Lecture Notes 11 Mondav, Julv 26

Last time, we derived 3 equations for the stagnation properties of an ideal gas:

Tvzr
161 r

f "tl
2cuF -->

o
e/t&* l) 't V=
V? V
f7r ,] I+ 2coT)
{
)
TvT.
(

F*:F {r+g}r/(*-r)
\ IcoT J
We said that when the velocity of the fluid increases, and reaches the sound
vetocity, the behaviour of the flow changes, mainly due the effect of the
compressibility.

Sound is a pressure wave, and its velocity is, actually, the speed of the
propagation of the pressure wave. So, let's find a relation for the sound velocity.

Mach Number and the Speed of Sound:

v
Mo.h xlo. =
C
\,^r r,.lt),, k*
e/"r.li. (urr,
 5r^ ppoJ e ule 1* e n- f ii^t ^,,*4 .|
vd( +-- pisto- . tte pist^ 6out "irtt' uL"'! V
-+{ 1t" V &rt3 ,T
V ?*tr V P*i1, c
: j + r"?1J'; 14 lL
tf !u.r.< qla"r..r
?f

+ cot{ 4
1-= t* J+
At +=o {-C r+-,,^

\rf/e \Ue C^"+r"^""| e tJ.'* ^"\

/ -+u I i"'o,
Yvrbvvre^ -t lzr. 6r Q-

I ^r*I/,r,^
+. 3.f ,\ r<{,.lr."^ .l L
\ t^. + ( trtr ) tl tL* ,lf*- f ^r^r,^.1* rt ,

fr("^ c-J;-.t^4 hl-< 1 */

,nn(v#) =[{c-l) /tl A ( Ar)

ry (. dt)(A'l,r'
,n V = C l,p + v (
d ,n
@
tl
L;^ ea/ nt q^.dt t^.vY\ :
f
Jt v
^tlt

( f o"..) d+ d{)Al ( v- o)
[,nC d?n
I

$
(r* dt)A + t

fp lA.
I
I
I

I
 atp ,ncv a V o
^ =t C
1,, Ar 6000
Water

-r c? U)
4000

dY/d 2000
Air
/
0
0 100 200
f, deg F

f ov *l-*i 5o', f,
).
V

,L r- ,l^ r C + d.P

f=,
,l,n
+ ,? =O
dr =k t
P
r
r a -dr hb, KLT
A,p

Krr
dr olf
I tor^ I
9J d
4 l\l €
v
?Y">
( A%)

/v=t
drF €u
,,4
A/ r (
 'l-

We V @
I u
I -r-
7 =FI
^^J, T 2'rT f*t
v ('t -r)
:t+ 2K€ T
=r1?\2.
(r< -,1 l-4L
=l+ 2-
(,,,s o)

1r'*,t*b / k
k_l
D
fo
P I r+ (+l^'i I ( 1l.r r

4 r.- I k- L k ,

l
r
( t.r1
It- ( n
,n I F )
 o

1.0

T
0.5
%
..-_*
0.0
0t 1n
I.\J tn
Ma

1 .0,

r o.F
Fo

0.0
0.1 1.0 10.0
Ma
 G)

Compressible Flow Regimes:

J run^ / 5u^ r(L \

( ( \

o I )
l r' -

C*a1i,Ler a-

t^l\ \\ h^,r" q.larlc-r ,(

fre-5rtrL(q
e^i-{+'tJ {. w
$owr u-
 l( tt'- So.4{& rr

{ t
\1 '\rt
1.
'.
SiAlo,vr 'J t t Jt kr"r*
r r$ \
I I
cA+
vj 4 Me*l It (
$
I
* t
1 I d
z, a{/ ^
l*, , J A ou: lr*-
( ttc
tf)

flruf"j J ; b{ +4 u/an".- tw},t^,/{"

s#
*'&,

-fL ) s t-v cr
! 1( t^^.o'\A( J
,*r

t
f
d 4-
i.rt
\
+-, fl.- l*{1, tr,- c.rcLl
t a I I

.
$
t
;i 1' J ,dr'll u,,+,*
^<.r^{ri
ll
i!

*F ^a^ o r€

r*!
 \a/1...^ Jt- Ve l" o{ lL'
*
,efie d Sm*
to r,..rce r (,1( k" I lt*
fr+Amgr.u .ert

r$ry6€sffi I
So,n^/

I
,;{&s.:$ lt*Fitl
{

?.:
!,
t
U<-lo I tfr^- {^k ,^.lill
-1.
I
I ;

t
3H+ 3r
f
J I

k^.^, a- b,...:L^{,*.-
6
-( u)a,*t- 6x -tt*- l-{4

-tt'^- *eh
lruko^
rf*** i,S ailss*
.. I
\i
3, i;q x 1t- 6li " d ir F^or\
*'/

;\ t

{*d€& {e#.*l
I
r,; scl.rx, d
4' j {t
^^ T*- V*f" '\'t
5o,r^/ -ft"^-
.!.

