Digital Divide, Online Addiction, Online Ethics – focuses on the

Cyber Bullying acceptable use of online resources

in an online environment
Cyberbullying
Netiquette – a combination of the
❖ Is bullying that takes place over
word’s “net” (from internet) and
digital devices like cell phones,
“etiquette”
computers and tablets.
❖ It can occur through SMS, Text, Focuses on the acceptable behavior
Apps or online in social media, of the person while using the
forums or gaming sites where internet resource.
people can view, participate in or
share content
Core Riles of Netiquette:
Places where cyberbullying occurs
1. Remember the Human
❖ Social Media, such as Facebook,
2. Adhere to the same standards of
Instagram, Snapchat and Tik-
behavior online that you follow in
tok.
real life
❖ Text messaging and messaging
3. Know where you are in
apps on mobile or tablet devices
cyberspace
❖ Instant messaging, direct
4. Respect other people’s time and
messaging and online chatting
bandwidth
over the internet
5. Make yourself look good online
❖ Online forums, chat rooms and
6. Share expert knowledge
message boards such as Reddit
7. Help keep flame wars under
❖ Email
control
❖ Online gaming communities
8. Respect other people’s privacy
Netiquette 9. Don’t abuse your power
10.Be forgiving of other people’s
❖ one way to help cases of
mistakes
cyberbullying or network
etiquette. Online Addiction
❖ It is defined as a set of accepted
Internet addiction may come in
rules and behavior in an online
different forms:
environment.
❖ While not all of these rules hold ❖ Social media addiction
legal power nor are strictly ❖ Video game addiction
enforced, it is important that ❖ Cybersex
you, as a media consumer, have ❖ Online gaming addiction
a well-defined set of guidelines
that helps keep you or the people ● Internet addiction may be
you know in check in terms of developed due to several factors
your online activity and like stress, anxiety, depression,
presence. other forms of addiction, lack of
social support or lack of parental
guidance or inactivity.
Signs and Symptoms of Internet
Addiction:
● Less conscious of time spent
● Failing to complete tasks or
activities
● Lack of remorse
● Feeling more excited with
internet activities
● Having less time with friends and
family
Digital Divide
❖ The division or unequal
distribution of access. Knowledge
and use of information and
communications technology
Three divisions of digital divide:
Digital Natives and Digital
Immigrants
❖ Natives – are those that are
immersed in digital technology
growing up making them more
knowledgeable and comfortable
in the digital age.
❖ Immigrants – are those born
before the widespread adoption
of computers and the Internet
and has had to adopt digital
technology later in life.
❖ Gen Z’s are considered as
“digital natives” while the
“millennials” can be considered
as “digital immigrants”
Digital Poor and Digital Rich
❖ A huge part of the digital divide,
especially in developing
countries such as the
Philippines, is the differences in
socioeconomic status of social
groups.
❖ Access to the Internet and all
these technological
advancements is a privilege not
all are able to afford.
Digital Skilled and the Digital
Unskilled
❖ A discrepancy in terms of digital
skills occurs because of the lack
of funds and opportunities.
Similarly, to the aforementioned,
lack of digital skills may stem
from an individual’s
socioeconomic status.
❖ Difficult as it may seem, this gap
may be narrowed if an individual
is eager and hardworking
enough to hurdle constraints
and seek learning for himself.
For instance, enrolling on free
online courses, self-earning and
even on the job training. People
try to overcome financial
challenges to become digitally
skilled.
The Current and Future Trends of
Media and Information
Massive Open Online Content
(MOOC)
⮚ Defined by Educause as a model
for delivering learning content
online to any person who wants
to take a course, with no limit or
attendance.
Features:
⮚ Massive – it should allow access
to a very large number of
students, much larger than a
face-to-face class, or a traditional
online course.
⮚ Open – It does not have an
admission process nor
qualifications to be able to
register or enroll. MOOCs being
 open also means free and open
access to educational resources
hosted in varied open places.
⮚ Online – The course is done
It can be characterized by the
remotely via the Internet and
following:
does not require physical
attendance at a classroom,
which also means that anyone
from anywhere around the world
with an Internet connection can
avail of these courses,
⮚ Courses – It should have
learning objectives to be achieved
by students after certain
activities within a given period of
time.
Strong Points
⮚ Lack of entry requirements
– A MOOC can be taken by
anyone who is interested in
the subject matter and able
to access the course,
regardless of age, background
or location.
⮚ Repetition – a MOOC will
often run two or three times a
year, ensuring that students
won’t miss their chance.
⮚ High quality – MOOCs are
led by subject matter experts
(SMEs) and supported by
teaching assistants so that
students have access to first
rate educational resources.
