORIENTAL PHILOSOPHERS
 He wrote a
comprehensive
MAGDALENA discussion about
VILLABA the views of man
as given by
Oriental
philosophers.
 MAN ACCORDING TO THE
ORIENTAL PHILOSOPHERS

 The Hindu View of Man

 Man in Buddhism
 Man in Confucianism
 The Taoist View of Man
 Other Attributes of Man
The Hindu View of Man
Hinduism is the predominant
religion of the Indian
subcontinent. It is often
referred to as Sanatana
Dharma, a Sanskirt phrase
meaning “eternal law” by its
adherents. Among its roots is
the historical Vedic religion of
Iron Age India, and as such
Hinduism is often stated to be
the “oldest living religion”.
 SALIENT FEATURES OF
HINDUISM
• Reincarnation – (samsara) believed that
the soul migrates from one body upon
death and re-enters another human or
animal body. All spiritual efforts are being
directed toward the release or moksa from
the cycle of rebirth.
 SALIENT FEATURES OF
HINDUISM
• Karma – the sum and the consequences of
a person’s actions during the successive
phases of his existence. It determine man’s
destiny and the nature of individual’s
rebirth.
The ancient scripture of Hinduism,
teaches that the ultimate ground of
the universe is one with the
ground of the thinker himself.
 BRAHMAN
(ULTIMATE
REALITY)
• The source of all living things in this universe
• The ground of all reality and existence
• Uncreated, external, infinite and all-embracing
• The ultimate cause and goal of all that exists
• It is One and it is All
 According to this view, “man
possesses the atman or soul, the
highest aspect of what is
understood as the principle of life”.
–the innermost essence of man.

THE HINDU VIEW OF MAN

 MAN CONSISTS OF FIVE
SHEATHS:
1. Annamayatman – the material layer
known as the physical or corporeal self. It
is dependent on food.
2. Pranamayatman – the biological layer, the
self as a vital part breathes.
3. Manamayatman – the psychological layer
and which consists of the will.
 MAN CONSISTS OF FIVE
SHEATHS:
4. Vijnamamayatman – the intellectual
layer; within it is the seal of
consciousness.
5. Annandamyatman – the part that
encounters and experiences heaven; pure
bliss
 Physical

Biological
Psychological

Intellectual
Bliss
Compose

FIVE SHEATHS
Man in Buddhism

Buddhism is a religion and

philosophy that develops from
the teaching of Buddha.
Buddha means the
“Enlightened One”
Man in Buddhism

According to this view, man is

subject to the law that all
things rise, decay, and fall.
There is no soul. There is no
permanence.
The Five Aggregates

• Matter
• Sensation
• Perception
• Mental
Constructs
• Consciousness
 THE FIVE AGGREGATES

• Matter
• Sensation
• Perception
• Mental
Constructs
• Consciousness
 The truth of suffering
(Dukkha)

The truth of origin of

FOUR suffering (Samudāya)
NOBLE
TRUTHS The truth of cessation
OF of suffering (Nirodha)
BUDDHISM
The truth of the path
to the cessation
of suffering (Marga)
 WISDOM
(Prajna)
1. Right Understanding
2. Right Thought

CONCENTRATION
(Samadhi)
MORALITY 6. Right Effort
(Sila) 7. Right Mindfulness
3. Right Speech 8. Right Concentration
4. Right Action
5. Right Livelihood

THE EIGHTFOLD PATH

Man in Confucianism
Confucianism, major system
of thought in China, developed
from the teachings of
Confucius and his disciples,
and concerned with the
principles of good conduct,
practical wisdom, and proper
social relationships.
Man in Confucianism

Man is regarded as a
moral being and as a
social being.
 THE FIVE KEY
RELATIONSHIPS
In Confucianism,
MAN is expected to
possess four virtues:
Prepared by:
Tolentino, Karizza Mae
Del Rosario, Ma. Crizelda
(BEED II)