READING AND WRITING

MIDTERMS REVIEWER

 They are among the most important skills you need to develop
 They are the cornerstones of literacy.

1. Reading is fundamental to function in today's society.

2. Reading is a vital skill in finding a good job.
3. Reading develops the mind.
4. Reading is how we discover new things.
5. Reading develops the imagination.
6. Reading develops the creative side of people.
7. Reading is key in developing a good self-image.
8. Good reading skills improve spelling
9. Ideas written down have changed the destiny of men and nations.
10. The power of written ideas communicated through reading is a foundational reason
why some governments oppose free and honest communication.

“Words are the building blocks of life. What you become in the future will depend
on the words you believe about yourself now.”

WHY IS WRITING IMPORTANT?

We need to write well for the following reasons:
1. To translate, communicate, and materialize our ideas and thoughts into accessible
documents that are useful to ourselves and others
2. To report our work in informative, concise, and professional formats
3. Another important reason is that when writing, we are sending a message to our
readers about who we are. Therefore, we need to be clear, focused, and accurate so
as not to be misunderstood, underestimated, or ignored.

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
I. Narration
- It is the most basic pattern of development.
- It describes how, when, and where an event or occurrence actually happened.
II. Description
- It is the pattern of development which goes into details about a specific object,
person, or location, in order to firmly set its appearance.
III. Definition
– It explains not just what something means or is, but also what something does,
what something is used for, what something looks like, etc.
IV. Classification and Exemplification
Classification
- divides things into groups, classes, or categories.
Exemplification
- provides examples and illustrations in order to further clarify or explain the
concept or subject matter

TEXT STRUCTURE

- Different from - Similar to - As opposed to

- However - Alike - More than
- Although - Same as - Less than
- On the other hand - Not only…but also - On the contrary
- Resemble
- As well as
- both

COMPARE CONTRAST COMPARE

V. Comparison and Contrast

- It organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts
are similar to or different from one another.

V. Comparison and Contrast

a. Separately
- involves describing one item first followed by the second item
b. Side-by-side
- involves discussing both items based on each point of comparison

VI. Cause and Effect

- It explains why something happens or what results a particular event produces.
a. Paragraph emphasizing cause
b. Paragraph emphasizing effect

VII. Problem-Solution
- It focuses on either a problem or solution in a particular area or situation

VIII. Persuasion
- It convinces readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular topic.
IX. Process
- It explains how something happened, how it works or how it is made.

Properties of a Well-written Text

1. Unity – achieved when a composition contains one focused idea
2. Coherence – occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual level
3. Cohesion – connection of ideas at sentence level

COHERENCE
- It refers to how easy it is to understand the writing. (sense)

1. COHERENCE IN TENSE
- Spelunking is a recreational activity that involved exploring subterranean caves.
CORRECT: Spelunking is a recreational activity that involves exploring subterranean
caves.

2. COHERENCE IN NUMBER
- An iguana is a reptile that sticks out their tongue to catch prey.
CORRECT: An iguana is a reptile that sticks out its tongue to catch prey.

3. COHERENCE IN PERSON
- A congregation is an assembly of believers brought together by your common
faith.
CORRECT: A congregation is an assembly of believers brought together by their
common faith.

COHESION
- It refers to connectivity in a text. (relationship of words)
Cohesive Devices
- are devices permitting to link, bind or relate ideas or words in a sentence as
they can tell the reader what are we doing and guides them throughout our
writing piece.
CONNECTORS, LINKERS, TRANSITIONAL WORDS, DISCOURSE MARKERS
Example: Both cohesive and coherent
"My favorite color is blue. I like it because it is calming and it relaxes me. I often go
outside in the summer and lie on the grass and look into the clear sky when I am
stressed. For this reason, I'd have to say my favorite color is blue."
PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT
4. Organization
– achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged
5. Language Use
– observe the time-tested principles in writing
6. Mechanics
- set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD WRITING

1. Clarity and focus
- Focused writing sticks with the plot or core idea without running off on too
many tangents.
2. Organization
- A well-organized piece of writing is not only clear, but also presented in a way
that is logical and aesthetically pleasing.
3. Ideas and themes
- For a piece of writing to be considered well crafted, it has to contain clearly
identifiable ideas and themes
4. Voice
- This is what sets you apart from all other writers. It’s your unique way of
stringing words together, formulating ideas, and relating scenes or images to the
reader.
5. Language (word choice)
- Good writing includes precise and accurate word choices and well-crafted
sentences.
6. Grammar and style
- It has to follow the rules of grammar. Style is also important in ensuring that a
piece of writing is clear and consistent.
7. Credibility or believability
- In fiction, the story must be believable (even if it’s impossible), and in nonfiction,
accurate research can make or break a writer
8. Thought-provoking or emotionally inspiring
- Perhaps the most important quality of good writing is how the reader responds
to it. How readers react to your work will fully determine your success as a writer.

Explicit and Implicit Claims in a Text

EXPLICIT
- It means that ideas are obvious and apparent.
- It comes from the Latin word explicitus which means “to unfold”.
IMPLICIT
- It means that ideas are not easy to identify because of their nuances.
- It comes from the Latin word implicitus which means “to entwine”.
Two Types of Given Information
Explicitly Stated
- It is obvious and apparent; an information which is directly stated.
Implicitly Stated
- It is not expressed clearly, but is suggested in the text through the use of
inference
FACTS AND OPINION
FACT OPINION

- It is a statement about the real - a view or judgment formed about

world reinforced by reliable something, not necessarily based
evidence. on fact or knowledge.
- It can be proven. - "I'm writing to voice my opinion on
- It will remain the same. an issue of great importance"

KINDS OF FACTS
1. EMPIRICAL FACTS
- This types of facts can be found in encyclopedia and trusted internet sites.
- Scientists and theorists have worked hard on finding and developing facts to
further people’s knowledge
Examples:
A. The Philippines is composed of three major islands, namely Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao.
B. Benigno Aquino Sr. was gunned down at the tarmac of the Manila International
Airport.

2. ANALYTICAL FACTS
-They make use of various operations in Mathematics to prove a statement.
- With the use of formula, number and statistics, discoveries are made
Example:
Mathematical equations are analytical facts like operation of addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
5 x 4 means 5+5+5+5 = 20
3. EVALUATIVE FACTS
- They are supported by law, local and international and ideally give order.
Example:
The issue on the ownership of Spratly Island shows rightful ownership of the
Philippines due to the 200-mile territorial law

4. METAPHYSICAL FACTS
- They are verified by revelatory evidence or self-evidence.
Example:
The claim that all men are created equal is verifiable by self-evidence.
CLAIMS
- It means to say something that is true when other people say it is not true
KINDS OF CLAIMS
1. CLAIM OF FACT
- It can be proven by steadfast information or data. It is inferred from a reliable
source of information.
- Words like GENERALLY, USUALLY and AS A RULE signal the claim of fact.
Examples:
1. Excessive television viewing has caused the steady decline in the reading
ability of children and teenagers.
2. Global warming is a threat that must be addressed.

2. CLAIM OF POLICY
- It depends on an existing policy, rule or law.
Examples:
1. Children in low-income families should receive medical insurance from the
government.
2. Social security should be distributed on the basis of need rather than as an
entitlement.

3. CLAIM OF VALUE
- It is based on personal taste or practices and morality.
Examples:
1. Cheating in sports is wrong.
2. Illegal immigrants are ruining the American economy.

CONTECT OF TEXT DEVELOPMENT

- Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the creations
of their minds.
- They usually give the creator an exclusive right over the use of his/her creation
for a certain period of time
“ Plagiarism is a literary theft for it involves copying some portions from a work of
another author without due acknowledgement”
1. GRAMMAR
- It is the set of rules on how to use the words in writing and composing
sentences.
2. VOCABULARY
- It is one’s ownership of words and the number of terms he/she knows.
3. SEMANTICS
- It is about meanings or relationships of meanings
HYPOTEXT HYPERTEXT

- It is an early literary work which - It is a reading material that

becomes a basis or source for a succeeds an earlier written
later work predecessor
EX: Noli Me Tangere EX: El Filibusterismo

INTERTEXT INTRATEXT

- It means using another author’s - It indicates the reference within the

work to create a new text with the work.
same idea
FORMS OF INTERTEXT
1. PARODY - It makes light of a situation.
2. IMITATION - It shows another work in the same likeness.
3. PASTICHE - It is almost the same as parody, but instead of making fun of an original
work, it pays respect to the original.
4. TRANSPOSITION - It is the change of order, shift in place, or alteration.
5. CONTINUATION - A work that is a sequel of another work, usually done on films.