⮚ Feasibility – a MOOC usually
necessitates around 1-2
hours of study a week for
about five weeks, making
learning doable for students
with busy lives
⮚ Self-paced but supported
learning – a MOOC enables
students to work through the
course materials and
assessments at their own
rates while also interacting
with a global learning
community.
⮚ A revolutionary approach
to education that veers
away from the physical to
the virtual.
⮚ A kind of learning that
happens online, breaking
the norm of traditional
schools or universities for
higher education.
⮚ Utilizes information
technologies like analytics
to help instructors gauge
their student’s learning.
⮚ Emphasis on
connectedness
The Implications
❖ By taking learning into
virtual space,
attendance is no longer
a determining factor in
one’s education.
❖ Managing MOOC is
relatively cheaper than
running educational
institutions.
❖ Analytic provides
information about the
learning process of
students.
❖ Since it focuses on
connectedness as part
of the learning process,
MOOC allows
education to take place
on a global scale.
Wearable Technology
The characteristics of Wearable
Technology:
❖ Performing computer-
related tasks such as
laptops and mobile
phones.
❖ Provide sensory and
scanning features
❖ Have some form of
communication capability
and will allow the wearer
access to information in
real time
❖ Data input capabilities
❖ Local storage capabilities
Wearable technology is seen to
be the up and coming technology
of the future.
Smartwatch – wrist worn
devices that connect to your
mobile phone. As they are
synced to your smartphone, it
allows you to see notifications on
your wrist at a glance. This
technology eases the burden of
having to constantly open and
check your smartphone text
messages, e-mails or other
notifications.
Fitness Tracker – it is derived
from smart watches in form and
physical design but serves health
applications. Fitness trackers
aim to promote health and
wellness among its enthusiasts.
According to GCF Global, they
can track the number of steps
you take, your average heart
rate, how long you sleep, and
more.
Smart Glasses
❖ Can link up with your
phone, control the volume
of your music, and even
take photograph. Google
Glass was the first to
launch this technology in
2013.
❖ Basically, it brings
wireless connectivity and
imagining into the frames
and lenses of our eyewear,
controls that we can only
usually do on our
smartphones and
computers.
❖ So instead of a keyboard
or mouse, you can control
smart glasses by tapping
or swiping control built
into the frame or even
verbalizing your
commands as you do with
Alexa and Siri
Hearables
❖ These Hearables work
just like the traditional
earphones and
headphones but are
already wireless and
are worn in the ear.
❖ The most popular
example is Apple’s
AirPods, those true
wireless earphones
that offer quick access
to the Siri voice
assistant
❖ These hearables aren’t
only for music or
entertainment, but
some are used as
smart hearing aids.
Virtual Reality (VR)
❖ Virtual Reality Headsets
are devices connected to a
PC/games console and
show you a computer-
generated virtual reality
that fools your sight and
your brain into thinking
you are in a different
scenario.
❖ Oculus has so far received
positive reviews among
users. However, concerns
were raised about VR
technology’s potential to
cause a total disconnect
from the physical world.
3D Entertainment
3D or three dimensional –
refers to anything that has
width, height and depth.
Films – most common media
offerings that incorporates
3D. 3D films make objects in
their material appear solid to
the audience through the
illusion of perception. Earlier
3D motion pictures require
audience to glasses with red
and blue lenses.
Computer software with 3D
design
❖ Allows graphic
designers to create 3D
art and environments.
This new technology is
steadily revolutionizing
digital graphics in
media.
3D printing – this technology
brings digital data and design to
the physical world literally. The
concept of 3D bio-printing or 2D
printing, using human materials
like tissue and bones to create
organs or body parts that can be
theoretically translated to an
actual human body aims to solve
that.
The paperless society
❖ A society where
communication is done
electronically, and all
forms of printed
communication have
become obsolete.
❖ It is characterized by
the shift from letters to
e-mails, newspaper to
news web pages, books
to e-books, and so on.
Ubiquitous Learning
❖ Common in the age of
information.
❖ Since information in the
digital age can be
accessed by anyone, at
any given time and place.
❖ U-learning is a kind of e-
learning experience that
“implies a vision of
learning which is
connected across all the
stages on which we play
out our lives. Learning
occurs not just in
classrooms, but in the
home, the workplace, the
playground, the library,
museum and nature
center, and in our daily
interactions with others.
⮚ U-learning is a kind of wireless
modality where learning takes
 place at anytime, anywhere and
with anyone.
⮚ It benefits from the use of
technologies to implement
learning activities and achieve
learning objectives.
