Handbook for Marine Geotechnical Engineering 20000 814 105 Technical Editor Karl Rocker, Jr. AD-A157 894 March 1985 DEEP OCEAN TECHNOLOGY NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY PORT HUENEME, CA 93043 85 8 6 048 ‘Approved for public release; distribution untimited. (birT SEO TE SHEET “9 LEVEL Hwa book For PIFRING Baten Cel a eA) Fethvology Pope | "Tila document Bar Yess approved for public releaes and sale; tte etibution la anlinited. DTIC ACCESSION NUMBER AD-A157 894 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT TIC ELECTE AUG 1 2 1985 E DATE ACCESSIONED DATE RETURNED $5 8 @ OY? DATE RECEIVED IN DTIC REGISTERED OR CERTIFIED NO, PHOLOGRAPH THIS SHEET AND RETURN TO DTICDDACOE REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE a ot ETT) DN_987083. Handbook for Marine Gectechnical Engineering-Deep Ocean Tschnology Kat] Rocker, Jr., Technical Editor Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory PE 637135 Port Hueneme, CA 93043 2.11001 Pe Ta bes Washington, DC 20362 Ei FT TRIES TTT] Unclassified bapa distribution 1s unlimited. geotechnics, marine soils, sediments, engineering properties ocean technology, ocean engineering, site surveying, seismic profiling, penetrometers, side-scan sonar, foundations, anchors, Ling This handbook discusses the application of engineering tech- niques and scientific knowledge to the investigation of floor materials, their characteristics, and their. respons to foundation and mooring loads. Its primary thrust is with Problens engineers vill encoupter beyond the continental, shelf Brvbelow 600 feet, but the information is also applicable to shallow water tasks. DO Vary 173 canon or ever wonm Unclassified| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Much of the background material for the Handbook for Marine Geotechnical Engineering was. developed by the Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory (WEL). These materials were updated and supplemented with ‘experience from the private. sector by a number of contractors. Initial ‘editing. ard. consolidation of the chapters was carried out by Srian Wate Assoctates, Inc. Technical review. of the Handbook was also sade by Dr, Robert H. Mayer, Jr. (U.S. Naval Academy) and Wr. Homa J. Lee. The primary contributer for each of the chapters is as follows: Chapter Primary Contributor 1 arian Watt Astoctates, Inc. Houstan, TX 2 The Earth Technology Corporation, Long Beach, CA 3 Prof. I. Noorany, San Ofego State Univ. San Diego, CA ‘ ‘The Earth Technology Corporation, Ling Beach, CA 5 Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Santa Ana, CA ‘ Arian Watt Associates, Inc. , Houston, TX a Brian watt Associates, Inc., Houston, TK 8 Brian Watt Associates, Inc., Houston, TK 9 Hr. Hd. Lee, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 0 Wr, MJ. Attur{o, Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Huenese, CR n Dr. DLA, Sangrey, Carnegie-HelTon Univ., Pitts, PAconrents Page Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ee cnccoe re! 1.1 OBJECTIVE . ee . : eevee 1.2 HANO8OOK ORGANIZATION 5 : Bese oe i 13 Setecrion oF roweaTtow avin’ ree: es TA REFERENCES 2 Bee ooeeeneGaece Ks chapter 2 = SITE SURVEY MO INGSITU TESTING © eee 2.1 ntropucTION dgegue¢coouccce soo usoueaconcis 2.1 Purpose. 