Stephen House; Landmark of Park Street, Kolkata

HIGHLIGHTS

S. No Points Elucidation

1 Date of fire and place 22.3.2010, Park Street, Kolkata

2 Time at which the fire broke 2:15 pm

3 No of floors 8

4 No of people died 24

5 Type of Building Commercial + Residential

6 Important shops 100 years old Flury's confectionary, a music store 'Music World,
'Peter Cat' restaurant

Main victims- young professionals in call centres and other

private offices.

7 Main victims young professionals in call centres and other private offices

8 Reason for fire The illegal construction of the 2 floors at the top, over-usage of
the building, old service systems, no fire escape provision

9 Ownership Peter Charles Earnest Paul

Value of the Building

User Value: Functionality based (Residential and Commercial) and as a landmark to the Park street.

Stephen Court' A controversial Case'.

A fire swathed the Stephen court located at park street Kolkata on March 22 2010 at 2:15pm. The
building is also famous for a 100 years old Flury's confectionary, a large music store called Music World
and several other offices, 24 people died in the fire ,20 were injured in the blaze that swept through the
upper floors of the eight-storied building, the main victims of the fire were young professionals working
in call centers and other private offices in the heritage building, when the fire broke out in the eight-storey
building, people on the fifth, sixth and seventh floors of the heritage building rushed towards the terrace
to escape death and after trying in vain to open the gate, the panic-stricken victims again started rushing
down the stairs, but were stuck inside the six store structure,with panic gripping those trapped inside,
probably, the fire broke out in a lift shaft and started spreading, the blaze could not be brought under
control till 8pm and the owner was held responsible for inappropriate fire regulations in the building, a
team of 25 fire engines and 100 fire fighters were involved to control the blaze[ CITATION Sci10 \l 1033 ].
Chief Minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharya admitted that the two top floors of the building had been
constructed illegally (Department, 2010).

People's retortion to the burnt building

People who lived in the century-old building in the heart of the city gathered outside the 'now' sealed
sprawling structure, but police refused to let them in fearing that parts of it could give away, concerned
about the top two floors that would be demolished and they would lose their belongings and also
concerned about loosing their house, people wanted to go to their homes, they were agitated also, but
before the rubble needed to be cleared before allowing their entry (Fire-hit Stephen Court residents
demand entry into building, 2010).

Refer Appendix-1 for the pictures (Old and New)

INTRODUCTION

Location
18 A, Park St, Park Street area, Kolkata, West Bengal 700071

Background

Park Street known as Mother Teresa Sarani has been the centre of Kolkata's entertainment and leisure.
Historically the street had various names such as Badamtalla, or Almond Street, Vansittart Avenue, Burial
Ground Road and Burial Ground Street. Henry Ferdinand Blochmann, a German scholar who was
fascinated by the Indian subcontinent and studied and taught Persian during the 1860s in Calcutta, has
documented the history of the city and it's streets during the 18th century in his book 'Calcutta During
Last Century'. Park Street, writes Blochmann, was called Burial Ground Street and "had about ten houses
lying along it" (Banka, 2019). Presently, the mansions are fewer, as are the neighbourhood's residents
who have seen Park Street rapidly change over the past four decades, restaurant chains, cafes and sari
shops with neon sign-boards have taken over the colonial structures that once housed residential
apartments and government offices (Banka, 2019).
As per the documents available in the central record room the Stephen Court located at Park Street
Kolkata belonged to Peter Charles, the land was of 3 bigh 17 kuttah and 8 chhatak and the building was
built by an Armenian named Arathoon Stephen (1861-1927), a real estate baron, since, his family was
perhaps already in India when Mangal Pandey was turning up the heat. But he was certainly a merchant
prince committed to institution-building and his most remarkable property was a Chowringhee boarding
house he took over from a Mrs Monk and turned into the iconic Grand Hotel (Kanjilal, 2010). He was a
member of the Armenian community in Calcutta, born in Iran in 1861 and had spent a huge amount of
money in shaping the growth of the city, Stephen was a shareholder and the first managing director of
Stephen Court Ltd, he founded the Grand hotel in Calcutta and even the Everest hotel in Darjeeling, the
colonial skyline as visible in the city of Kolkata can not only be credited to the British but also the
Armenian community, who invested in building modern India[ CITATION Pra10 \l 1033 ]. Armenians
belonged to the trading group and were engaged with the Malabar Coast since 8 th century, according to
Mughal firman, British were allowed to open shops in Bengal was brokered by Armenian Khoja Sarhad
and by the time Stephen reached Bengal there were 30,000 Armenians already settled in India[ CITATION
Pra10 \l 1033 ]. Armenians are highly appreciated for their style of churches.

