Libertad National High School

Butuan City

Report on
Reading and Writing

PROPERTIES OF
WELL-WRITTEN
TEXT
 Universal
web of ideas
 Heart of the
argurment

Submitted by:
Group 4 XI AQUINAS

Submitted to:
Mrs. Rosabelle C. Lamanilao
 Universal Web of Ideas

Intertextuality is when a text implicitly or explicitly refers to another text, by

using distinctive, common or recognizable elements of the referenced text.
An implicit reference is when the composer alludes to another text through
ideas, symbols, genre or style.
An explicit reference is when the composer directly mentions, quotes or
references another text in their work.
Different types of intertextuality
There are many different types of intertextuality. All of them refer to texts in
different ways to produce and shape meaning.
• Allusion: A subtle or indirect reference to another text, historical period or
religious belief. (You can find a detailed explanation of this technique, here).
For example, T.S Eliot mentions a celestial rose in his poem Hollow Men', this
rose comes from Dante's Paradiso. This is an allusion because he did not
mention the composer.
• Parody: An imitation of another text for satirical purpose; usually to mock
For example, In Nineteen Eighty- Four, George Orwell has Winston read the
political tract, 'The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism', which is a
parody of the communist revolutionist's, Leon Trotsky's writing.
• Quotation: A direct reference to another text with an acknowledgement of its
composer.
For example, In Margaret Atwood's speech, Spotty Handed Villainesses, she
quotes Dame Rebecca West, saying, "Ladies of Great Britain... we have not
enough evil in us."
• Appropriation: A reworking or re- imagination of a well-known text to
change, or extend its meaning.
For example, Marcel Duchamp's artwork, L.H.0.0.Q is an appropriation of Da
Vinci's Mona Lisa. Duchamp took an image of Da Vinci's painting and drew a
moustache on it.
• Adaptation: A film, TV drama, or stage play that is based on a written work.

For example, JK Rowling's Harry

Potter series has a film adaptation.

Hypertext is simply a non-linear way of presenting information.

Rather than reading or learning about things in the order that an author, or
editor, or publisher sets out for us, readers of hypertext may follow their own
path, create their own order-- their own meaning out the material.

Example: Dictionary page of any -readers are then pointed to the other related
information. They can read the information they are interested in without having
to read the document sequently from beginning to end.

Reporter:
Claire Vabes Balos
 Heart of the Argument

Heart of the argument - refers to the main point or central idea of an

argument. In other words, It is the most important part of the argument that
provides the basis for the position being advocated. Understanding the heart of
the argument is essential for evaluating the and validity of the argument, as it
helps to identify the core issues and assumptions being presented.
Ex: Suppose someone is arguing that the death penalty should be abolished. The
heart of their argument might be that the death penalty is an inherently flawed
system that risks executing innocent people and perpetuates systemic injustices,
and therefore should be replaced with a more just and humane form of
punishment.
Critical reading - is the process of reading texts with the purpose to understand
them fully. It involves asking questions about the author’s intention, the text’s
structure and purpose, and the meanings of individual words and phrases.

Critical Reading Strategies

 inferential - is a reading comprehension strategy that involves making
logical deductions based on clues and information presented in a text.

 Claim/Counter-Claim - itemizing each and how they work/don’t work

together in a specific text; concept mapping can be useful here.

 Journaling - while or after reading to reflect both on the text and the
process of evaluating that text.

 Marking the text - that involves actively engaging with a text by

highlighting or underlining important information.
  SPQ: Stop, Paraphrase, and Question – that involves pausing at key
points in a text, paraphrasing what has been read, and asking questions to
deepen understanding.

Claim - is a statement or proposition that is presented as true or factual. A

claim is an assertion that the writer or speaker believes to be true and is trying to
convince the audience or reader to accept.

There are three main types of claims:

• Claims of Fact: This type of claim is used to assert that something is true or
false, based on evidence or data. Factual claims can be proven or disproven
through evidence or research.
Ex:
"The Earth revolves around the Sun."
"Smoking causes lung cancer."
"The average temperature of the Earth is increasing due to human activity."

• Claims of Value: This type of claim is used to assert that something is good
or bad, right or wrong, or desirable or undesirable. Value claims are based on
personal beliefs, opinions, or cultural norms, and can vary depending on
context.
Ex:
"Abortion is morally wrong."
"Eating meat is unethical."
"Individual freedom is more important than collective security."