550055 et 3.2 Factors Influencing the Site Suey 2022020) eee eeu 2.2. PRELIMINARY STUDY... ss es 22) 2.21 Inforaation Sources 6 ee eet eee EF 22.2 Typical Ocean Soils < : BB 3ues0068 Pill ea 2B REGIONAL SURVEY eee eee eee Ba 2.3.1 General po deneoeanoncaes vee BM 2312 Setante Profiling oe eee eee ae 23:3 Gatted Sompting 22 SS! ons DEDDDDDDDDD DDD Dae E34 Stoescan soars Lilt PLDDDLID ile 23:5 Visual opservation | 2222 Tite ees ba 23.6 Survey Line Spacing <> ee PEDDDDDDDDD DDD ile 2A. SHTESPECIFIC SURVEY 2 eee eee BMS 24.1 Genera §e600sae bros sen scdccondc ee ER2 Shallow Sampting S020 02 eee PEELDDDDDD DDI pa Speessleaseliegire orgs eee rec eee ae 4 Sempre nanddtog LLL PLLLLLILLI DD llilii ore 2.5. INSSITU TESTING poe p 0 oodeceecoceonGe cece ba 2.5.1 Genera. ppacuenocoopes bee BB 213.2 Vane Shear Tests eps onenes ee Lille E83 Cone Potration ened (ht) LLL Lis Dill ee 2814 Pressureneter Tests, eee eee gee bs ZS:S Dynamic Penetrometer Tt eee : 2.5.6 Borehole Logging. Techniques flit wren : Pes seismrctry sutver eo ee ne nrc eee ga gees Be Lilt ee Smeous 22 5 ee aa Chapter 3 ~ LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF SOIL PROPERTIES . a 3.1 INTROQUCTION ee 3.2.2 Scope boboed 5 st LD Spectat considerations | 5 551 1 ¥1 2.2 SOTL CLASSIFICATION . Gbabnca0G a 2.2.1 Classification by Origins eo eee ss ad 22 Claseitteation by Grain Size | one Piiiiiiiea SED Classitteation by Grain Sie and Bebaetor | 20022 Diiliise : 3.3 INOEK PROPERTY TESTS eee $556 Fry : 3.2.1 General Be ae) Ux Dea LePage 3.3.5. Specific Gravity : x7 RES Cewlotonits lait tint, ind brasteny' tise x7 33.7 Grain Size Analysis +9 3.2. Carbonate and Organic’ Carbon Content +9 a 3.4 ENGINEERING PROPERTY TESTS a9 “ 34.2 General : pee a9 3.4.2 Vane Shear Test ee est) 3.4.3 Unconfined Compression Test rit filise 3-4-4 Unconsolidated, Undrained Triaxiai Compression fest’ 2° 221221212! sb 3.4°5 Consol idated-Undrained. and Consol ida xB 3.4.6 Consolidated-Drained Direct Shear Test... . Soll RB co 34:7 Considerations for Triaxial Testing of Marine Satis’ | 222222112 LiteB 3.4.8 One-Dimensional Consolidation Test. Bee eee ESt) 3.5 PROPERTY CORRELATIONS eee eee xu 3.5.1 Genera. - eee soe eee sae 3.5.2 Nearshore’Sedinenis” | ee eggs ee ee ay 315.3 Deep Sea Sedinents Seige aes tegen ees nereRences |. bebo bo uc epee en sponcadcaces seek YS SmeOusrer ea ees rit Bee ee eee ee ‘Chapter 4 ~ SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ND DEADWEIGHT ANCHORS Bacaccoco50gnqenecotl) < 4.1 nTRacuction 41.1 Generat 41.2 Definitions/0escripiions 4.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS... Genera Site Struct Longing Geotechnical: ° Factor of Safety ETHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE Generai Bearing Capacity Lateral Loed Capactiy’ Overturning Resistance ° Shear Rey Design Foundation Settlement’ Installation and Removal | 4.4 EXAMPLE PROBLENS 44.1 Problem 1 - Simple Foundation on 44.2 Problem 2 - Sinple Foundation on RereRences SmM@OLS > PILE FOUNDATIONS AND ANCHORS INTRODUCTION. 5.2 PILE DESCRIPTIONS < S21 pile types le Mooring Line Connections = 22) t Pll 3 Modifications for Increasing Lateral ioad Capacity, -! | 2 2 5.3. DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR SIMPLE PILES IN al SEAFLOORS 5 | ERI Gerwrat ‘i qo Gooones 2 Soil Properties’ | | “fT Beer a54 55 56 ‘chapter 6 62 6.2 63 64 65 Pile Design Loads Lateral Load Analysis deial Load Analysis Steel Stress Analysis 513.7 Special Cases DESIGN OF PILE ANCHORS IN ROCK SEAFLOORS 5.4.1 Lateral Capacity 54.2 Uplift Capacity PILE INSTALLATION 5.5.1 Driven Piles... oe 85.2 Drilled and Grouted Piles): 518.3 Jack-in Pies a 51,4 Jetted Piles EXAMPLE. PROBLENS, 5.6.1 Problem 1--Pile Design in a Cohesive Soi? B62 Problem 2--Pile Design in a Cohesionless Soil REFERENCES, sreols = OIRECT-EMBEOHENT ANCHORS nrRooucTION 6.1.1 Purpose 8.1.2. Function 6.1.3 Features DIRECT-EMBEDHENT ANCHOR TYPES AMD SIZES . Prope} Tant-Driven Ancho Vibratory-Driven Anchors TepactsOriven Anchors Jetted-In Anchors ager Anchors. 