NCM 100- THEORITICAL Phenomenon -The term, description, • Theory guides use of ideas and Linda Richards - the
of ideas and Linda Richards - the first American
FOUNDATION IN NURSING
MODULE 1 UNIT 1 - EVOLUTION
OF NURSING
NURSING FOUNDATION
THEORY
• Foundation for the art and
science of nursing.
• A set of statements that
tentatively describe, explain
or predict relationships
among concepts that have
been systematically selected
and organized as an abstract
representation of some
phenomenon (McEwen &
Willis 2019)
Nursing Theory - An organized
framework of concepts and purposes
designed to guide the practice of
nursing.
Nursing as an Art - The art of nursing is
the intentional creative use of oneself,
based upon skill and expertise, to
transmit emotion and meaning to
another.
Nursing as a Science - It is the “body of
abstract knowledge” arrived through
scientific research and logical analysis.
Process of Knowledge Development
Theory guides research and improve
practice. In addition to guiding nursing
practice, the purpose of research is to
build knowledge in a discipline
through the generation of theory and
or testing theory.
Paradigm - A model that explains the
linkages of science, philosophy, and
theory accepted and applied by the
discipline.
Neonatal Nurse - provides care for
or label given to describe an idea or
responses about an event, a situation,
a process, a group of events, or a
group of situations (Meleis, 2011). This
phenomenon may be temporary or
permanent.
The Metaparadigm of Nursing
Person - The recipient of nursing care
like individuals, families and
communities.
Health - Contimuum of wellness to
terminal illness
Environment - Place or community
where care is provided
Nursing - Actions; interactions of the
nurse with the person
Florence Nightingale
• Epidemiologist and statistician
• Founder of Modern Nursing
• The Lady with the Lamp
• Developed the Environmental
Theory
Environmental Factors Affecting
Health
• Pure fresh air
• Pure water
• Effective drainage
• Cleanliness
• Light
Purposes of Nursing Theory
• It guides nursing practice and
generates knowledge.
• It helps to describe or explain
nursing
• Enables nurses to know
1. WHY they are doing
2. WHAT they are doing
Why do we need to study nursing
theory?
• Theory helps to reframe our
thinking about nursing.
techniques.
• Theory can close the gap between
theory and research.
Use of Nursing Theory in Nursing
Practice
• Organize patient data
• Understand patient data
• Analyze patient data
• Make decisions about nursing
interventions
• Plan patient care
• Predict outcomes of care
• Evaluate patient outcomes
History of Nursing
• During the height of the Roman
empire, around 300 A.D., the
Empire sought to place a hospital
within every town under its rule.
The nurses were known as
hypourgoi and helped to push
forward nursing on a more global
scale History of Nursing.
CHRISTIAN ORGANIZATIONS AND
ORDERS
Order of the Deaconesses
• Founded in Kaiserwerth,
Germany.
• Recognize he role of women
in taking care for the sick.
• Initiated the establish -ment
of training school for nurses.
• Founders of the training
school: Pastor Theodore
Fliedner and Frederika File
dner(wife).
Founders of the order
• Kaiserwerth Institute for
Deaconesses.
Transformation of Nursing into a
Profession
Nightingale Nurses
trained Nurse (1870) became a great newborn babies during the first four
nursing pioneer in USA and Japan. weeks of his or her life.
- Some nurses became the
matrons at several leading Emergency Room Nurse -specializes in
hospital (St.Mary’s caring for people who experience a
Westminster Hospital, Royal medical crisis due to illness or injury.
Victoria Hospital, Sydney
hospital) Orthopedic Nurse - works to prevent
and treat musculoskeletal problems,
Milestone in Nursing from fractures to chronic systemic
A Professional Organization disorders. Orthopedics help patients
The Philippine Nurses Association is a improve mobility.
professional organization in the
Philippines established to promote the Geriatric Nurse -helps care for aging
holistic welfare of nurses and to and elderly individuals.
prepare them to be globally-
Critical Care Nurse - provides care for
competitive. It used to be known as
Filipino Nurses Association. It was life-threatening medical conditions
and injuries.
founded by Anastacia Giron-Tupas in
1922.
Psychiatric Nurse - experts in crisis
Continuing Education
intervention, mental health
• Continuing professional
assessment, medication and therapy,
education and training for nurses for
and patient assistance.
competency
Community Involvement
Dialysis Nurse - assists patients
• Nursing has extended roles
suffering from kidney failure require
and has various participation in the
regular dialysis to clean their blood.
community service and industry.
Involvement in Research and geared
Nurse Anesthetist - administers
research output results toward
topical, regional, and general
Evidenced-Based Practice
anesthesia as needed, and enjoy the
same prescription rights as physicians.
Transformation of Nursing into a
Profession
Nurse Educator- teaches nursing
INDEED NURSING IS A
students. They are responsible for
PROFESSION.
designing, implementing, evaluating,
and revising educational programs for
…Therefore every nurse is
nurses.
expected to have
PROFESSIONALISM. Nurse Researcher- Nurse researchers
conduct studies and analyze data to
innovate in healthcare.
Field of Nursing
NCM 100- THEORITICAL
FOUNDATION IN NURSING
MODULE 1 UNIT 2 – EVOLUTION
OF NURSING
NURSING (PROPESSION)- a calling in
which its members profess to have
acquired special knowledge by training
or experience, or both so that they may
guide, advise or save others in that
special field.
