Reading and Writing Skills Reviewer

CRITICAL READING AS LOOKING FOR WAYS OF THINKING

TEXT can be easily comprehended cannot be easily comprehended

The meaning of words may be implied in three ways:

1. Text

3. Author’s context

2. Reader’s context

Simple Reading - involves identifying and recognizing the meaning of a text

Critical Reading - is a more advanced form and a higher level of reading

Critical Reading - is a type of reading whereby the reader analyzes and interpret the reading
material to know if it presents logical ideas and connection of ideas

Simple Reading

• It gives the basic definition of a text

• Its central idea is the message being imparted.

• It recognizes what a text says

• The reader absorbs and understands.

Critical Reading

After recognizing what a text says, it reflects on what the text does by making
judgment.

• Its certain goal is to recognize the author’s purpose in writing the material,
understand the tone and persuasive elements in it, and to recognize bias in the
text.

• • It recognizes what a text says, reflects on what the text does, and infers on what
the text means.

• • The reader actively recognizes and analyzes evidence in the text.

•
Critical Thinking - involves a series of complex thought processes which allows you to make
reasoned judgments, assess the way you think, and solve problems effectively

Flow of Critical Thinking

Explicit and Implicit Claims in a Text

Explicit- obvious and apparent; directly stated

Implicit - not expressed clearly; only suggested; indirectly stated

Explicit Information - Explicit information is any idea that is stated.

-With explicit information, you see the text explained!

- Since you are looking for explicit information in what is read, the explicit
information will be written in the text.There is no need to look for

clues. Just read. If the information is written, it is explicit.

Fact -a statement about the real world reinforced by reliable evidence

- can express explicit or obvious information - remains the same - a true piece of
information

Opinion -a statement expressing one's feelings or personal judgment



Kinds of Facts

Empirical Fact- facts that can be proven by scientific observation, experience, or experiment

Examples: a.The Philippines is composed of three major islands, namely Luzon,Visayas,

and Mindanao. b. Benigno Aquino, Jr. was gunned down at the tarmac of Manila International
Airport.

Analytical Fact- facts that make use of various operations in mathematics to prove a
statement

Example: 5 x 3 means 5 + 5 + 5 = 15

Evaluative- facts that are supported by laws, local and international, and ideally give order
Example: Philippines owns Spratly Island.

Metaphysical - facts that are verified by revelatory evidence or self-evidence

Example: All men are created equal. - facts that are assumed to be true without
external evidence

Claim -a statement that the author wants the reader to accept

- writer's point or position regarding the chosen topic

Kinds of Claims
Claim of Facts- inferred from a reliable source of information

- relates to the statement that can be verified, no matter how difficult

- not dependent on merely on a person's preference, but can be true or

false

- claim that can be proven by steadfast information or data

Claim of Policy- depends on an existing policy, rule, or law

- an argument that asserts the implementation of a certain policy

- posits that specific action should be chosen as solution to a particular

problem

- begins with “should,” “ought to,” or “must.”

 Claim of Value- is based on personal taste or practices and morality

- a statement about which is better, more important, more desirable,

more needed, or more useful

- argues whether something is good or bad

Context of Text Development 

Hypertext - is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references
(Hyperlinks) to other text which the reader can immediately access, or where text can be
revealed progressively at multiple level of details.

Intertextuality - is the shaping of the text’s meaning by another text.

Intertextual figure include. Allusion, quotation, calque, plagiarism, translation.

- is a literary device that creates an interrelationship between text’s and

generates related understanding in Separated works.

Types of Intertextuality

1.Obligatory Intertextuality - is when the writer deliberately involves a comparison or

association between two or more text.

2. Optional Intertextuality - has a less vital important on the significance of the

hyperlinks. It is impossible, but not essential relationship that if, the connection will slightly shift
the understanding of the text. - the intent of the writer when sing optional intertextuality is to
play homage to the original writer.

3.Accidental Intertextuality - is when readers often connect a text with another text
cultural practice or a personal experience without there being any tangible anchor point within
the original text