2 2 2 2 2 rm SITE DATA NEEDED General... Pretiainary Penetration Estimate. ° Topography, Strata Thickresses, Type Engineering Properties. . Couplieating or Hazardous’ Condi Specialized Survey Tools, Hons < FLUKE PENETRATION AND KEYING 6 6 fa 1 Penetration Prediction 4:2 Keying Prediction STATIC HOLDING CAPACITY... Loading Conditions . oe Deep and Shallow Anchor Faflure. Shorts Term Capacity in Cohesive Sotis tong-Term Capacity in Cohesive Soils Shor Disturbance Corrections =... Factors ef Safety DYNAMIC HOLDING CAPACITY 6.6.1 Loading Conditions 2.2 ee 616.2 Cyelte Loading ene. "and Long-Term Capacity in Cohesiorvess Sots6.7 68 69 6.10 61 Chapter 7 ma 712 na 14 1s 16 nw Page ees tareattaitoding ee aan 619 6.6.4 Impulse Loading oe eee eeeeeen st) OTHER INFLUENCES ON HOLDING CAPACITY. ©... Bopen =. 623 67.1 Wolding Capacity on Slopes eee 6:23 6.7.2 Creep Under Static Loading > 628 MOLGING CAPACITY IN CORAL AND ROCK Se ee 6.8.1 Coral pUD6onGodooadoa oe ce 28 6.8.2 Rock 528 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS... eee 624 6.3.1 Problem I--An Enbednent Anchor Used in Cohesive Sef... 6-24 6.9.2. Problem 2--An Eabedaent Anchor Used in Cohesionless Soil) 222122221 | mee BEFEREMCES eee eee ge syns ~ DRAG-EMBEDMENT ANCHORS NRoOUCTION Purpose and scope. . ‘Drag Anchor Description Types of Drag Anchors. - Application of Orag Anchors | FUNCTIONING OF A DRAG ANCHOR ee Geert Pssi2| Tripple sees 123 nt TE Stanitity 725 Soaking SITE INVESTIGATION 7.3.2 Site Data Needed, Ba Topography and’ Layer Thickness 3.3. Sedinent Type and Strength. 7.34 Site Investigation Sumary - SELECTING A DRAG ANCHOR 1.4.1 General... rer 1.4.2 Tripping and Senetration Performance || > |? TA:3 Stability Perfermance sens oS TA Holding Capacity Performance | |) 2)! TA’S Selection of Anchor Types ss) |). si 1 z z x 2 5.1. Efficiency Ratio Method 5.2 Power Law Method Ree es fetes 5 1s Based on Geotechnical Considerations 2221222221211! "TROUBLESHOOTING 16.1 Sore Sediments oe 16.2 Ward Sediments 1222222 Proavescing Bee oe 1.7.1 Field Practice 7.1.2 Results and Fleid Problems 7.7.3 Recommended Practicn sss witChapter 8 aa a2 83 84 as 86 Chaptar 9 a REFERENCES SmeOLs | = PENETRATION OF OBJECTS INTO THE SEAFLOOR ©. v essen G0 2.81 -nTRo0UCTON B11 Purpose os 811.2 Scope. 2S STATIC PENETRATION © ee 8.2.1 Application... - 8.2.2 Approach. ae eerste 8.2.3 Hethod for Predicting Shallow Static Penetration 8.2.4 Methods for Predicting Deep Static Penetration . DDYWAMIC PENETRATION 1 Application 2 Approach eee er ae 3 Method tor Predicting Dynamic Penetration: EXANPLE PROBLEMS, Gop 8.4.1 Problem 1--Slow Penetration of a Long Cylinder 84,2 Problem 2--Rapid Penetration of Lorg Cylinder REFERENCES sols. = BREAKOUT OF OBJECTS FROM THE SEAFLOOR. ow 91 _NTROQUCTIOW G21 Applications eee eee ee eee eee et 911.2 General conceots oe oz S13 Derinitions ss se! v2 REQUIRED INFORMATION... +4 9.2.1 Object Eabedwent Characteristics a4 5.2.2 Sediment Characteristics 2... os oe 9.2.3 Bearing Capacity (Cohesive Sediments) +5 SHORT-TERM (IMMEDIATE) BREAKOUT... : beeen oS LONG-TERM BREAKOUT TIRE PREDICTION Beet ae eee eerie ee BREAKOUT AIDS: 46 o7 Jetting and Orainage Tubes Aon 48 deeentrie Loading: ws ssc eeee os yelte Loading 2. a9 Rocking oF Rolling =<: #9 Breakaway Parts oS eae ae deuees Mitering Buoyant Weigh LISD I IIT D ssa a) OTHER FACTORS . 5. eS) 28:1, Irregular shape or temifor tbetmnt Oth TT 10 9.62 Waiting Time» : : 10 Hed Foundation skirts LLLP LIE iiiiiiises sess 10 MWPLE PROBLENS : peewee eee lt 97.1 Problen 1 + Recovery of a Li i geo 5.7.2 Problem 2 - Recovery of & Ski ‘i Le re ie rn a —b 9.8 REFERENCES 9.9. syMBoLs Chapter 10 = scouR dbo odonG00000 YO.A INTRODUCTION 6 10.2.1 objectives 101.2 theory 10:1:3 modeling 10.2 ScouR TYPES 10.2.1 Seasonal and Loca? Scour 10.2.2 Deep Water Waves Induced Scour 10.3 ESTIMATING SEASONAL scouR : ESTIMATING LOCAL ScouR AT: SEAFLOOR’ siaucTuRes © 10.4.1 Effect of Seafloor Factors on Scour. . 10.4.2 Structures Piercing the Mater Surface’ | 10.4.3 Structures Resting’ on the Seaf loor 10.4.4 Tine for Scour Developrent 10.5 MINIMIZING ScouR 10.5.1 Scour-Resistant Structures 10.5.2 Scour Protection Measures, 10.6 REFERENCES 10:7 svmaous Chapter 11 = SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENT . 22 Dwrwoouction 11.2 FORMS OF INSTABILITY” 11.2.1 Translational Siides 11.2.2 Rotational Slides 11.2'3 Flow sites 11.214 Turbiaity Currents | 11.3 LOADING. . 11.3.1 Losing Mechani sas a : 11.3.2 Probabilistic Preaiction of toad) 212222222 11.4 IMPORTANT SOIL PROERT! Inpactdriven anchors ee ee Jetted-in anchors : ‘ Flow chart tor predicting ine holding capacity’ of a direct-eabedseat’ anchor . Failure modes for shallow and deep enbedded plate anchors. : Short-term holding capacity factors for cohesive sot! where full” suction develops beneath the plate 6.53 Long-term holding capacity factors and’ short-term no-suctioa factors for Cohesive softs Fi Sacra ew 6.54 Holding capacity factors for cohesionless soi) | oe esNomenclature for types of non-steady loading ‘Time required for dissipation of stress-induced excess pore pressure Mariaum cyclic. load capacity without soil strength Toss Horimum (lifetine) cyelie load capacity without development of cyciic creep - Stratnrrate factor, 1, for cohesive soll ‘i Inert{al factor, Ty, for cohesive and cohesioniess sotis Strainrrate factor{'1, for cohesionless soi? Weoring sketch for example problea 1 Soil strength profile for exanple probien i Weoring sketch for example probles 2 Features of a drag anchor : Example of a movable fluke anchor: STEVIN cast Example of a fixed flute anchor: BRUCE cast Examples. of bilateral fluke anchors Example of a soft soll anchor: STEWUD Developaent of & tripping problem tn sof seafioors with’an inproperiy set’ anchor Proper anchor setting sequence using two floating platforms Development of a tripping problea in hard seafloors Penetration and orientation behavior of an anchor in hard and soft seafloors Forees on unstabilized and stabilized anchors in sand Anchor in soft soil, after balTing-up and pulling-out Site survey plan decision flow chart. Anchor chat system holding capactty at the audline in soft Soils ‘Anchor chain systen halaing capacity at the mudl ine in hard soiTs Typical perforaance of drag anchors when operating areperty and ieproperiy N’pendant Hine and buoy arrangesent for semisubeers Dies Chain chaser usea to astat anchor deployeent and recovery Tandea/pigayback anchor arrangements Parallel anchor arrangenent Shattow static penetration model ; ide it felationsipg for calculating sintage resistance fa Gohesioniess sof for 9. = 30° and 40° . Flow chart of the calculation pracedure for predicting static penetration « < tocation of the critical shear strength 2one 8 for blunt and conical penetrators” Forces acting on a penetrator before and after contact with the seafloor Flow chart of the calculation procedure for predicting dynanic penetration Problen sketch and so11s data for exanple problem 1 Plot of predicted soil resistance to EPS penetration Sketen for example problem 2 fc Flow chart for procedures to deteraine immediate breakout force and tine required for long-term breakout under a lover force Normalized immediate breakout force as a function of relative enbednent depth Normalized long-term breakout force as a function ef Dreakout tie paraneter Problew sketch and data for example problem 1. Probles sketch and-data for example problem 2 Clear water scour and general sedinent transport near a pile Variation of maximum clear water scour depth with seafloor material dianeter ‘9 cylindrical pier Ideal ized wavesinduced flow and scour patterns’ around a vertical cylinder Sumary plot of field and model scour depth data at single piles and pile groups Scour Conpar‘ton for very large circular square and heagonal cylinders of etutl cross-sectional area where a/0 10 deg koading Direction Downard Toad component, “foundat