ESSAY WRITING

LT NAVID AFNAN NINAD

BA-10745
38 ST BN
 PURPOSE AND FUTURE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES
(UAVS)

Introduction
Interest in the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or better
known as drones, has grown in the defense sector, particularly in the
military field, where they are primarily designed to perform various military
operations. Drones offer a more efficient and less risky way to conduct
military operations than typical manned aircraft.
The United States Department of Defense has defined an unmanned
aerial vehicle as a motorized aerial vehicle supported in flight by
aerodynamic lift over much of its flight path and operated without a crew
on board. Drones are operated by remote control devices where pilots and
/ or controllers are stationed on the ground, primarily on a military base.
According to the arms control treaties, UAVs include aerodynamic drones
and remote-controlled vehicles, but exclude ballistic and semi-ballistic
vehicles, artillery, and cruise missiles which are considered nuclear launch
systems.

Purpose of UAVs
Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) are the fundamental
aspect of UAV use due to their ability to withstand longer standby times,
flexibility in target placement, and the difficulty for adversaries to detect
UAVs. The long-lasting capability of drones plays a vital role in
surveillance.
This increases the efficiency of UAVs in collecting information compared
to manned platforms. According to Roland and R. John (2005), the roles
of drones tend to vary depending on the sector and the level of difficulty of
military operations. They declares that there are two areas of military
operations.
It deals with the civil and commercial sector. Drones employed in the
civilian sector tend to focus on air traffic surveillance, weather forecasting,
communication relays, border management, maritime patrol, crime
prevention and various environmental surveillance such as fire. Forest. On
the other hand, the business objectives of UAVs include such tasks as
managing agriculture and fisheries, transporting goods, monitoring
pipelines and aerial photography.
The UAVs are also employed in important regions where minimum
contacts with friendly forces exists. With manned aircrafts, working in an
unfriendly territory will increase the probabilities of deadly disasters. This
introduces for developing notably superior drones prepared with onboard
cameras used to look at and relay numerous goals from the ground to the
controlling room with high degree of accuracy. This allows the controlling
base stations to evaluate the target and mitigate any harm that could arise
with inside the route of operations.
With the advancement of technology, the involvement of drones in civilian
functions increases as the level of security for civilian use is ensured. The
cost of running military operations is also reduced as most operations
become automated while the need for technical support, for example, has
been omitted.
With all of this in mind, the UAV allows greater flexibility over flight
controls while improving its performance by enabling a range of military
applications with improved signal and data processing, improved remote
communication and integrated avionics which serve the UAV as a
necessary option for air force.

Operational Advantages and Limitations of UAV

Small and medium sized combat drones are extremely effective tools on
the tactical battlefield, but not without certain limitations. These
advantages and limitations are as follows:
1. Drones are capable of digitally and instantly delivering the most sought-
after and valuable operational information on the battlefield. They are eyes
in the sky of, on a battlefield filled with high-resolution optics, data links,
radar and laser guidance systems. The advantage of drones is the ability
to linger, often at high altitude on a target, observing it endlessly for hours,
even days, and sometimes even weeks. In remote and inaccessible
areas, drones are quite effective tools as they perform ISR without any
enemy detection. The drone's serious weakness is a high level of
dependence on good weather. As one child in Yemen said, the children
are all afraid of the blue sky, because that's when the drones come out.
2. Strike the enemy or its infrastructures in the rear and disrupt certain
operations of strategic importance in addition to a traditional ISR mission.
3. Drones are optimal in cooperation with heavy artillery and air forces
which provide high bombardment accuracy.
4. Price is a determining factor that makes drones attractive for the future
warfare. Therefore, governments of major countries should consider
increasing the production and development of drones. Such systems
should be inexpensive and easy to produce. It is very likely that in the near
future we will see a massive production of military drones for all types of
armies for use in the land, air, and naval spheres. The price of replacing
the cost for lost drones can become heavy on the country's defense
budget, especially for more expensive combat drones. To minimize such
expenditure, Turkey is promoting the Kargu kamikaze drone, which is the
ideal swarm tactic. These units are economical and pose a serious threat
to any military unit when it is able to evade opponents' countermeasures.
5. .Drones are an integral part of network-centric warfare. In fact, the
UAVs made this doctrine truly operational, as such systems actually
allowed for better situational awareness, rapid target assessment, and
deployments of deployed weapons.
6. The drone swarm tactics allow the detection and destruction of enemy
air defense systems
7. For the EWS and the air defense forces of any country, it became clear
after that anti-drone tactics and techniques need to be developed. Anti-
drone systems must be more sophisticated and more efficient to destroy
drones.
8. A technical aspect which is evident is the choice between a very good
quality camera and radio electronic equipment or which focused on the
combat characteristics of the drone. The payload of the drone is limited
therefore, planners and military leaders must carefully consider what the
priority should be.
9. Drone production rates must increase. In one month Turkey lost several
of its drones, and to compensate for these losses each country must
develop an actual drone production algorithm with respect to combat
losses.
10. Developers need to improve the quality, maneuverability, speed,
stealth, and active or passive defense of drones against air-to-air or SAM
attacks.
11. Drones allow the participation of politicians and senior generals in
decisions to attack specific targets in real time. Additionally, drones can
perform prudent ISRs and destroy targets immediately with the collective
approval of all relevant decision makers. Before the advent of the combat
drones, this was the most serious weakness. The most famous incident
occurred in 2000 when an American Predator drone spotted Osama bin
Laden in Afghanistan but was unable to attack. This was one of the main
reasons why drone weaponry has intensified.
12. From the above point comes the following: a physical effect, drones
have revolutionized the perception of the battlefield. After the Battle of
Idlib, it is possible to say that the traditional concept of war, where the rear
is more or less stable, is over. Planes fly faster and usually attack the
enemy's rear and return to base; however, drones are capable of
constantly monitoring the rear of the enemy.