.a

r / xJ.,e
F[.
3s
h*
JV/* 4 C^a.-
3aJ "1
\*^@
S
5t
2- \
'?,$n
-/ ^r.lr&" t

7 oh(
d orlr* { A o"l, oy I

C
Jt I
I
\ S ,y\
F,r.r"" 1^'*, "(
V 11
,
5i; (
r(,^ )
'(
 fA: \ := 5or*r h;r + o
to" $^(t 4 \*t-1..,*.
\,^1 q/lO.r<

$) r, ht*'* r(

Example l: L. ]
The jet plane flies at MTwhen it is at an elevation of 18 km. Determine the time
for someone on the ground to hear the sound of the plane passes overhead. Take
c=295 m/s. -
Pl: 2- l

/
JoL^-l '; t-'
(-l 1\
i 15
5 ir.' J. G G
-
v
I
ea

14 2.r I

d
0 \ 4r4B 'rf
 lo

d- 2 s,7l
t I s k,-
tn^, 2 S.rz
). + o(: J?-Lgk^
x =V+
3-t- z, ( lo
) ( Lls ^/\{

t 54'1j
(,. "(
16 _,,
Example 2:
.)r
Air at a temperature of 100'C is under pressure in the large tank. lf the nozzle is
open, the air flows out at M=0.6. Determine the temperature of the air at the
exit.

T* \oo " ( 4= o.6

V:o [- ?
 t
o
K-t
l \, l+ ( L )
1.1

T r
k_
T; T t 1-t (
1_ )r^]
lou i' ) J3' . I
t r+ (
t.4
L
-\
( 0. ,il
a j +1 -7s K
7q.qoL

Example 3:

Nitrogen flows isentropically through a pipe such that the gage pressure is p = 269
kPa, the temperature is 80"C, and the velocity is 150 m/s. Determine the
sta g n a t o n _t g,mperatu re and the stagnation pressure for this gas. The atmospheric
i

pressuffiiiffi5ffia.

Nd roJ<n l. Boc
t

f: 2 oo kR ci1. Va l\o^/t

P.rt,^ -. t ol') Kt"

 (r

-l= 2T r 5o
5 o L"+ ,i^,.. C \'>3 K

C *- ?-T (,'+)(tt e fl(rsr)

36l.o ^
/t
[1 V 15 O "^/t
o') 1t1 (r
C- ] )r. , */s
'l_
5,^l )srnic 4l*)
T r t(+, ) f4 1
{
I
t
r. t+
-t o.l j,r )
5lk
c ) 11 ( 1- )
(

-i-" 3L3,&k
k_

Alto, I
k-l
K-t
f" = f I f (
L )
vl
t.
{. 1
.l- t
K?. r t. 1-l
t
B =Qot,t ltod L t+ ( L
(r'3 lry)
)
 r]

=C.o-rror"i)t
Ir (tl)k 31t'1
]ffi

3)s K f"

Example 4:

The absolute pressure within the entrance to the pipe is 98 kPa. Determine the
mass flow into the pipe once the valve is opened. The outside temperature and
pressure are 20'C and 101.3 kPa. The pipe has a diameter of 50 mm.

Val,t( 50t
^
a . T;C 1s(F^
|i . I ol"3 kf^
1
V=o fna\ )j {fou ,,*..
v
,l\ 7
 l'r

*) d 1"^J r (v\ k
k-t

r" P r+(+),i 1 (ll-

t.\
t

t
M
Iol,] Kfo (1 6 kP^ )
(

l-1 =b'2lBo (f , !n..hs",n-1,n,

F on olr^tt k-r
(

, r(+xo 'r{8)
L

,C =,n
t,rAAt = ,t It *()tL t \'1 0 . r,, t' \trr-,

\-(1)1 Y/^,
/

Alr",
I o TI r+€) M
?

I
 r5

+11 l ) T t t+(+' )(o .'r)J

( "Lo

t 2 qo. L Y k
1)'",^
C kRr V f4 F qr

(o.ztS) .,)( 2 l(. q l o'tYkl

V I

k5'
- Xrl
1 t
=
w\ (-t 4, a t h^
ot )
a

hn
) 5 ry
=-
c,. l7 L k3/t

wI t{a c[ y!^Aw\ \.* i5 I t .., ( H<o r),

11-*^ ,^l< Lan Sol.r*e ft^- %b(>rxr;l,L {,*,
 (L

$*r hor". lf r"l *'[ **/ ,,r^-

\
Jo / {
\^.r< n\,r $* /h o.^ {l;'1 1r-ol ,r,-- 4--

1i; r U.m

\
o
\
1,
? o

t X"* -
---
-l-
{
f---Vr_
Y
-l

V
B
P
x x

lol-> (t 3l N/^' 1y(t]) v t

+0 =
I '2 $/^\ t./ 4/ /^
1
L

V l+.t \/t ,/
O.s
,/
Qwt{

_5 o/ C41^^
r
{ <\\ t
ry 4- r'
if

Y\ <-8 l;g "lrl t.

 hlh"r. 561( arQ- u\i3
< nfi, W
( 4. KT €,.S\;Jh
Ar,u-L" SWll
t d^fl-' I '
h-a

R ^.,
tJ yl^
r4
Yf
K ( h^) t-
rn
5
K1 5
:2
r gV Q.r<l,r\
J
"*^h

(+
C kR- T f
tLq

I o(
o
R

tLt /+ fi; 0,^J

{ l.'-, Cen^^.<- dr*f I
tt* :1 t\&/< ,r=rf

)l 't \L h^ il(- $
( e_

\.{ .f ) f 1""
9e
 f (8

I lL-1 - ( 3t? ,1, + 5

t
I lr4
I \\1 5t^
l
j C
)2-L I 4t
\Y. s'
',rJ\wh J€
( o^")
tor a,5f,lt u*f ?
robk,^t

C 3 c K R7

(
3

3t-t
)W ,
4
t
Y 4 f+
o

() $/ 4- 1r'

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