⮚ These technologies incorporate
learning materials such as
videos, audios, PowerPoint
presentations or notes with
embedded source data in them.
⮚ It is a very personalized and
dynamic mechanism that uses
devices integrated into the
students’ environment,
furthermore, u-learning
maximizes the use of any form of
media like mobile phones and
computers for efficient use.
Text Media and Information
Text- a simple and flexible
format of presenting
information or conveying
ideas whether hand-written,
printed or displayed on
screen.
Characteristics of a Text
● Text is very powerful as
well in disseminating
information, providing
direction and giving
suggestions.
● Text is available in
different sources whether
it is formal or informal.
Formal text - based materials are
created and distributed by established
institutions such as publishing
companies, news agencies, etc. and go
through a rigorous process of editing or
evaluation and are usually governed by
censorship of the state.
Informal text- based materials on the
other hand come from personal
opinions or views on different issues,
processes, etc.
● Text can be as short such as a
single sentence or phrase or they
can be as lengthy as news
articles or investigative reporting.
No matter how brief or lengthy, a
text is always carefully written
with the intent of sending a very
specific message to the target
audience.
In our exposure to text media and
information, we can either be a
consumer or producer of content;
● Who or what institution is
sending this message?
● What techniques are used to
attract and hold attention?
● What is the language used by the
writer?
● What views are represented? Are
they balanced?
● How might the message be
interpreted in different ways?
● What is omitted, slurred or
added in the message?
Text as Visuals
Typeface
● also called font, font type or type.
● refers to the representation or
style of a text in the digital
format
● usually comprised of alphabets,
numbers, punctuation marks,
 symbols and other special
characters.
● In the absence of images or
drawings, text is the easiest way
of communicating in your
audience. The use of various font
types can express different
emotions or meaning.
Types of Typefaces:
Serif
● connotes formality and
readability in large amounts of
texts. This font is usually used
for the body text of books,
newspapers, magazines and
research publication. Serif fonts
give a classic or elegant look
when used for title or heading.
Example: Times New Roman,
Garamond, Baskerville.
Sans Serif
● brings a clean or minimalist look
to the text. This font is used for
clear and direct meaning of text
such as road signage, building
directory or nutrition facts in
food packages. Also sans serif
fonts give a modern look and is
used primarily in webpage
design
Example: Arial, Helvetica, Tahoma,
Verdana, Calibri
Slab Serif
● carries a solid or heavy look to
text. This font can be used for
large advertising sign on
billboards.
Example: Rockwell and Playbill
Script
● Script draws much attention to
itself because of its brush like
strokes. This must be used
sparingly and not to be used in
large body text. This font is
usually used in wedding
invitation cards or other
formal events
Example: Edwardian, Vladimir, Kunsler
Decorative
● caters to a wide variety of
emotions (such as celebration,
fear, horror, etc.) or themes
(such as cowboys, circus,
holidays, summer, kiddie, etc.)
Examples: Chiller, Jokerman, curlz mt
Design Principles and Elements
Emphasis
● refers to the importance or value
given to a part of the text based
content.
Appropriateness
● refers to how fitting or suitable
the text is used for a specific
audience, purpose or event. In
the creation of text based
content, make sure that the
selection criteria (tone, style,
purpose, clarity) is followed
Proximity
● refers to how near or how far are
the text elements from each
other. When two things are
closely related, we bring them
close together, Otherwise, we put
text elements far from each
other.
Alignment
 ● refers to how the text is
positioned in the page. This can
be left,right, center or justified.
Organization
● refers to a conscious effort to
organize the different text
elements in a page. It ensures
that while some text elements
are separated from each other,
they are still somehow connected
with the rest of the elements in
the page.
Repetition
● concerns consistency of elements
and the unity of the entire
design. It encourages the use of
repeating some typefaces within
the page. When several typefaces
are used on a page, it might
distract the audience and fail to
communicate what you want to
get from the content.
Contrast
● creates visual interest in text
elements. It is achieved when
two elements are different from
each other.
Visual Information and Media
Visual Media- are sources of
information in the form of visual
representations. These can be
abstractions, analogues, rough
illustrations or digital reproduction of
the objects.
Visual media and information-
materials, programs, applications and
the like that teachers and students use
to formulate new information to aid
learning through the use, analysis,
evaluation and production of visual
images.
Types of Visual Media - photography,
video, screenshots, infographics, data
visualization (charts and graphs), comic
strips/cartoons, memes, visual note-
teaking, etc.
Formally and informally produced
visual media - visual media produced
by formal organizations such as
schools, government and established
media/publishing outfits are
considered formally produced. Other
visual media are considered informally
produced.