UAVs Advantages
UAVs are unmanned aerial vehicles, they changed the idea of the air force
in modern times of war, they are smaller than jet planes, they are less
expensive, and they don't endanger pilots if they crash.
Unmanned aerial vehicles provide a less stressful environment, are used
for better decision making, provide a safer environment, they can fly
longer as long as the vehicle allows (without human fatigue on the plane).
Unmanned aerial vehicles can fly faster. Even if the plane gets crashed,
there will be no risk of human lives. They can be used for border patrol
safety by using the software to fly the planes, no qualified pilot required
flying, walking in the long run will be cheaper than paying staff to do the
job.
Unmanned aerial vehicles can approach areas that could be dangerous
for the pilot, they are able to fly for long periods of time, they can enter
environments that are dangerous to human life, and they can reduce the
risk exposure of the aircraft operator Plane.
The unmanned aerial vehicle can stay in the air for up to 30 hours,
performing the repetitive tasks, performing the repeated and precise raster
scanning of the region, day to day, night to night in total darkness or fog
and under computerized control.
Unmanned aerial vehicle carries out geological surveys, creates visual or
thermal images of the region, can measure the coverage of mobile
phones, radios or televisions in any terrain, pilots or drone operators can
easily transfer the drone control without any operational downtime.
Unmanned aerial vehicles can save lives. They significantly reduce the
possibility of military personnel being in danger or in combat. They have a
low cost. They are cheaper to buy, operate and maintain than regular
aircraft.
Drones offer low risk because drones are smaller and can fly lower than
traditional aircraft, there is less risk to military hardware without the human
pilot, and they can stay in action for more hours without fatigue.
Drones can be more accurate from greater distances, reducing collateral
damage to civilians and infrastructure. Drones are just as deadly to enemy
combat as regular aircraft.
Drones Can Be Used for Spy Years before drones were used in combat,
drones have been shown to improve surveillance, reconnaissance and
general military intelligence, and drones are easier and faster to use than
most alternatives.

UAVs Disadvantages

Unmanned aircraft have overall budget issues, are very expensive to

manufacture and maintain (costs may decrease over time, however),
human error in remote controls can cause the aircraft to crash and have
limited capabilities.
Computer systems or software could fail, causing loss of planes and / or
casualties on the ground, Loss of planes costs millions, Drones cause
civilian casualties, Drone wars cause damage collateral to the lives and
property of civilians, as well as traditional warfare.
A computer malfunction may occur causing loss of control of the aircraft.
There is the ethical issue of using the autonomous system in combat
situations mainly because the computer cannot take the initiative which
can result in the death of civilians.
The psychological problem has become evident in the military use of
unmanned aerial vehicles because the personnel are able to press the
button and kill many people and then return home, without being in the
normal war situation. The drone fleet can be captured and controlled by
the enemy.
Drones cause collateral damage such as killing civilians and damaging
civilian property, some cultures think that using drones is not brave and
cold, they are too easy, making drone warfare a bit like video games,
drone warfare makes fighting too easy by reducing ethical decisions.