• Claims of Policy: This type of claim is used to assert that something should be
done or changed. Policy claims are often tied to specific actions or decisions
that should be taken to address a problem or issue.
Ex:
"The government should provide free healthcare for all citizens."
"Schools should adopt a year-round schedule."
"Corporations should be required to pay a living wage to their employees."

Reporter:
Joshua Calderon
 Read between the lines

• Bias refers to preconceived or subjective opinions and attitudes that may

influence how someone interprets and understands a text. A biased reader is
more likely to see evidence to support their own opinions and less likely to
consider alternative viewpoints. This can result in a misinterpretation of the text
or a failure to fully comprehend the author's intended meaning.

• Slanting refers to a writer's or speaker's bias or perspective when expressing

their ideas or opinions. When someone slants their writing or speech, they
present information in a way that promotes their own views or agenda, often by
selecting specific facts or language to support their position.

• Hedging is the use of language that is intentionally vague or indirect in order

to avoid making a strong or definitive statement. Hedging is frequently used
when discussing uncertain or controversial topics because it allows the speaker
or writer to express their thoughts or opinions without committing to a specific
viewpoint or conclusion.

• Facts are underlying or implicit information that can be inferred or deduced

from a text's context or subtext. These are not explicitly stated in the text but
can be deduced from a careful examination of the language, tone, and context.

• Opinion refers to the implicit or underlying beliefs or attitudes that can be

inferred from the tone or language used in the text. These are not objective
facts, but rather subjective viewpoints implied or suggested by the author.

• False claims are statements that are either factually incorrect or purposefully
misleading. False claims can be made for a variety of reasons, including gaining
an advantage, deceiving others, or creating a false narrative.
• Untested claims are a statement that has not been supported by evidence or
proven to be true. It is an idea or argument that is advanced without any
verification or validation.

• Generalization is a statement or conclusion made about an entire group or

category of things or people based on a small number of observations or
experiences. Generalizations can be misleading or inaccurate because they are
frequently based on stereotypes, biases, or incomplete information.

Reporter:
Niña Dolong
Cindy Salabantes
 Truth of the matter
Types of sources of information

• Primary Sources are considered to be the first written accounts of an event or

topic that offer direct evidence or firsthand information. They are created during
or shortly after the event by people who witnessed or participated in it. Diaries,
letters, photographs, original manuscripts, government documents, and artifacts
are examples of primary sources.

• Secondary Sources are materials that interpret, analyze, or summarize

primary sources. They are created after the event or time period being studied
and are frequently written by scholars or researchers who were not present at
the time of the event. Secondary sources include textbooks, biographies, review
articles, and scholarly journal articles.

• Evaluating Information Sources is the process of determining the

dependability, accuracy, and credibility of information presented in various
formats such as books, websites, articles, or social media posts. It entails
critically examining the information and the source from which it comes to
determine whether it is reliable and useful.

Reporter:
Althea Dandanon
Manny Acuña

Libertad National Highschoool

Butuan City

Report on
 Reading and Writing

Outlining
 Why create
an outline?
 Creating
your outline

Submitted by:
Group 4 XI AQUINAS

Submitted to:
Mrs. Rosabelle C. Lamanilao

Outlining
An outline is a map of your essay. It shows what information each section or
paragraph will contain, and in what order. Most outlines use numbers and/or
bullet points to arrange information and convey points.
Why Create an outlining?

Outlining is a tool we use in the writing process to help organize our ideas,
visualize our paper’s potential structure, and to further flesh out and develop
points. It allows the writer to understand how he or she will connect information
to support the thesis statement and the claims of the paper. An outline provides
the writer with a space to consider ideas easily without needing to write
complete paragraphs or sentences.

Creating your outlining

Before beginning an outline, it is useful to have a clear thesis statement or clear
purpose or argument, as everything else in the outline is going to work to
support the thesis. Note: the outline might help inform the thesis, and therefore
your thesis might change or develop within the outlining process.

Organize your outline in whatever format fits into the structure needed for the
type of paper you are writing. One common outline format uses Roman
numerals, letters, and numbers. Other outlines can use bullet points or other
symbols. You can use whatever organizational patterns work best for you and
your paper, as long as you understand your own organizational tools. Outlines
can be written using complete sentences or fragments or a mix of the two.

Remember! After creating your outline, you may decide to reorganize your
ideas by putting them in a different order. Furthermore, as you are writing you
might make some discoveries and can, of course, always adjust or deviate from
the outline as needed.

Sample
As you can see in the outline below, the writer chose to separate the outline by
topics, but could have utilized a different structure, organizing the outline by
separate paragraphs, indicating what each paragraph will do or say.