Festivities related to Park Street

Park Street is the central hub of Kolkata and is worth exploring the streets during Christmas. Park Street
is the heart of the city, has the whole lane of best of restaurants, pubs, cafes, book hawkers and many
more. Every year the whole Park Street lane in the footpath section is full of food stalls that serve multi-
cuisine varieties to satiate all taste buds and to satisfy the cravings on the occasion of Christmas and New
Year. The numbers of Hawkers increase with glittery props to enlighten your party by adding new
accessories[ CITATION Sne \l 1033 ]. People can buy Christmas cap, balloons, party shades, glitter hats,
laser lights, and much more at the most reasonable rates; the street has the patent stop for fulfilling a
craving for Christmas fruit cake from the famous Flurys[ CITATION Sne \l 1033 ]. A huge Christmas
carnival takes place in Allen Park every year to cherish all the Christmas carols with children and
adults[ CITATION Sne \l 1033 ]. The Christmas day offers lucrative discounts to the customers with
decorated stalls being set-up to sell varieties of homemade chocolates, eco-friendly utensils, traditional
French cakes, and other food items. Shops selling Christmas decorative items can be seen almost
everywhere in the park street area. As Christmas has become an integral festival of the cultural calendar
of the city of joy, its celebration begins more than a week ahead. Chrismas holds numerous programs like
cultural performances, quizzes, and carol singing for the next few days of the festive week. According to
the news journal, 'The statesman' through its paper on December 24, 2019, said; "Kolkata Police launched
the redesigned Bondhu app with new and unique features to make people's life easier and safer."

Architectural Style

A building with colonial influence, a corner plot with an apsidal end defines the plan of the Stephen court.
The iconic order column covers the 3 floors punctured by segmented arches an at the top, supporting the
cornice. The building was built by an Armenian rather than British.

Refer Appendix-1 for the architectural and decorative features

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Colonial Calcutta and Park Street as a prime area