Future Use of UAVs

In the management of unmanned aircraft, nations must develop unique
characteristics with recent technologies. This will allow them to have a
hand in attacking their enemies. As a point to consider, nations must
interconnect with the best technology providers who will advise on the
current technology to use.
The future of unmanned aircraft remains vast, as countries expect the
industry to expand by 2020. This follows the rapid development of military,
commercial and civilian applications of the product. Likewise, the National
Airspace System will change dramatically over the next 16 years.
The introduction of new technologies and procedures will trigger change.
Among the future changes is the formation of a system that manages the
exchange of information between users of air traffic management.
Likewise, the industry wishes to introduce a 4D navigation system which
will increase the quality of service. The industry must also find alternative
separation procedures that will improve the services provided by the
aircraft (Stahl and Foreman, 2004).
Other futures the industry wants to embark on include stratospheric
telecommunications airships, high-altitude imagery, border patrol,
maritime surveillance, improved environmental sensing, among others. In
implementing this future development, the industry faces several
challenges, including legal, ethical and private challenges.
In developing the UAV into a complex unit, Australia, among other
internationals, faces legal problems. The main legal problem facing
nations is the restriction of flight space under different jurisdictions.
Likewise, the flight zones are very small. This prevents unmanned aerial
vehicles from entering restricted areas.
State restriction of the region can hamper military operations. Likewise,
differences between states, which have the common goal of producing the
vehicle, can hamper the functioning of opponents. This is quite common in
jurisdictions, which are monitored by militias.
The ethics of unmanned aerial vehicle development continues to develop
positively. However, it can give a negative impression of the nation. A
nation specializing in the production of weapons remains a threat to other
nations. Ethically, people can pass a negative judgment on the security of
the nation.
Considering that the countries of Australia, America, among others,
continue to manufacture the aircraft with expected future development,
they pose a threat to their own nation. This, ethically, can present a
negative judgment on a nation's security. Likewise, adversaries, who are
mainly terrorists, will continue to develop alternative means to
counterattack them, thus negating their technological improvements.
Although the industry faces challenges from the legal and ethical sectors,
it also faces privacy concerns. Being an industry that produces airplanes
used in military action, manufacturers should adopt a high level of
secrecy. The secret will have to be their strength in developing unique
vehicles with certain characteristics that will be used against their
opponents.
This could be a future challenge these industries face, as workers are
people who cannot be trusted. With the personal gain that an individual
has, one can sell the business secret to an adversary thus realizing the
cornerstone of the products. Privacy concerns are a big issue that needs
special attention. Nations should ensure that people working in industry
accept corporate confidentiality at all costs (Waller, 2005).

Conclusion
From a personal point of view, unmanned aircraft are very important
aircraft, especially for military groups. This represents the degree of
technology that people are adapting, from manual to automatic. The
development of technology allows the production of quality goods and
services. By focusing on the technological advantages of aircraft, the
Department of Defense of the United States, Australia, among other
nations, have ensured the safety of their citizens.
Likewise, the military, unlike the old planes which were manual, are
protected from the first attacks of the adversaries. The presence of the
sensor fusion, which combines information from different sensors, helps to
convey the message to the military about the state of adversaries.
Communication system, which coordinates with other agents in the
imperfect information channel, is exclusively clear.
In addition, the presence of trajectory generation, which determines the
optimal control operation in a given path, is a very important characteristic
in military action. These and other advantages of the airplane for people
are an important factor that nations should embrace. As a nation that must
ensure the safety of its citizens, the government should consider the use
of unmanned aircraft.
When it comes to ethical challenges, nations should ensure that citizens
do not panic about the making of airlines. Panic can lead to mistaken
judgments about the security of nations. This can endanger the lives of
citizens. When producing these drones, countries should ensure a high
degree of confidentiality and ensure that the entire exercise remains
confidential.