fons) Oaninairectionsl (not dove) Untedtrectional (not. down) Large uplift component. Aaterat toad Range To 100,000 18 100,008 to 1,002,000 18 ver 1, 000,000" ib trttss tt tbeses te stottt of lata, ot et tt at *3 ttt t tes tt eye tte ost ott ow = tunet fons well ‘= noreally {1 not the preferred (© = does not function well Table'L.3-4 ete features of drag- fempedment anchors, Although these anchors. can Gevelop nigh capacities, the Toad on a drag ‘anchor Ig usually Matted to one direction, and the mooring Hine angle at the 4 virtually hortzontal. The holding capacity of frag anchors decreases very quickly as mooring Vine angles exceed approxinately 6 degrees. To fst tm understanding the advantages and dtsadvantages of the varfout anchor types, Table 1.3-5 compares how well they function under afferent conditions. Judgments of expected performance have been made primarily on ‘the basis of holding capacity and relative cost. It should be noted thet Table LIS fs an expeditious guide. for general use, and special circumstances can shtft the performance ratings. Moor must be 8 1.4 nerenences 1-1. Design manual, harbor and coastal fact t= tes, Naval Fectiitien Engineering comand, NAVFAC Of26. Washington, 0.C., Ju? 1968, 1:2. MT recomanded practice for the analysts of spread scoring systems for floating drf11ing units, American Petroleum Institute, API RP 2p 1, oftahere éetiiing units, ‘Smtpping. ules for buttéing and cla tog mobile ‘American Bureau of Ww York, HY., 1980,- Chapter 2 STE SURVEY AND IN-SITU TESTING 2.1 INTROOUCTION 2.1.1 Purpose Thls chapter sumartzes considerations and feethods for selecting and characterizing a site for bottow-resting or moored platforas in the deep ocean. 4.1.2 Factors Influencing the Site Survey 2.1.2.1 Constraints. The type and detat) of site data sought will be a function of © Value and replacement cost of platform Impact of platform fatlure (prieartly) fon human Vite Purpose of the platfora ‘Topography and seafloor aatertal type ‘Any presurvey requiresants for an exact Geographical Tocatfon © Types of marr tnduced and envircnmental Yoodtogs © Type and stze.of the foundations or anchors, © NatTaDtitty of personne), equipeent, and survey support platfores 2.4.2.2 Minima Required Oats. Table 2.1°1 1 a sumary of site data requirements for various geotechnical engineering applicat fon ‘The level of tmportance or need for each ste data elesent {4 also faentitied. “Low! tn Table 2.1-1 Indicates 2 Tow requirement. level, witch aay result from etter: (1) 4 low iapact of this data element on the system design and perforaance, as in the low impect of slcre= "yyaboTs ured Jn Table 2.1-2 and other tables ‘are cafined where uted. in the text and Smartzed fn Section 2.6. ” topography on drag anchor performance or (2) a technteal Inability to use this data element in design because analysis techatques are not Geveloped, as in the inability to use dynante sof] properties in drag anchor design due to an absence of performance-related model. Table 2.2-2 sts geotechnical paraseters required for exch of the appitcations.* 2.1.2.3 Regional Versus _Sitarspecttic Surveys. Some projects or project phases require general inforsation from a large region, wtoreas others require sore accurate date froa a small geographic ares. For example, 2 manned habitat tnstaltation say require lowprectston ‘data resuitiog from a regional survey over a large area to determine an adequate or 4 best Tecation for {ts placement, while design for the hebitat's foundation requires nigh-prectsion data from the selected site. Since regional surveys compare after or dover large distances, detatled Information ts not possible or 1s not needed as much at for sterspecttic. studies, witch provide estan fnforeation. Regional surveys typically include geophysical