RW

W4

HYPERTEXT AND INTERTEXT

HYPERTEXT TEXT DEVELPOMENT
- nonlinear way of showing information. Purpose
-information appears as links and is usually -must have an aim
-need a reason for writing
accessed by clicking and shifting to different web Audience
pages in a matter of seconds and minutes. -do not forget the target audience
Content
-work need substance
INTERTEXT
-relation between texts that are inflicted by means
of quotations and allusion.
-connections between language, images, characters, themes, or subjects
depending on their similarities in language, genre, or discourse.

W5

CRITICAL Reading as a form of reasoning

WHAT MAKES AN INDIV. CRITICAL
-seeing different sides of an argument
Inclined to find fault or to judge with severity. and seeking to present a balanced
view
Involving skillful judgment. -finding faults in argument
-putting biases aside

Characteristics a critical thinker has

-Understands the relation of one idea to another;
CRITICAL THINKING
-Determines the importance and relevance of ideas and -intellectually disciplined process
arguments; -self guided
-conceptualizing, applying, analyzing,
-Recognizes, builds and appraises arguments;
synthesizing, and/or evaluating
-Identifies inconsistencies and errors in reasoning; information

-Approaches problems in a consistent and systematic way;

-Reflects on the justification of his own assumptions, beliefs, and values.
15 COMMON LOGICAL FALLACIES
WHAT ARE LOGICAL
FALLACIES
-are common errors in reasoning
AD HOMINEM FALLACY -illegitimate arguments
- An attack on the character of a
person of a person rather than their
opinion or argument.
STRAWMAN FALLACY
- Oversimplifies opponent’s viewpoint and then attacks that hollow
argument. EX. “People who don't support the proposed state minimum wage
increase hate the poor."
APPEAL TO IGNORANCE
- Argue that your conclusion must be true, because there is no
evidence against it.
FALSE DILEMMA
- Based on premise that erroneously limits what options are available.
EX. “Vote for me or live through four more years of higher taxes. America: Love
it or leave it.”
SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY
- This implies that the end result of today's actions could be something
terrible. EX. "If I give you a raise, then I have to give everyone a raise, and
then the company will go bankrupt.”
CIRCULAR ARGUMENT
- This restates the argument rather than actually proving it.
EX. “George Bush is a good communicator because he speaks effectively.”
HASTY GENERALIZATION
- occurs when someone reaches a conclusion that is not justified
logically by objective or sufficient evidence.
BANDWAGON FALLACY
- This is an appeal that presents what most people think in order to
persuade one to think the same way.
RED HERRING FALLACY
- diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding
opposing arguments rather than addressing them.
TU QUOQUE
- It means "you too," and consists of responding to allegations of wrong
doing by saying, in essence, "you do the same thing."
CAUSAL FALLACY
- an error in reasoning in which the order of events is mistaken for
causation. EX. Every day, I eat cereal for breakfast. One time, I had a muffin
instead, and there was a major earthquake in my city. I've eaten cereal ever
since.
FALLACY OF SUNK COSTS
- “Sunk cost” is an economic term for any past expenses that can no
longer be recovered. EX. “Although you should be going to your
appointment instead, you decide to see the movie because you don't
want the ticket or money you spent on it to go to waste.”
APPEAL TO AUTHORITY
- It is a form of argument in which the opinion of an authority on a topic
is used as evidence to support an argument.
EQUIVOCATION
- It occurs when a key term or phrase in an argument is used in an
ambiguous way, with one meaning in one portion of the argument
and then another meaning in another portion of the argument.
APPEAL TO PITY
- It is a fallacy in which someone tries to win support for an argument
or idea by exploiting his opponent's feelings of pity or guilt.

W6
EVALUATIVE STATEMENT
- A way of giving better explanation to show the strength and
weaknesses of something through writing.
HOW TO FORM EVALUATIVE STATEMENT
- Begin with positive
- Feedback should be concise and precise
- Focus on the situation and not the person
- Provide solution to the negative
HOW TO FORMULATE
- Read entire text carefully and critically
- Statement is about your own judgement
STEP BY STEP PROCESS
1. Looking at all your notes for your subject and ask yourself, how well
is this activity being done?
2. Then use the notes to help the reader understand your opinion
3. Asking yourself, so what, what impact is this having?
4. Now putting it all together

ASSESRTIONS- declarative sentences that claim something is true about

something else.
ASSERTION OF FACT- proven objectively by direct experience.
ASSERTION OF CONVENTION- In which something is done, similar to
traditions and norms.
ASSERTION OF OPINION- Based on facts but are difficult to objectively
verify because of uncertainty
ASSERTION OF PREFERENCE- states personal choice in which writer is
under no obligation.

COUNTERCLAIM
Counterclaims are claims made to rebut a previous claim. To rebut means,
contradict someone’s statement through a formal argument. They provide a
contrasting perspective to the main argument.
To be able to locate counterclaims to an argument, remember the
following:
-Show competence and familiarity with the writer’s topic.
-Examine different perspectives and not just passively accepting the
writer’s claim.
-Consider the topic, and make sure you are willing to engage different
viewpoints from your own.
-Clarify your personal position on the topic.