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SEMESTER 1 2020/2021
CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM OF LINEAR
EQUATIONS
2.1 Introduction to System of Linear Equations
i.
ii
iii.
iv.
2.1 Introduction to System of Linear Equations (cont.)
Example.
Linear equations do
Each equation is not linear. not contain products,
reciprocals, or other
functions of the
(i ) xy 2 z 1 variables.
x
(iii) z 3
y
(iv) 2x y sin z 1
4 5
Solution
A solution of a linear equation in n variables is a sequence of n real
numbers 𝑠1 , 𝑠2 , … , 𝑠𝑛 arranged to satisfy the equation when you
substitute the values
𝑥1 = 𝑠1, 𝑥2 = 𝑠2, … , 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑠𝑛
into the equation
Example
𝑥1 = 2 and 𝑥2 = 1 satisfy the equation 𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 = 4. Some
other solutions are 𝑥1 = −4 and 𝑥2 = 4, 𝑥1 = 0 and 𝑥2 = 2
and 𝑥1 = −2 and 𝑥1 = −3.
SMA3013 LINEAR ALGEBRA SEM 1 2015/2016
Example
Solve the linear equation 𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 = 4.
Solution
𝑥1 = 4 − 2𝑥2 .
In this form, 𝑥2 is free and 𝑥1 is not free because its value
depends on the value of 𝑥2 . By letting 𝑥2 = 𝑡 for 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅, we
can represent the solution set as
SMA3013 LINEAR ALGEBRA SEM 1 2015/2016
Exercise
Solve the linear equation 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3.
2.1 Introduction to System of Linear Equations (cont.)
Example
Consider the system
2x – y = 3
x – 3y = 5
(a) [2,1] is the only solution for both equations. Therefore, [2,1] is a unique
solution.
(with point of intersection (2,1))
(b) The second equation just twice the first. (the solutions are the solutions of the
first equation alone – namely, the points on the line x – y = 2)
Can be represented parametrically as : [2 + t, t]
Then, this system has infinitely many solutions.
Two linear systems are called equivalent if they have the same solution
sets.
Example
This two linear systems are equivalent, since they both have the
unique solution [2,1].
2.2 Solving a System of Linear Equations (cont.)
2.2.1 Solving SLE by using Back-Substitution procedure
Example
Solve the system
x–y–z=2
y + 3z = 5
5z = 10
Starting from the last equation and working backward, we have the
unique solution of the system : [3, -1, 2].
2x – y + z = 9
Strategy:
-transform the given
system into an equivalent
one, so that it can be
solved easily by back
substitution.
2.2 Solving a System of Linear Equations (cont.)
𝑥– 𝑦– 𝑧 = 2
3𝑥 – 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 16
2𝑥 – 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9 Linear
system
1 −1 −1 𝑥 2
3 −3 2 𝑦 = 16 Matrix equation
2 −1 1 𝑧 9
Ax = b
1 1 1 2
3 3 2 16 Augmented
Matrix
2 1 1 9
2.2 Solving a System of Linear Equations (cont.)
2.2.2 Gaussian Elimination
Record the coefficients and constant terms into augmented matrix
1 1 1 2
3 3 2 16
2 1 1 9
This ERO
procedure is
called as 1 1 1 2
Gaussian REF form
Elimination 0 1 3 5
0 0 5 10
Gaussian Elimination
1. Write the augmented matrix of the system of linear equations.
2. Use elementary row operations to reduce the augmented matrix to
row echelon form.
3. Using back substitution, solve the equivalent system that
corresponds to the row-reduced matrix.
2.2 Solving a System of Linear Equations (cont.)
2.2.2 Gaussian Elimination (cont.)
Example. Solve the system using Gaussian elimination and determine the
type of solution.
i. x – 2y + 3z = 9 ii. y–z=0 iii. x – 3y + z = 1
- x + 3y = -4 x – 3z = -1 2x – y – 2z = 2
2x – 5y + 5z = 17 - x + 3y = 1 x + 2y – 3z = -1
Solution.
i. By using ERO;
R2 + R1
R3 – 2R1
R3 + R1
R2 R1
R3 + (-3)R2
R3 - R1
R2 + (-2)R1
R3 - R2
Solution:
R2 + R1 R3 + R2
R3 + (-2)R1 R1 + (2)R2
Coefficient
R2 + (-3) R3
1/2R3 matrix in
RREF!
R1 + (-9)R3
Then, x = 1; y = -1; z = 2.