NURSE
- comes from a Latin word “to nourish”
or “to cherish”
- one who cares for the sick, the injured,
and the physically, mentally and
emotionally disabled.
PATIENT
- comes from a Latin word, “to suffer” or
“to bear”
- an individual who seeks for nursing
assistance, medical assistance, or for
surgery due to illness or disease.
PERIODS OF NURSING HISTORY
• Intuitive Period
• Apprentice Period
• Educative Period
• Contemporary Period
• Spanish Period
• Nursing during Phil.Revolution
Intuitive Period
Prehistoric > Early Christian Era
• “An - More on intuition
• Illness or sickness -caused by the
invasion of the victim’s body of evil
spirits
• Nursing is given by the WOMEN
SHAMAN
– uses white magic to
counteract black magic. They are the
doctors during those time.
TREPHINING
– drilling the skull
- used to treat psychotic
patients
- psychotic patients are
believed to be possessed
by evil spirits.
APPRENTICE PERIOD
On – the- job training period
– Refers to a beginner (on-the job
training). It means care performed by
people who are directed by more
experienced nurses.
– Starts from the founding of Religious
Orders in the 6th century through the
Crusades in the 11th century when the
deaconesses School of Nursing was
established in Keiserswerth, Germany
NURSING SAINTS
St Agatha
– An early Christian martyr. St. Agatha is
known as the patron of nurses for her
vision of St. Peter coming to her aid and
nursing the wounds, she received from
being tortured.
– She is also the patron of those with
breast cancer.
ST. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY
– the patroness of nursing
– a princess
– fed thousands of hungry people
ST. CATHERINE OF SIENA
– “Little Saint”
– took care of the sick as early as 7 y/o
DARK PERIOD OF NURSING
-This period was brought about by
revolution and civil war. That is why
hospitals in this era were gloomy,
cheerless and airless.
- also called the Period of Reformation
until the American Civil War
- Hospitals were closed
- Nursing were the works of the least
desirable people (criminals, prostitutes,
drunkards, slaves and opportunists).
- Nurses were uneducated, filthy, harsh,
ill-fed, over worked
PERIOD OF EDUCATED NURSING
-This was the same period during the
time of Florence Nightingale who’s
popularly known as the mother of
Nursing.
-This period was formed due to the
result of what happened during war.
With this, the dignity of nurses was
again brought back.
This was the same period also that many
important events happened like the
discovery of rubber gloves designed by
Dr. William Halstead, a US surgeon who
emphasized strict aseptic technique for
surgical procedures. And it was Caroline
Hampton Robb who is the first nurse to
wear gloves while working as an
operating room nurse.
PERIOD OF CONTEMPORARY NURSING
- Licensure of nurses started
- Specialization of hospital and diagnosis
- Training of Nurses in Diploma Program
- Dev’t of baccalaureate and advance
degree programs
SPANISH PERIOD
The religious orders exerted their efforts
to care for the sick by building hospitals
in the different parts of the Philippines.
Earliest hospitals established:
Hospital real de Manila (1577)
– built to care for the Spanish king’s
soldiers
San Lazaro Hospital (1578)
– built exclusively for patients with
leprosy
Hospital de Indios (1586)
– established by Franciscan Order;
service was in general supported by alms
and contributions from charitable
individuals.
Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590)
– founded by Brother J. Bautista of the
Franciscan Order.
Nursing during Philippine Revolution
PROMINENT PERSONS INVOLVED IN
NURSING WORKS:
Josephine Bracken
– installed a first hospital in an estate
house in Tejeros; provided nursing care
to the wounded night and day
Rosa Sevilla de Alvero
– converted their house into quarters for
the Filipino soldiers, during the
Philippine-American War that broke out
in 1899.
Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo
– wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; organized
Filipino Red Cross under the inspiration
of Apolinario Mabini
Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo
– second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo;
provided nursing care to Filipino soldiers
during revolution. President of Filipino
Red Cross branch in Batangas
Melchora Aquino
– Nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers
and gave them shelter and food
Capitan Salome
– a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija;
provided nursing care to the wounded
when not in combat
Agueda Kahabagan
– revolutionary leader in Laguna, also
provided nursing services to her troops.
Trinidad Tecson
– “Ina ng Biac na Bato”, stayed in the
hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the
wounded soldiers.
First Colleges of Nursing in the
Philippines
University of Santo Tomas College of
Nursing (1946)
Manila Central University College of
Nursing (1947)
University of the Philippines College of
Nursing (1948)
Nursing Leaders in the Philippines
Anastacia Giron-Tupas
– First Filipino nurse to hold the position
of Chief Nurse Superintendent; founder
of Philippine Nurses Association
Cesaria Tan
– First Filipino to receive a Master’s
degree in Nursing abroad
Socorro Sirilan
– pioneered in hospital social service
Rosa Militar
– a pioneer in school health education
Sor Ricarda Mendoza
– pioneer in nursing education
Conchita Ruiz
– first full-time editor of the newly
named PNA magazine ‘The Filipino
Nurse”
Loreto Tupaz
– Dean of the Philippine Nursing;
Florence Nightingale of Iloilo