data collection with Halted soft Séapling, such as gravity coring. Oeep tof Doctngs and Ineaitu tests are not typteally used for site selection. Once a site hes been selected, hovever, sitarspecitic date are col= ected, tually from sol] temples and from fresity taste, when the project warrants. such tents, Geophysical and geetogical Information‘bie 2.11, Site Date faquireents for Catagories of Caotecntcal Captmering Aplications es ve Ce ee = ee [ith ieee ae oe Om [oo | |e ee [Ra ma Se ar ep eee = ae wisn Fame fom | m | ate | mm | a | sie | ne | Direct-Eabedment, low o | gh nigh low nigh nigh nigh non drag Anchors nigh low | nigh nigh low Yow Tow low ° meme [TL |e Pe | we fm | ame |e = ea lice ect iret cot | tee) ae | = Selec a lene ee ee ee | eee ee ee ese | cee ied | ele aaa eee eee oes ae ee) siuestorsgenmayret ase eee too lication tiers ‘of Survey ame ease oe oe ese edie aaecemtees Pease tone tGthy below taster ead ee ee eee] te lela esse see poeeoeres ee | ec de ce (ect ea ea | |e el] ese es ss | | mnt an, ' ieaoe Pa ee et eles peal olet| cet elle ieceneer ss ay ern een Be eee lee delle le letc|scenuas BRas Breanout ve vos ves [vee free] ves te fm | me | 1x cosect wiatn pres Lite = ae | eee |e rae ee a lcenre Bea | ‘Slope Stability, ve ve ve Yew [ves [ves] ne me | me] mo | 33 te 100 fs more on ~ syuote enptaine tn Section 2.8 22 rTTable 21-3. Historica) Envtronmental Information heeded to Assess Geotechnica? Hazards Mazard Information Needed Earthquakes waves Currents, Frequency Haga tease Peak accelerations Response spectra Velocity distribution Direction distribution Maxinum wind velocity Wave hetght distefbutfon Maxinun vave height Direction distribution Vertical velocity profite Distribution of current velocity beyond that collected during the regional survey sy 150 be needed, depending on the project Scope of the site investigation W111 be fnflumnced by the sensitivity of the platfora to geotechntcal hazards, including earthquake loading, faulting, Mquetaction, subsarine landsi{des, erosion, and presence of undercontolidated sediments. These conditions must bo assessed for sites being evaluated. Table 2.1-3 outlines historical environ mental, Information needed for assesssent of geotechnical hazards frow ‘earthquakes, winds, waves, and currents. Investigation of environmental factors and hazardous features. can be pursued. init an examination of existing, maps, charts, and bottoe environmental data (Section 2.2.1). 2.1.2.5 Positioning Capabitity. The abi}> ity to reference a site survey and position a platform on the seafloor aay dictate the scope of the site {nvestigation. A precise deteratia- {Uon of ‘horizontal and vertical porition 1s # eritical aspect of both geophysical and geotech- fcal investigations for a specific: installer ton. Positioning an object on the seafloor utually requires location sf the object. with 23 respect to the surface vessel, and locaton of ‘the vessel with respect te geographtea) coord!= rates. Que to great distances and lack of bench marks, positioning offshore often requires sore sophisticated techatques than these used on and. Recent developments in electronic com munication systems have enabled the surveying of positions at wost points on the world's oceans to a maxima accuracy of 15 meters. However, equipment. avatTability may be the primary Tial= tation on positfoning accuracy. Relative seafloorto-surtace positions are measured by sonar pingers and echo-tounding devices to ‘accuracies on the order of 0.1% of the distance being measured. 