Purpose of visual information - The
primary purpose of visual information
is to gain attention, create meaning and
facilitate retention.
Visual Design Elements
Line - describes a shape or outline. It
can create texture and can be thick or
thin, actual, implied, vertical,
horizontal, diagonal or contour lines.
Shape - a geometric area that stands
out from the space next to or around it,
or because of differences in value, color
or texture. They can be organic.
Value - the degree of light and dark in a
design. It is the contrast between black
and white and all the tones in between.
Contrast is the extreme changes
between values.
Texture- the way a surface feels or is
perceived to feel. It can be added to
attract or repel interest to a visual
element. It is the illusion of the
surfaces peaks and valleys, resulting in
a feeling of smoothness or roughness in
objects.
Color - determined by its hue (name of
color), intensity (purity of the hue), and
value (lightness or darkness of hue).
Used for emphasis or may elicit
emotions from viewers. color maybe
warm, cool or neutral.
Form - a figure having volume and
thickness. An illusion of 3 dimensional
objects can be implied with the use of
light and shading. It can be viewed from
many angles.
Visual Design Principles
Center of Interest - an area that first
attracts attention in a composition.
This area is more important when
compared to the other objects or
elements in a composition. This can be
by contrast of values, more colors, and
placement in the format.
Balance- a feeling of visual equality in
shape, form, value, color, etc.
Symmetrical Balance - the parts of an
image are organized so that one side
mirrors the other.
Asymmetrical Balance- when one side
of a composition does not reflect the
design of the other.
Harmony- This is achieved when the
elements of an artwork come together
in a unified way. Not monotony and not
chaos, harmony is that perfectly honed
combination of both.
Contrast- shows the difference between
shapes and can be used as a
background to bring objects out and
forward in a design. It can also be used
to create an area of emphasis.
Rhythm and movement- a visual flow
through the composition. It can be the
suggestion of motion in a design as you
move from object to object by way of
placement and position.
Directional movement- can be created
with a value pattern. It is with the
placement of dark and light areas that
you can move your attention through
the format.
Rhythm - a movement in which some
elements recur regularly. Like a dance,
it will have a flow of objects that will
seem to be like the beat of music.
Audio Media and Information
Types and categories of Audio
Information:
Radio Broadcast- live or recorded
audio sent through radio waves to
reach a wide audience.
Music- vocal or instrumental sounds
combined in such a way as to produce
beauty of form, harmony and
expression of emotion. It is composed
and performed for many purposes,
ranging from aesthetic pleasure,
religious or ceremonial purposes or as
an entertainment product.
Sound Recording- recording of an
interview, meeting or any sound from
the environment.
Sound clips/effects- any sound other
than music or speech artificially
reproduced to create an effect in a
dramatic presentation, as the sound of
a storm or a cracking door.
Audio podcast- a digital audio or video
file or recording, usually part of a
themed series, that can be downloaded
from a website to a media player or
computer.
Ways of Storing Audio Media
● Tape- a magnetic tape on which
sound can be recorded
● CD- a plastic-fabricated, circular
medium for recording, storing
 and playing back audio, video
and computer data.
● USB Drive- an external flash
drive, small enough to carry on a
key ring, that can be used with
any computer that has a USB
port.
● Memory Card- a.k.a flash
memory card or storage card. a
small storage medium used to
store data such as text, pictures,
audio and video, can be used on
small, portable or remote
computing devices.
● Computer Hard Drive-
secondary storage devices for
storing audio files.
● Internet/Cloud - websites or file
repositories for retrieving audio
files, and more precisely the files
are stored in some datacenter
full of servers that is connected
to the Internet.
Audio File Format
MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3) - a common
format for consumer audio as well as a
standard of digital audio compression
for the transfer and playback of music
on most digital audio players.
M4A/AAC (MPEG-4 Audio/Advanced
Audio Coding)- an audio coding
standard for lossy digital audio
compression. Designed to be the
successor of the MP3 format, AAC
generally achieves better sound quality
than MP3 at similar bit rates.
WAV- a Microsoft audio file format
standard for storing an audio bitstream
on PC’s. It has become a standard file
format for game sounds, among others.
WMA (Windows Media Audio)- an
audio data compression technology
developed by Microsoft and used with
Windows Media Player.
Hearing - is simply the act of perceiving
sound by the ear. If you are not hearing
impaired hearing simply happens.
Listening- is something you
consciously choose to do. It requires
concentration so that your brain
processes meaning from words and
sentences. Listening leads to learning.