2.2 Solving a System of Linear Equations (cont.)
2.2.3 Gauss-Jordan Elimination (cont.)
Example
Solve the following systems by using the Gauss-Jordan Elimination.
x1 x2 x3 3 x1 x2 x3 2 x4 1
a. 2 x1 3x2 x3 5 2 x1 2 x2 x3 3x4 3
b.
x1 x2 2 x3 5 x1 x2 x3 3
1 1 0 1 2
1 0 00 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 01 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 12
x1 2 s t 2 1 1
x s 0 1 0
2 s t
x3 1 t 1 0 1
x4 t 0 0 1
2.2 Solving a System of Linear Equations (cont.)
2.2.3 Gauss-Jordan Elimination (cont.)
Example. Solve the system using Gauss-Jordan elimination and determine
the type of solution.
i. x – 2y + 3z = 9 ii. y–z=0 iii. x – 3y + z = 1
- x + 3y = -4 x – 3z = -1 2x – y – 2z = 2
2x – 5y + 5z = 17 - x + 3y = 1 x + 2y – 3z = -1
1. Find the solution set of the system of linear equations represented by the
the following augmented matrix and determine the type of solution.
1 1 0 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 2 3
( )i 0 1 2 1 ( ) 0ii 0 1 1 ( ) 0 1iii 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 1 4 1 1 0 2 1
1 0 4 1 5 0 1 2 1 3 0 0 1 1 3
( iv) () v ( ) vi
0 2 1 0 0 0 4
0 0 0 0 3
0 1
2
0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 2 3 2 0 1 1
0 1 1 2 3 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 4 3
( vii) ( viii) ( ) ix
0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 4
2.2 Solving a System of Linear Equations (cont.)
2. Solve the system using the Gaussian Elimination and determine the type of
solution.
3 x 5 y 22 x 3z 2 x y 5z 3
( )i 3 x4 y4 ( )3 ii x 2 y 5 z ( ) iii 2 1x z
4 x 8 y 32 2x 2 y z 4 2x y z 0
2 x 4 y 5z 33 x 2 y 6z 5
4a 12b 7c 20d 22
( iv) ( ) 4v x y 5 ( ) vi x 3y z
2
3a 9b 5c 28d 30
2 x 2 y 3z 19 x 4 y 2z 1
2a b c 2d 6
3 x 2 y 3z 8 a 2b c 2d 1
3a 4b d 1
( vii) x 3 y 6z 3 ( viii) ( ) ix 4 a b c 1 d
a 5b 2c 6d 3
2 x 6 y 12z 6 3a 5b 2c 3d 2
5a 2b c d 3
3. Solve the system of linear equation in question (2) by using the Gauss
Jordan Method.
2.2 Solving a System of Linear Equations (cont.)
Exercise (Gaussian & Gauss Jordan Elimination & type of solution):
x ky 1 x ky 2
( )i ( ) ii
kx y 1 kx y 4
x y kz 1 x y kz 3
( iii) x yk z1 ( ) iv x yk 2 z
kx y z 2 kx y z 1
2.2 Solving a System of Linear Equations (cont.)
Exercise (Gaussian & Gauss Jordan Elimination & type of solution)- Answer:
Exercise (Gaussian & Gauss Jordan Elimination & type of solution)- Answer:
Exercise (Gaussian & Gauss Jordan Elimination & type of solution)- Answer:
Some notations:
For an nxn matrix A & a vector b in Rn,
Column i Where,
Ai(b) denote the matrix
Ai(b) = [ a1 … b … an ] obtained by replacing the
ith column of A by b.
2.2 Solving a System of Linear Equations (cont.)
2.2.4 Cramer’s Rule
Theorem ( Cramer’s Rule)
Let A be an invertible nxn matrix and let b be a vector in Rn. Then the
unique solution x of the system Ax=b given by
det( Ai (b))
xi for i 1,... , n
det A
Example
1 2
det( A2 (b)) 3
1 1
By Cramer’s rule,
Cramer’s Rule is computationally inefficient for all but small systems of linear
equations because it involves the calculation of many determinants.
1. Solve the following system linear of equations by using the Cramer’s Rule.
x 2y 7 2 x y 0.1 2x y 1
( )i ( ) ii ( ) iii
2x y 8 3 x 2 y 1.6 3x 4 y 2
3 x 5 y 22 x 3z 2 2 x 4 y 5z 33
( iv) 3 x4 y4 ( )3 v x 2 y 5 z ( ) 4 vi x y5
4 x 8 y 32 2x 2 y z 4 2 x 2 y 3z 19
2a b c 2d 6
2 x y 3z 24 2 x y 3z 3
3a 4b d 1
( vii) 2 y z14 ( ) viii
4 3 x 7 y z 5 ( ix)
a 5b 2c 6d 3
7x 5 y 6 8 x 9 y 15z 10
5a 2b c d 3
2. Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the system of linear equations for x and y.
kx 1
( k) y1
( k) x ky3
1
2.3 Solving a System of Linear Equations (cont.)
Exercises (Cramer’s Rule) - answer:
( )i x3, y2
1.