In Kolkata, the Park Street history connects with the British East India Company and the British Empire
throughout Asia and Africa. The establishment of the British rule resulted from the British East India
Company's activities, which had secured a Royal Charter in 1600 to trade with the East Indies, which in
those days meant India and South East Asia. The Company set up its trading posts, which it called the
factories in Surat, Machilipatnam, Madras, and Bombay up to 1668, in 1690; Job Charnock, an official of
the East India Company, set up a trading post towards the North of the present-day Kolkata on the banks
of the Hooghly River. It was in 1698; the Company bought land in three villages of Sutanati, Kolkata, and
Govindapur, which marked the beginnings of a British mercantile trading, making Kolkata a metropolitan
city and till 1765, British power consolidated in Bengal, after the defeat of the Nawab of Bengal in the
Battle of Plassey in 1757. In 1772, Kolkata became the capital of all British East India Company's
possessions in India. In 1773, Warren Hastings being appointed the first governor-general in India led to
the construction of The new Fort William by Robert Clive in 1758. Kolkata saw development due South
and East, all further colonization in South Asia coordinated out of Fort William which is within a
kilometer of the Park Street. By 1784, the alignment of the Park Street about the new Fort William was
discernible. The street was also called the Burial Ground Road.The credit of laying out public
architecture, roads and infrastructure exclusively for the European part of Kolkata and indeed the makings
of the Park Street of the future must go to Lord Wellesley. He was the Governor-General of India from
1797 to 1805. He ordered the construction of the Government House and laid out the architecture for
other imposing structures of governance in Kolkata. Asiatic Society which was the first building
belonging to Park Street in1808 and numbered 1, at the intersection of the Chowringhee and the so called
burial ground road, the Asiatic Society building even today marks the beginning of Park Street and is
numbered as number 1, Park Street. By 1890s, Park Street was very well defined and extended from
Chowringhee intersection ahead of Fort William to a point close to the present-day Park Circus Maidan.
Gradually, some of the most iconic buildings in the Park Street were constructed, like the Queens
Mansion , Stephen Court , the present day building complex which houses the Park Hotel, and The
Karnani Mansion to name a few in a stretch from Chowringhee to the crossing between Free School
Street and the Middleton row. These were sprawling apartment buildings with shops and restaurants on
the ground floor with overhead balconies over the pavements, like the Piccadilly streets in London. It
appears that the Park Circus Maidan where the Park Street ends today was completed sometimes after
1911 when the capital of India shifted to Delhi. By 1915, an approximately two kilometre stretch of Park
Street from its intersection with Chowringhee upto the Wellesley Street crossing had become a renowned
place for fashion, high living and fine dining in the entire British Empire, surpassed only by the Piccadilly
Circus in London. Another reason why the area of Park Street remained exclusive was the fact that the
tramways which had by then become the means of the mass transit system for the city's native population
was not laid across the Park Street. The total house numbers in this four kilometre stretch of Park Street
only numbered 195, making it the street with the least number of occupants and, therefore, the poshest.
Although India's capital shifted to Delhi in 1912, Kolkata's Park Street continued to be the numero one
spot in the empire for fashion and nightlife till the 1940s. After 1947, the areas around Park Street saw a
migration of many Europeans, affluent Hindi and Urdu speaking Muslims to East Pakistan (Now
Bangladesh). The city quickly filled the Muslims' space bred Hindus from Sindh and Punjab in West
Pakistan and the educated Bengali speaking families from around Dhaka and Chittagong in East Pakistan
(Now Bangladesh). Events of the partition similarly displaced them, the European properties around Park
Street were bought over by the wealthy Marwari's who had become an economic force to reckon with,
way back from the 1880s. The legendary Birla's of India trace their story of riches to the city of Kolkata.
The Park Street remained the street in Kolkata where the high, mighty, and the wealthy lived. It housed
some of the best restaurants in independent India even till the late 1960s. This area even today remains
the most non-Bengali part of the city. People in and around the Park Street went to Convent Schools,
celebrated X Mass, had plum cakes and turkey, went to clubs and had a very non Bengali accent while
they spoke English or Hindi. The English had a very Anglo Indian accent and their Hindi had a flowering
of Urdu because of the many non-Bengali speaking Muslims around Park Street. Some of the oldest
shops and restaurants like Flurry's, Trincas, Ming Room , Kwality , Moulin Rouge, Peter Cat , Magnolia,
the Oxford Book Shop, Castlewood, still survive while several international brands and telecom
companies have opened shop on this iconic street today . Park street still has a charm of its own and with
a lot of restoration work which is still on , I rate the area bounded by the River Hooghly to the West , the
Lower Circular Road ( now the AJC Bose Road ) to the South and East upto the Park street and the area
bounded by the Prinsep Ghat , Eden Gardens , Dalhousie Square ( now BBD Bagh ) Fairly Place and upto
the beginning of the Chowringhee to the North as the best area to explore and relive the glory of the by
gone era of the British Raj

Armenians journey in India : A rise and fall

Armenia is situated on the crossroads of West Asia and East Europe, strategically located for trade, and
consequently, a constant battleground[ CITATION Sau14 \l 1033 ]. Between the 16th and 19th centuries,
Christian Armenia was caught in a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Turks and the Persians, later,
part of it was conquered by Russia and eventually absorbed into the former Soviet Union in 1922 as well.
It was during these tumultuous years that, many Armenians moved out and like the Parsis who had fled
from the same region centuries before them, Armenians too found refuge in India[ CITATION Sau14 \l
1033 ]. The splendour of the Mughals made India favourable for trade, and Armenians received a warm
welcome in Akbar’s secular court, settling in Agra, Delhi, Surat and Lahore, among other cities, and it is
believed that one of Akbar’s queens was Armenian, because of their connections with the Mughals, that
the East India Company began cultivating a relationship with them and, more and more Armenians came
to India[ CITATION Sau14 \l 1033 ]. But with the decline of the Mughal empire, Armenians spread to
other parts of India, settling in large numbers in Madras, Bombay and Calcutta. Bombay was already
dominated by the Parsis, so Armenians couldn’t flourish in Bombay[ CITATION Sau14 \l 1033 ]. Their
exact year of coming to Kolkata is obscure ut its estimated that they arrived at least 60 years before the
British. The oldest Christian grave in Kolkata, marked 1630 CE – Rezabeebeh, ‘wife of the late
Charitable Sookias’ – is of an Armenian[ CITATION Sau14 \l 1033 ]. The last round of settlers came in the
years following the outbreak of the First World War, in 1915, in fact 2015 is the centenary of what
historians call the Armenian genocide, the systematic killing of hundreds of thousands of Armenians in
the Ottoman empire. Many fled the region—and about 2,000 found refuge in India[ CITATION Sau14 \l
1033 ].

The late 16th century CE marked the heyday of Armenian trade in Calcutta and they first settled in
Chinsurah near Calcutta, where the jute trade was centered and later, they established themselves in
Calcutta and the city became home to the largest Armenian community in India., it was in 1715CE, the
Armenians heped the British establish themselves in Bengal and make Calcutta the new commercial
centre, as they prospered their community grew and more Armenians church were constructed across
India (Sarda, 2017).

Present Condition of Armenians:

Once the prime trading community that ran the city of Kolkata has depleted in its count and Kolkata is
the last surviving home to Armenians in India. Less than 100 Indian Armenians live in Kolkata and the
Armenian Street has lost its charm once a long meandering quarter of Burrabazaar. Today the area is
enshrouded by the big, bustling wholesale market, clustered with shops and labourers, warehouses and
packs of customers, where Marwaris and Muslims, Bengalis and Biharis dominates the area. The people
there carry ‘no knowledge’ about the Armenian Community that once, along with the Portuguese and the
Jews, thrived here[ CITATION Sau14 \l 1033 ].
A 19th century historian ‘Mesrovb Jacob Seth’ in ‘Armenians in India from the Earliest Times to the
Present Day’ describes that; seven centuries before Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama arrived on the
Malabar coast and Armenian merchant Thomas Cana landed on the same south-western coast in 780 CE,
But it was only in the 16th century that Armenian settlements began in the country.
‘Hindustan Times’ in conversation with an Armenian named Adam at the Sir Catchick Paul Chater Home
for the Elderly in Park Circus speaks about the largely empty building of the vanishing world of
Armenians, there being only 8 residents of Armenians.
Adam explains Hindustan Times that during early and mid-20 th century Park Street was the throbbing
pulse of an otherwise conservative city; The Anglo-Indians mixed with the Bengali elite, the Armenians
and the Parsis[ CITATION Sau14 \l 1033 ]. Park street during those times had cabaret in the mornings,
sensual singers crooning to entertain diners at Mocambo and lots of parties, they owned trading
companies, shipping lines, publishing houses, they had big businesses – indigo, shellac,
jewelry[ CITATION Sau14 \l 1033 ]. Their European heritage and enterprising attitude made them natural
allies of the British – and like the Anglo-Indians, they had coveted government jobs, owned prime real
estate too.
When the British left, there were approximately 3000-4000 Armenians in Kolkata and “Armenians were
being isolated”. People who were very well established, they all left,” says Peter Hyrapiet the caretaker
of Armenian Church in conversation with Hindustan Times.
Hindustan Times mentions “Until the 1960s, nearly all Indian-Armenians studied here. But as the
community shrank and as the world moved on, they began to integrate themselves into the mainstream –
children were sent to more established schools in the city”[ CITATION Sau14 \l 1033 ].

Facilities for Armenians:

According to the Armenian General Benevolent Union news magazine, the number of students dropped
from 206 in 1961 to just six in 1998. The school had always welcomed immigrant Armenians as
residential students, but it now became necessary to bring even more Armenians from abroad. (Education
for all Armenians, anywhere from around the world is free at the school – including boarding, lodging
and a trip back home every three years. They even give financial aid to students after they finish school).
At the moment, there are only two Indian-Armenian students in the school. The other 58 are from
Armenia, Iran and Iraq. But the school has improved, tremendously – is the general consensus.
Eminent Armenians:

In the early 20th century, the race course magnate Johannes Carapiet Galstaun owned some 350 buildings
and 100 racehorses (he supposedly lost his fortunes thrice and recovered them at the races) and donated
Rs 25,000 to the Victoria Memorial building fund at the time[ CITATION Sau14 \l 1033 ].

The hotelier Arathoon Stephen had come penniless to the city and eventually built The Grand Hotel (now
the Oberoi Grand) and Stephen Court, the building on Park Street where the famous patisserie Flurys is
located[ CITATION Sau14 \l 1033 ].

Realtor TM Thaddeus, who built Park Mansions, owned a Rolls Royce but travelled in rickshaws because
he did not trust a driver with his prized possession[ CITATION Sau14 \l 1033 ].

Businessman Paul Chater eventually became one of Hong Kong’s top bankers, and – like many others –
bequeathed his estate to the Church in Kolkata, the old home is named after him[ CITATION Sau14 \l
1033 ].

Hazaar Maliyan, better known in Calcutta society as Huzoorimal –westernized version of the
conventional form of his Armenian name. Armenian Ghat was built in 1734 by Manvel Hazaar Maliyan,
a celebrated Calcutta trader of Armenian origin, this elegant ferry ghat was just one of the many
contributions made by the benevolent Armenian toward developing Calcutta’s infrastructure and
sociocultural rapport, Armenians were involved in spice to jewelry trade, and this river pier was built
specifically to tackle the docking of the merchants of the town[ CITATION Pur \l 1033 ].

Evolution

The Stephen Court was a Raj period building, but it was not built by a colonial, in fact, much of the
remarkable heritage architecture of the Presidency towns is of Asian provenance, the English mainly built
government institutions to rule from, educational institutions to generate manpower and barracks for the
military which kept them in power, they built an astonishing number of barracks (Kanjilal, 2010).
A civic map of Park Street dating back to 1910 shows a smaller, three-storied building at the spot where
Stephen Court stands today, later, civic records of August-September 1917 mention a single-storeyed
building comprising one shop (Stephen Court, the history & the height, 2010). Constructed in 1923, the
company building compred of three floors on the plot in 1924 with mixed usage (residential and
commercial), there was, however, no differentiation in civic rules regarding residential and commercial
establishments back then (Stephen Court, the history & the height, 2010). An additional floor was added
in 1940 without any legal consultation and in 1984, two more storeys were added illegally resulting in a
notice on the Stephen Court authorities about the three illegal floors and the same year a hearing was held
at the CMC and all three floors were "regularised" after the building authorities paid the necessary penalty
(Stephen Court, the history & the height, 2010). Any legal construction higher than 18 floors required a
clearance from fire department and Stephen court clearly avoided the consultation[ CITATION Ste10 \l
1033 ]
Refer Appendix-3 for the pictures

VULNERABILITY

Kolkata is a city full of tinderboxes, many of which are heritage structures that have been changed and
modified to suit the needs of those who reside or do business in them, and pay little heed to the laws of
the land. The state police, the Kolkata Municipal Corporation and the fire services met on March 26 to
draw up a list of 10 fire-prone residential and commercial premises and these premises were supposed to
be under the scanner after the Nandaram Market fire, but it had taken a Stephen Court to happen for the
authorities to shrug off their inaction (Sen, 2010).

Drawbacks of the Building and surroundings:

Most of these buildings have entrances through which a fire engine cannot enter easily, maze-like
interiors, wooden staircases and ancient lifts, electrical wires hanging dangerously overhead and the
storage of highly inflammable articles add to the hazards, moreover, proper fire-fighting equipment like
sprinklers is also not available and most structures along Park Street are over 100 years old and down the
years considerable internal changes have been made, flouting building norms. In most restaurants, the
kitchens are potential fire hazards and the civic authorities have failed to take necessary preventive
measures, even a posh address like the Park Hotel has a narrow entranceway through which a fire engine
will have difficulty in entering. In the residential buildings like the Queen's and Karnani Mansion, many
homes have been converted into offices and no norms have been followed (Sen, 2010).
The Stephen Court tragedy brought into the limelight two aspects that many Kolkatans know
instinctively:
1. The fire service is inadequate in its resources and the fact that modifications.
2. Alterations to buildings have been done over the years flouting norms.

RESTORATION

2016 saw the restoration of Stephen Court on Park Street, where a fire had killed 43 people in 2010,
getting a coat of paint on the wall facing Middletown street, after extensive repairs and installation of fire-
safety measures, the building is to be painted in a mix of white, bronze and gold (Roy, 2018).

The occupants will be able to apply for an electricity connection, power supply to the building had been
snapped after the devastating fire, CESC restored supply to the Stephen Court Residents Welfare
Association to carry out repairs and install safety measures (Roy, 2018).

Refer Appendix-4 for the pictures

Stephen Court Welfare Association (SCWA)

The welfare association was set up in 2011-12. "All residents and offices contributed money to revive the
gutted portion. The building can be roughly divided into four blocks based on the four lifts operating
there. The fire had damaged the upper floors near lift 2. The 4th, 5th and 6th floors near lift 1 had
collapsed. We also built seven fire escapes. One of the fire escapes is connected to the terrace and all the
floors," Niyogi said, "Around Rs 1.5 crore had been spent on installing fire-safety measures in the
building. A water reservoir with 3.5-lakh litre capacity has been set up" (Roy, 2018).

Appendix-1

Figure 1 Old picture Park street source: https://www.oldindianphotos.in/2015/03/park-street-in-calcutta-kolkata-c1930s.html?

m=0
Figure 2 Old picture Stephen Court source:

Figure 1 Stephen Court at Park Street (Source: (Stephen Court, n.d.)

Figure 2 Clearing of debris after fire Figure 3 Map of Stephen Court (Source: (Roy, 2018)

Appendix-2

Figure 4 Stephen Court historical location Figure 5 fire at Stephen court (source (das, 2010)
(source (Stephen Court, the history & the height, 2010)
Figure 6 After restoration and paint work Source: (Roy, Stephen Court lesson in safety responsibility, 2018)

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 Bhagat, S. (n.d.). Patent Things To Find at Park Street During Christmas In Kolkata. Retrieved
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 Kanjilal, P. (2010, March 26). Yet another colonial hangover. Retrieved from Hindustan Times:
https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/yet-another-colonial-hangover/story-
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 Roy, S. (2018, September 19). Stephen Court lesson in safety responsibility. Retrieved from The
telegraph: https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/stephen-court-lesson-in-safety-
responsibility/cid/1669597

 Roy, S. (2018, March 13). Stephen Court to get a coat of paint. Retrieved from The telegraph
online: https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/stephen-court-to-get-a-coat-of-
paint/cid/1412598

 Sarda, K. (2017, June 21). Kolkata’s Armenian Legacy... Retrieved from Live History India:
https://www.livehistoryindia.com/amazing-india/2017/06/21/kolkatas-armenian-legacy

 Sen, E. (2010, April 12). Wake up call, The Stephen Court fire is the latest symptom of the mess
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https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20100412-wake-up-call-742509-2010-04-01

 Stephen Court. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikimapia: http://wikimapia.org/12945532/Stephen-

Court#/photo/5838791

 Stephen Court, the history & the height. (2010, March 25). Retrieved from The Telegraph online:
https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/stephen-court-the-history-the-height/cid/1570472