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Can culture issues cause plane crashes? What is really important for us is that the low
level of efficacy between the co‐pilot and the
Yes, Malcom Gladwell thinks that there might be captain is a clear reference of the index that
some aircraft accidents which (above all) are Geert Hofstede called Power Distance Index. This
caused by cultural issues. Gladwell, a Canadian can be useful when trying to measure the
writer and journalist, believes that the most “Hierarchical distance". In other words, to what
important factor is not the vehicle, neither extent the authorities are respected and
maintenance nor time. The pilot’s cultural origin considered within the cultural system (including
is indeed much more important. institutional authorities such as family, school,
The ethnical theory about aircraft accidents is a colleagues within context the context of work).
very interesting chapter of his book Outliers: The
Story of Success (Little, Brown & C., New York,
2008). Gladwell put his attention on two specific
aircraft accidents (Colombian Avianca Flight 52
and South Korean Air Flight 801)
For Gladwell, the accident of the Korean Air Flight
801 is the result of a succession of causal factors
(the long flight length, tiredness, bad weather).
These factors made the pilot make a mistake that
the co‐pilot was not able to correct for cultural
reasons. In particular, the co‐pilot was not able
(“because unable or unwilling”) to express his
opinion, in other words he could not assertively
communicate regarding crucial aspects related to Cultural systems with a high power distance, such
the flight management in a safe environment. as the Korean peninsula, are characterized by an
This was related to the great importance that attitude which is mainly "deferential towards
hierarchy has in Korean society. authority". Therefore it is more common to see
As in a quote from Gladwell: “Korean Air had difficulties in suggesting alternatives or
more plane crashes than almost any other airline contradicting a superior. Therefore in a situation
in the world for a period at the end of the 1990s. such as the Korean Air Flight 801, Gladwell thinks
When we think of airline crashes, we think, Oh, that it is a (little bit) more understandable that
they must have had old planes. They must have the co‐pilot was “unable or unwilling to speak up
had badly trained pilots. No. What they were as assertively as he should have about safety
struggling with was a cultural legacy, that Korean concerns”.
culture is hierarchical. You are obliged to be
deferential toward your elders and superiors in a
way that would be unimaginable in the U.S. But
Boeing and Airbus design modern, complex Fernando Salvetti, anthropologist and executive
airplanes to be flown by two equals. That works trainer. Managing partner LKN-Logos Knowledge
beautifully in low‐power‐distance cultures like Network e and Professor at the LUISS Business
the U.S., where hierarchies aren't as relevant. But school.
in cultures that have high power distance, it’s
very difficult”.
Therefore the aircraft accident was caused by
several factors, and the high hierarchical distance
between the captain and the co‐pilot was the
most important factor. The thesis is quite daring
and has generated criticism and debate.