1 1
( ii) x , y
5 2
6 1
( iii) x , y
11 11
( iv) x4, y 2
( v) x4, y 3, z2
1
( vi) x , y3, z 4
2
( vii) x8, y10, z6
1 3
( viii) x
1, y , z
2 2
( ix) a1, b0, c4, d 2
2. 4k 3 4k 1
x ,y
2k 1 2k 1
2.3 Solving a System of Linear Equations (cont.)
Theorem
If A is an invertible nn matrix, then the system of linear equations
given by Ax = b has a unique solution x = A-1b for any b in Rn .
2.3 Solving a System of Linear Equations (cont.)
Example
Use the inverse of the coefficient matrix to solve the linear system
x 2y 3
3x 4 y 2
Solution:
1 2
Here we have, A and .
3 4
By theorem, Ax = b has unique solution x = A-1b.
3
Also, b .
2
2 1 8
3
Hence, x 3
1 11
2
2 2 2
2.4 The Gauss-Jordan Method for computing the Inverse
(cont.)
Exercises (Inverse Matrix – Gauss Jordan Method)
x 2y 2 7 x 33 y 1 x 2 y 1
( )i ( ) ii ( ) iii
3x 7 y 1 4 x 19 y 1 x 2y 3
x 2y z 1 x y 2z 1 x 3z 2
( iv) x2 y z3 () v 2 x y 2 z ( ) 3 vi 2x 5
y z
x 2 y z 3 x y z 0 2x 2 y z 4
2 x 4 y 5z 33 2 x y 3z 24 2 x y 3z 3
( vii) 4 x y 5 (
) viii 2 y 1 z 4 ( ix) 4 x3 y7 z5
2 x 2 y 3z 19 7x 5 y 6 8 x 9 y 15z 10
2.4 The Gauss-Jordan Method for computing the Inverse
(cont.)
Exercises (Inverse Matrix – Gauss Jordan Method) – Answer :
( )i x12,
y
5
1.
( ii) x
14,
y
3
( iii) x1, y
1
( v) x1, y0, z1
( vi) x4, y
3, z2
1
( vii) x , y3, z 4
2
( viii) x8, y10,
z6
1 3
( ix) x
1, y , z
2 2
2.5 Homogeneous Systems of Linear Equations
Definition (Homogeneous)
A system of linear equations is called homogeneous if the constant
term in each equation is zero.
Theorem
If [ A | 0 ] is a homogeneous system of m linear equations with n
variables, where m<n, then the system has infinitely many solutions.
Proof:
The system is consistent since it has at least the zero solution.
And, rank(A) m .
By rank theorem:
Number of free variables = n – rank(A)
So, there is at least one free variable and, hence, infinitely many
solutions.
2.6 The Rank of a Matrix
Definition. (Rank)
The rank of a matrix is the number of nonzero rows in its row
echelon form.
Note:
The rank of matrix A is denoted by rank(A) .
Example:
2 4 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 1
0 1 2 0 1 5 0 0 1 3
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Example :
Determine the number of the free variables .
1 0 1 1 1 2 1
2 4 1 0 0 1 3
0 1 2 0 1 5
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
4–2
3 – 2 = 1 free variable 3–3
= 2 free variables
= 0 free variable
2.6 The Rank of a Matrix (cont.)
Exercises:
Find the rank and the number of free variable of the following matrices.
i. iv.
ii.
Answer:
i. Rank = 2 ; free variables = 1
ii. Rank =2; free variables = 1
iii. iii. Rank = 2; free variables = 2
iv. Rank = 5; free variables = 0
Exercises (Homogeneus System of Linear Equation & Rank)
3 x 5 y 0 x 3z 0 x y 5z 0
( )i 3 x4 y0 ( )3 ii x 2 y 0 z ( ) iii2 0x z
4x 8 y 0 2x 2 y z 0 2x y z 0
2 x 4 y 5z 0 x 2 y 6z 0
4a 12b 7c 20d 0
( iv) ( ) 4v x y 0 ( ) vi x 0y z
2
3a 9b 5c 28d 0
2 x 2 y 3z 0 x 4 y 2z 0
2a b c 2d 0
3 x 2 y 3z 0 a 2b c 2d 0
3a 4b d 0
( vii) x3 y6 z0 ( viii) ( ) ix 4 a b c 0 d
a 5b 2c 6d 0
2 x 6 y 12z 0 3a 5b 2c 3d 0
5a 2b c d 0
Exercises (Homogeneus System of Linear Equation & Rank)
2. Find the rank and the number of free variable of the following matrices.
0 2 3 1 1 1 2
1 2 1
(i) (ii)
2 3 1 (iii) 2 2 1 3
2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0
3 5 3 2 1 2 4 7
(iv )5 2 (v ) 2 1 1 (vi) 3 6 10
2 4 4 3 1 1 2 3
2 3 1 1 3 1 1 1
2 3 4 5
(vii) (viii) 3 3 1 ( ix
) 2 0 1 1 1
4 6 8 10 2 4 1 1 4 5 0 2
Exercises (Homogeneus System of Linear Equation & Rank) – answer: