08.motivation and Theories of Learning

PSY 1102: Psychology Department of Nursing
Instructor: Mr. Daniel Nthiga Kenya Medical Training College

Tel: 0722-297-739; e-mail: dnduyo@kmtc.ac.ke Meru 1484 Kenya
MOTIVATION AND THEORIES OF

8 LEARNING.
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Daniel N. Nthiga
102
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING BY PAVLOV 1927

(PAVLOVIAN)
◉ He was a Russian Physiologist
◉ He used a Dog and discovered that organisms can learn to response
in a specific way as they are conditioned to do.
◉ The Dog salivated when it was given Food to eat.
◉ This is Reflexive response that he called Unconditioned response
◉ He also found that the dog began to salivate when Food comes near
to the range view before give for consumption.
Daniel N. Nthiga
◉ This is not reflexive response but has been learnt and its
Conditioned Response.
103
Cont. …
◉ He presented the food to the Dog and something not related thus
the sound of a Bell.
◉ He found out that the Dog responded with expected Reflexive
Salivation to the Food.
◉ He combined Food and Bell as stimuli then discovered that the Dog
continued to salivate in response to Bell sound in absence of Food.
◉ He later found out that Unconditioned( Food) + stimuli (Bell)
resulted in conditioned response ( Salivation).
Daniel N. Nthiga
◉ The conditioned stimuli ( Bell) resulted in conditioned response

(Salivation)
104
Cont. …
◉ CONCLUSION
○ This is an important experiment to show how
learning can occur in Animals.
Daniel N. Nthiga
105
Cont. …
◉ PRACTICAL EXAMPLE ON CHILD OF 9 MONTHS
CONDITIONED STIMULI RESPONSE
Nurse A dressed in white uniform walks into the room No response( unconditioned stimuli)
Nurse A dressed in white uniform walks into the room ,gives an injection to the Child cries calling the Mother
Child (Unconditioned response)
Nurse A dressed in white uniform walks into the room ( conditioned stimuli) Child cries calling the Mother
Daniel N. Nthiga
Nurse B dressed in white uniform walks into the room ( conditioned stimuli) Child cries calling the mother
106
Cont. …
◉ CONCLUSION
○ This is called Classical Conditioning and Stimulus
Generalization
Daniel N. Nthiga
107
OPERANT CONDITIONING /BEHAVIRISTIC /BEVAVIRISTIC

MODIFICATION/BIOFEED BACK/PROGRAMED LEARNING BY
SKINNER ,B.F.
◉ SKINNER USED THE BOX AND THE RAT
◉ NB .students Refer to your biology lessons in secondary school.
◉ This theory is based more on Reward as a very important ,if made
conditioned upon personal Behavior.
◉ It is called Operant because the Rat operated the environment to
get the Fillets of food in the Box.
Daniel N. Nthiga
◉ When a behavior occurs is rewarded ,this took place when the Rat
stepped on the device that operated the Box to get Food.
108
Cont. …
◉ When this takes place its Rewarded then it is Reinforced.
◉ Desirable behaviour is for immediate Reinforcement.
◉ Undesirable behaviour is given Punishment or Removed or
withhold Reward.
◉ i.e.
○ a). Positive Reinforcement.
○ b). Negative Reinforcement.
Daniel N. Nthiga
109
Cont. …
◉ a). POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
○ This is when stimulus strengthens the response is a Reward for
Selected Behaviour.
○ Examples
■ 1. Social reward is verbal Reward.
■ 2. Material reward is Food, Off duty or Money.
■ 3. Privileges reward is Day off, Seminars /Workshops, or
Visit out.
Daniel N. Nthiga
○ NB. Instrumentals conditioning with Rewards dues with

Observable behaviour.
110
Cont. …
◉ b). NEGETIVE REINFORCEMENT
○ This is when one removes the reward or gives
something painful.
○ This brings about anxiety and tends to
extinguish undesirable behaviour.
Daniel N. Nthiga
111
PIAGET ,J ;THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

◉ He developed a theory of cognitive development from infancy to
adolescence.
◉ Assimilation –This is integrating new experience into what is already.
◉ Accommodation –This is alteration of thought processes to correlate
more complex information.
◉ He developed the stages=
○ 1 Sensorimotor 0—24 months
○ 2 Pre-operational 2—7 years
Daniel N. Nthiga
○ 3 Concrete operational 7—11 years

○ 4 Formal operational 11 years and above
112
Cont. …
◉ THREE MAJOR GROUPS OF LEARNING THEORISTS
○ a. Behaviorist
○ b. Cognitive
○ c. Humanist/ social psychologists
Daniel N. Nthiga
113
a.) BEHAVIOURIST ,MAIN PSYCHOLOGIST OF LEARNING

UP TO 1950S
◉ SKINNER,B.F.
○ Behavior is conditioned by reinforcing ( research based
on behavior of Rats and Pigeons)
○ This theory is successful with young children , not very
successful with Adult learners.
○ The Nurse plans what behavior is to be established ,plans
what is to taught and at what specific time ( objective are
Daniel N. Nthiga
specific).
114
Cont. …
◉ THORNOIKE ,S .R.
○ Proposed that learning is more meaningful when the objective is
clear(learning objectives).
◉ PAVLOP
○ He dealt with conditional reflexes ,punishment and
reinforcement.
◉ WATSON, J.B.
○ This theory is asserted all behavior is learned none is hereditary.
Daniel N. Nthiga
○ It is recommended active participation ,thus learning by

practice.
115
Cont. …
◉ GAYNE, R.
○ This theory says that skills can’t be learned unless students are
given opportunism to practice under supervision and given
feedback.
◉ BANDURA
○ Said that behavior may be acquired by watching other people
(observational learning) with great fear of violence on
Television and Movies.
Daniel N. Nthiga
○ In social learning theory ,Nurses appearance and behavior is a

model for Clients.
116
b.) COGNITIVE THEORISTS

◉ Cognitive means understanding the broadest sense including
perception ,memory and judgment.
◉ I). BLOOM,B.S.
○ Bloom proposed the 3 three domains of learning namely=
○ Affective – Attitudes
○ Cognitive—Knowledge
○ Psychomotor –Skills
○ This theory is based on most skills require knowledge and
Daniel N. Nthiga
attitudes.
117
Cont. …
◉ II). AUSUBEL ,D.P.
○ It’s a basis for the practice of beginning with the learners existing
knowledge and building on it.
◉ III). BRUNER ,J.
○ This focus on active learner –teacher is the manager of resources and
student learners through setting goals and giving resources.
○ In teaching /counseling ,there must be an intersection of Nurse’s life space
with the space of client.
◉ IV). PIAGETS, J.
Daniel N. Nthiga
○ This assess cognitive stage of client as basis for planning content and
presentation in teaching sessions.
118
C). HUMANISTIC OR SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

◉ This greatly influence adult education.
◉ ROGERS,C.
○ This provided learner centered view –all humans have a natural
potential and desire to learn –adult learning and use of small
discussion groups
◉ MASLOW ,A.
○ He emphasized the importance of learning for self enhancement
rather than simply for utility –emphasis on the individual deciding
Daniel N. Nthiga
what to hear and how to learn.

○ By meeting needs of client on one level ,a Nurse can help client to
mature and motivated to meet growth needs. 119
Cont. …
◉ ERICKSONS EPIGENETIC
○ This helps client and staff realize that emotional
development is life long process and that society
influences Health and Behavior.
◉ FREUD ,S.
○ This Nurse can use knowledge of psychosexual
development to teach parents about norms and meaning
of Childs behavior.
Daniel N. Nthiga
◉ ENGEL ,
120
PBL( Problem Based Learning).

◉ This is a means of developing learning for
capability rather than learning for the sake
acquisition of knowledge.
Daniel N. Nthiga
121
SIX ASSUMPTIONS OF ADULT LEARNING

◉ As a person matures he/she moves from dependence to independence.
◉ Previous experience of adult is a rich resource .
◉ Readiness to learn in adult is often related to a social Role or
developmental tasks.
◉ Adults orientation to learning is that material should be useful
immediately rather than sometime in the future.
◉ Adult generally must believe they need to learn before they are willing
Daniel N. Nthiga
to learn.
◉ Many adults are afraid of the teaching –learning process as they fear
Failure.
122
CRISIS
◉ DEFINITION
○ This is an upset in steady state.
◉ or
○ It is when a person faces an obstacle to important life
goals that is for a time ,insurmountable through
utilization of customary methods of problem solving.
Daniel N. Nthiga
123
CHARACTERISTICS OF CRISIS
◉ Time limited
◉ Self-limiting
◉ Takes about 4—6 weeks
◉ Inevitable aspects of human existence
Daniel N. Nthiga
124
TYPES OF CRISES
◉ 1). Maturation crisis
◉ 2). Situational crisis
Daniel N. Nthiga
125
1). MATURATIONAL CRISIS

◉ This occurs during transitions points that one experiences in
the process of bio psychosocial maturation.
◉ This is where normal growth and development introduces
many changes , period of disequilibrium and potentials for
crisis.
◉ This includes=
○ Infancy
○ Childhood
Daniel N. Nthiga
○ School
○ Puberty
126
Cont. …
○ leaving school
○ Graduation from school/college
○ Marriages
○ Pregnancy
○ Childbirth
○ Middle age
○ Menopause in females
Daniel N. Nthiga
○ Facing death of others/self
127
Cont. …
◉ EXAMPLES
○ Infant who cannot trust his environment.
○ Toddler with limited initiative for exploration.
○ Adolescence who cannot confirm ones identity.
○ Young adults who avoids interpersonal contacts.
○ The 9th month of pregnancy ( gestation ) due to hormonal
balance changes, psychological change for a new role.
Daniel N. Nthiga
128
2). SITUATIONAL CRISIS

◉ This is a situation that threatens an individuals or families biological,
psychological or social integrity may produce crisis.
◉ This includes
○ Divorce
○ Separation
○ Natural disasters example hurricanes, tornado, earth quakes, floods.
○ Loss of job, promotions or demotions.
○ Death of loved ones
Daniel N. Nthiga
○ Loss of girlfriend or boyfriend.

○ Loss of money or values.
129
Cont. …
○ Unwanted pregnancies.
○ Remarriages.
○ Taken as hostages.
○ Hospitalization.
○ Assaults e.g. physical or sexual.
○ Relocations or displacements.
○ Rape.
○ Suicide.
○ Homicide.
Daniel N. Nthiga
○ Imprisonment.
○ Accidents.
130
CRISIS INTERVENTION
◉ DEFINATION
○ This is an activity of entering into the life situation of a
person, family or group who is experiencing a crisis to
decrease the impact of the event and to assist the
individual to mobilize ones resources and regain
equilibrium.
Daniel N. Nthiga
131
STEPS IN CRISIS INTERVENTION

◉ ASSESSMENT
○ How does the individual view the problem?
○ How one determines situational support?
○ How did they cope with situation? (coping mechanism)
◉ PLANNED INTERVENTION
○ Determine degree of disruptions on individual, family and
the community.
◉ INTERVENTIONS
Daniel N. Nthiga
○ Provide opportunities for expression of emotions.

○ Test alternative coping methods.
132
Cont. …
◉ RESOLUTIONS AND ANTICIPATORY PLANNING
○ Determine resolution of crisis.
○ Reinforce successful coping methods.
◉ EMERGENCY CARE FOR RAPE VICTIMS ( FOUR KINDS OF
ASSISTANCE)
○ Emergency medical treatment.
○ Correct collection and preservation of legal evidence.
○ Prevention of pregnancy and HIV/STI Infections
Daniel N. Nthiga
/detection
○ Psychological support.
133
Cont. …
○ Phases of support are :-
■ During acute reaction.
■ Outward adjustment
■ Integration
■ Resolution
◉ AIMS OF INTERVENTION PROGRAMMES
○ Restore family equilibrium through =
○ Discussion
Daniel N. Nthiga
○ Adjustment
○ Support
○ Change
134
STRESS
◉ DEFINITION
○ This is the everyday wear and tear on the body’s
response to changes in the environment ,perceived as
challenges ,threats and damage on the peoples dynamics
equilibrium.
◉ CONCEPTS OF STRESS IN HUMAN BEINGS
○ The person appraises and copes with changing situations.
○ The desired goal is adaptation and adjustment to gain
Daniel N. Nthiga
equilibrium with energy and ability to new external

demands.
135
Cont. …
◉ Hans Selye (1950) concluded that stress was body’s response
to stressful agents called stressors.
◉ Stressors are circumstances that make an individual behave
in a particular way.
◉ Erick Erickson (1954) said stress occur to us on dairly basis of
human development (psychological development).
Daniel N. Nthiga
136
ADAPTATION
◉ DEFINATION
○ This is the process to life cycle that begin from
birth and end at death.
Daniel N. Nthiga
137
CAUSES OF STRESS
◉ The causes are related to stressors.
◉ 1. PHYSICAL STRESSORS
○ Examples
■ Heat
■ Cold
■ Electrical shock
■ Radiation
■ Trauma
Daniel N. Nthiga
■ Pain
■ Wounds
■ Beauty
138
Cont. …
◉ 2. PHYSCHOLOGICAL STRESSORS
○ Examples
■ Weaning
■ Toilet training
■ School life
■ Puberty
■ Pregnancy
■ Menstrual cycle changes
■ Infertility
Daniel N. Nthiga
■ Failure in examinations
■ Lack of financial support
■ Drop out from school
139
◉ 3. INFECTIOUS STRESSORS
○ Examples
■ Viruses
■ Bacteria
■ Fungi
■ Protozoa
Daniel N. Nthiga
140
Cont. …
◉ 4. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESSORS
◉ Examples
■ Poison
■ Drugs
■ Alcohol
■ Threat to sexual roles
■ Hunger
■ Thirst
Daniel N. Nthiga
■ Hormones
141
Cont. …
◉ 5. SOCIALCULTURAL STRESSORS
○ Examples
■ Changing school
■ Changing job
■ Changing house
■ Getting married
■ Divorce
■ Separation
■ Child bearing
Daniel N. Nthiga
■ Unemployment
■ Retirement
■ Deaths
142
NOTIFICATIONS OF STRESS (HOW TO TELL THAT

SOMEBODY HAS STRESS)
◉ Disturbed behaviour
◉ Dryness of mouth and throat
◉ Emotional instability
◉ Alcohol and drug abuse
◉ Insomnia
◉ Inability to concentrate
Daniel N. Nthiga
143
MODES OF COPING WITH STRESS

◉ Set a realistic goal, what one is able to cope with throughout life cycle.
◉ Help the family matters that one can effectively help.
◉ Be sure to take adequate time out with rest periods, lunches, tea
breaks, day offs, and vocational time.
◉ Get support from ones supervisors, peers, spouses, friends, and talk to
one’s professional colleagues
◉ about experiences.
Daniel N. Nthiga
◉ Learn to separate work from personal life at least some degree, have
fun relax and reward to professionals.
144

08.motivation and Theories of Learning

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

08.motivation and Theories of Learning

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PSY 1102: Psychology Department of Nursing

Instructor: Mr. Daniel Nthiga Kenya Medical Training College

MOTIVATION AND THEORIES OF

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING BY PAVLOV 1927

◉ The conditioned stimuli ( Bell) resulted in conditioned response

OPERANT CONDITIONING /BEHAVIRISTIC /BEVAVIRISTIC

○ NB. Instrumentals conditioning with Rewards dues with

PIAGET ,J ;THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

○ 3 Concrete operational 7—11 years

a.) BEHAVIOURIST ,MAIN PSYCHOLOGIST OF LEARNING

○ It is recommended active participation ,thus learning by

○ In social learning theory ,Nurses appearance and behavior is a

b.) COGNITIVE THEORISTS

C). HUMANISTIC OR SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

what to hear and how to learn.

PBL( Problem Based Learning).

SIX ASSUMPTIONS OF ADULT LEARNING

1). MATURATIONAL CRISIS

○ Facing death of others/self

2). SITUATIONAL CRISIS

○ Loss of girlfriend or boyfriend.

STEPS IN CRISIS INTERVENTION

○ Provide opportunities for expression of emotions.

equilibrium with energy and ability to new external

NOTIFICATIONS OF STRESS (HOW TO TELL THAT

MODES OF COPING WITH STRESS

You might also like