2.2 PRELIMINARY sTUNY 2.2.1 Information Sources In a prettatnary survey of a site, one Important step, generally referred to as 4 “desk top study,” 12 the search for avat lable informe lon from previous Investigations near the site, Findings from the desk top survey scan provide, areal tnformation; as well an siterspecifte data, and ald in planing for a sore detat ied survey. Information can be obtained froa.a variety of governmental, infustrial, and -eeucattona?Anctitutions. Sources of information or geo ogteal and geotechnical properties of ocean sediments and on earthquake and earthquake affects are given in the following Mists. Universities and Governsent Onganizetfons Chief, Atlantic Branch of Marine Geology, U.S. Geological Survey, Bldg. 13, Quissett Campus, Woods Hole, WA 02453 Chlet, Pacific Arctic Branch of Marine Geology, U.S. Geological ‘Survey, 45 Middlefield Reed, Menio Park, Ck 2025 Cnfet of Operations Diviston, National Ocean Survey, Watfonal Oceanic and. Atsosphertc ‘Adcintstration, 1439 W. York Street, HortoTk, VA 23510 Calef of Operations Division, National Ocean Survey, Hatfonal Oceanic and Ataospherte ‘Aasintstration, 1801 Fairview Avenue, East, Seattle, wh 90102 Lamont-Donerty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, WY 10964 ations) Geophysical. and Solar-Terrestriat Data Center, Environmental Data Service, hatfonal Oceanic and Ataospherte Adsintstration, Boulder, co soa02) aval Oceanographic Office, Code 3100, Hat fonal Space Technology Laberatories, SIL Station, ME 33822 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La delta, ca’ s2033, Woods Wole Oceanographic Institution, Moods Note, WA 02543 urnais and Conference Proceedings, Canadian Geotechnical Journa), Kational Res Counett of Canada, Ottewe, Caneds eh Civt1 Engineering in the Oceans (I through 1V), Aaarican’ Soctaty. of Civil Engineers; 245 East 7th Street, Mew York, HY 10017-2388 Geotecnnique, The Institution ov, Civi1 Engi= neers, Lond, England Journal of Geotechnical Enginesring, American Soctety of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, Mew York, MY 10017-2398 Marine Geotechnology, Crane, RussaTs & Co., The., 3 Eaet 44th Street, Mew York, MY 10013 Qcean Engineering, Pergacon Press, Fatrview Park, Elaatord, MY 10523 Ortsnore Technology Conference, Houston, Tex. (yearly) Sources of Dats on Earthquakes and Eartiquate Errects Aaarican Meteorological Soctety, Bibl tography on Iarine “setsmics, by 0. Leenhardt, Washington, D.C... 1967. (Special Bibl fographies on ocean” ‘Sorahy. Contetbutton Ko. 3) Burletin of the Sefsmolagical Society of ‘daarica, P.0. Box 826, Berkeley, CA $4701 Journal of | Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union, Suite 435, 2100 Pennsyivanta ‘Avenue, HW, Mashington, OC 20037 Kresge | Selsmological Laboratory, Calf fornta Institute “of Technology, 220 North Sen Rafael ‘Avenue, Pasadena, CA S105. A prine source of feartnglate information. Navy Wine Defense Laboratory. Bibl ography on stecnes,, by F:C.W. Olson, Panasa City, Flas, Aug 1962.” (AD 783810) University of Californta, Setsmological Depart ssent, Gerteley, CA 94720. Report 181: University of Havalt, Hewat Geophysics, Honotulu, Havatt 96822. University of Hevatt, Hawai! Institute of Geophysics, Report HIG62Z5. "BIbIfography to the Draliainary catalog of teunams occurring 1n the Pacitie’ Ocean, by K. Ida, D.C. Cox, and G. Pararas-Carayannts, Nonelulu, Newait, Bec 1967. Institute of University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Totyo, Sapan U.S, Geatogten! Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Nenio Park, ca 94025 2.2.2 Iypteal ocean Sotts 2.2.2.1 Sediment Typet. — Seattoor aotte are referred to by origin as elther terrigenous (lane-derived) or pelagic (ocean-dertved). Terrigenous 011s, described below, tnclude gravels, sands, sites, and clays. These softs are formed on or adjacent to land; are trans ported by currents, wind, or fcaberg rafting to he deep 00; and contain 230K 11% and sand> sited particles of land origin. Sangh at botton grading to elaye at top