Characteristics of Sound
Volume- how loud or quiet the sound is
Tone- sound that can be recognized by
its regularity of vibration. A simple tone
has only one frequency and its intensity
may vary while a complex tone consists
of two or more simple tones called
overtones. The tone of lowest
frequency is called fundamental
Pitch- position of a single sound in the
complete range of sound
Loudness- a feeling of how strong a
sound wave is at a place.’
Elements of Sound Design
Dialogue - speech, conversation, voice-
over
Sound Effect- any sound other than
music or dialogue
Music- vocal or instrumental sounds
(or both) combined in such a way as to
produce beauty of form, harmony and
expression of emotion.
Silence- absence of audio or sound.
Principles of Sound Design
Mixing- the combination, balance and
control of multiple sound elements.
Pace- Time control, editing, order of Formally produced motion media are
events, linear, non-linear or multi- created by professionals who follow
linear industry standards in creating, editing
and producing motion media.
Transitions- how you get from one
segment or element to another Formal Production of Animation involve
the following steps:
Types of Transitions
● writing the story- writers and
● Segue - one element stops, the
directors create the storyboard
next begins (“cut” in films)
● Script is written and dialogue is
● Cross-fade- one element fades
recorded
out, the next fades in and
● animators sketch major scenes
overlap on the way.
in between fill in the gaps
● V-fade- first element fades to
● background music and
inaudible before the second
background details are added.
begins.
● drawings are rendered.
● Fade to Black - V-fade with
some silence between
elements/effects.
Motion Media Formats
Stereo Imaging- using left and right
According to format:
channels for depth.
● Animators- animated
Motion Media and Information
gifs(Graphic Interchange
Motion Media Format), Flash, Shockwave,
Dynamic HTML
● each picture is a frame and that
● Video formats/Video Codecs -
motion is created by rendering or
motion media use large
showing consecutively several
resources. Codecs compresses
frames per second
and decompresses video files.
● 24 frames (pictures) or more per
Examples are H.26N series,
second makes for a smooth
Quicktime, DivX, MPG, MP4
animation; video, film, slides also
make use of frames.
● the series of graphics or images
According to purpose- education,
follow a sequence to create a
entertainment, advertising
story. This sequence is often
called a storyboard which shows According to source- personal, social
a set of components (audio, media, media companies
visual, videos, etc.) changing in
time to create a story or a According to audience- private or
message. public, directed or general

Informally produced motion media are Advantages of Motion Media and

created by individuals often for Information
personal use. ● it captures motion in a manner
that can be viewed repeatedly
 ● Simulations allow for safe
observation
● It can show processes in detail
and in sequence
● It allows scenes, history, events
and phenomenon to be recreated
● It can cut across different
cultures and groups
● It enables learning with
emotions.
Limitations of Motion Media and
Information
● Compared to other forms of
visual media the view cannot
always interrupt the
presentation.
● Other data may be presented
best using still images. Examples
are graphs, diagrams, maps.
● It is often times more costly than
other forms of visual media.
● It is subject to misinterpretation.
Design Principles of Motion Media
and Information
Speed can be constant or variable.
The tone of the movement can be
highlighted by the speed coupled with
music. A fast movement gives vigor and
vitality, intensifying emotions. A slow
movement connotes lethargy, solemnity
or sadness.
Direction- can indicate a movement
from one direction to another. It can
also refer to the growing or shrinking of
an object. As objects move, the
background must remain in scale with
the object.
Motion Path- refers to the route that
the object will take. It shows the change
in direction of a movement. It is
important to note the triggers to the
change in direction of an object. These
triggers are often key objects or events
in story.
Timing - can be objective or subjective.
Objective timing can be measured in
minutes, seconds, days, etc. Subjective
timing is psychological or felt.
Objective timing is used to produce
subjective timing. Timing can be used
to clarify or intensify the message or the
event. Using a pause can help time the
events.
Design Principles in Creating
Movement
● Speed, direction and timing-
should depict natural laws of
physics. This includes
trajectories, impact on objects
and reactions of the
environment.
● Timing- affects recall. Fast
movement sends much
information. Slow movement
provides emphasis and lasting
recall.
● Transitions- are used to switch
between scenes. Having a clear
start and finish in your motion
path or scenes. Using neutral
colors at the start or end of a
scene is a good method for
creating the right mindset.
● Sound and color- add depth and
meaning to movement.
● Cartooning- your graphic and
text provides dynamic
movement. This can be done by
using the following movements:
stretching, rotating, squashing.
● Blurring- can be used in
different ways. In animation
blurring can provide the illusion
of fast movement. In videos, it is
often used to censor information
for security or decency.
● Always review the purpose of this
movement. Movement is not
added for the sake of it.