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8
CHAPTER

IC Engines, Air standard

Cycles and Compressors

Level-1 (C) temperature ratio

(D) None of these
1. In an Otto cycle, air is compressed from 2.2 L
to 0.26 L from an initial pressure of 6. The clearance volume in reciprocating air
1.2 kg/cm2 . The net output/cycle is 440 J. compressor is provided [IES-2012]
What is the mean effective pressure of the (A) to reduce the work done per kg of air
cycle? [IES-2016] delivered
(A) 227 kPa (B) 207 kPa (B) to increase the volumetric efficiency of
(C) 192 kPa (D) 185 kPa the compressor
(C) to accommodate the valves in the head of
2. A centrifugal compressor is suitable for which the compressor
of the following? [ISRO-2017] (D) to create turbulence in the air to be
(A) High pressure ratio, low mass flow delivered
(B) Low pressure ratio, low mass flow
(C) High pressure ratio, high mass flow 7. For the same compression ratio, the
(D) Low pressure ratio, high mass flow thermodynamic cycles in the order of
decreasing efficiencies are [ISRO-2012]
3. In an ideal gas turbine cycle with intercooling, (A) Dual, Diesel, Otto
reheating and regeneration as the number of (B) Dual, Otto, Diesel
compression and expansion states are (C) Diesel, Dual, Otto
increased, which of the following statements (D) Otto, Dual, Diesel
are correct? [ISRO]
I. The Brayton cycle reduces to Ericsson 8. Which one of the following compressors will
cycle. be used in vapour compression refrigerator
II. The Brayton cycle reduces to Stirling for plants up to 100 tonnes capacity?
cycle. [IES-2019]
III. The cycle efficiency becomes equal to (A) Reciprocating compressor
Carnot cycle efficiency. (B) Rotary compressor
(A) Statement I alone (C) Centrifugal compressor
(B) Statement III alone (D) Double-acting compressor
(C) Statement I and II
(D) Statement II and III 9. Consider the following statements regarding
cycles: [IES-2015]
4. Efficiency of gas turbines lies between 1. Stirling cycle consists of two isothermal
[ISRO-2017] and two adiabatic processes.
(A) 85 to 95% (B) 50 to 60% 2. In vapour compression cycle, the
(C) 30 to 50% (D) 15 to 18% refrigerant is in the form of dry saturated
vapour before entering compressor.
5. The work ratio of a gas turbine is a function of
3. Diesel cycle consists of one constant
[ISRO-2017]
pressure; one constant volume and two
(A) temperature ratio and pressure ratio
isentropic processes
(B) pressure ratio

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
Which of the above statements are correct? Which of the above statements are correct?
(A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 1 and 2 only [IES-2016]
(C) 1 and 3 only (D) 2 and 3 only (A) 1 and 3 only (B) 2 and 3 only
(C) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2 and 3
10. An engine uses a fuel of calorific value 40,000
kJ/kg with air-fuel ratio of 80 : 1 and develops 15. If the intake air temperature of an IC engine
a net output of 80 kJ/kg of air. The thermal increases, its efficiency will [IES-2018]
efficiency of the cycle is [IES-2015] (A) remain same
(A) 12% (B) 16% (B) decrease
(C) 20% (D) 18% (C) increase
(D) remain unpredictable
11. Consider the following statements:
1. Carnot, Ericsson and Stirling cycles are 16. A four-stroke single-cylinder SI engine of 6 cm
ideal power cycles that are completely diameter and 10 cm stroke running at 4000
reversible r.p.m. develops power at a mean effective
2. Ericsson cycle is not practical engine pressure of 10 bars. The power developed by
cycle the engine is [IES-2018]
3. Stirling cycle is the only practical power (A) 9.42 kW (B) 5.54 kW
cycle among the above (C) 4.92 kW (D) 2.94 kW
4. All these cycles have the same thermal
efficiency 17. Consider the following statements for the air-
Which of the above statements are correct? standard efficiency of Diesel cycle:
[IES-2015] 1. For the same compression ratio, the
(A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (B) 1, 2 and 4 only efficiency decreases with increasing
(C) 2, 3 and 4 only (D) 1, 2 and 3 only cutoff ratios.
2. For the same compression ratio and
12. For the same efficiency of the Brayton cycle same heat input, Diesel cycle is more
and the Carnot cycle working between efficient than Otto cycle.
temperature limits of Tmax and Tmin , the 3. For constant maximum pressure and
power contribution of the Brayton cycle will constant heat input, Diesel cycle is more
be [IES-2017] efficient than Otto cycle.
(A) zero Which of the above statements are correct?
(B) maximum [IES-2018]
(C) minimum (A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 1 and 2 only
(D) 50% of the Carnot cycle (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 2 and 3 only

13. In a two stage reciprocating air-compressor 18. Consider the following statements:
with a suction pressure of 2 bar and delivery Combustion chamber is
pressure of 8 bar, the ideal intercooler 1. the volume between TDC and BDC
pressure will be [IES-2016] during the combustion process
(A) 10 bar (B) 6 bar 2. the space enclosed between the upper
(C) 4 bar (D) 3 bar part of the cylinder and the top of the
piston during the combustion process
14. Consider the following statements regarding 3. the space enclosed between TDC and the
C.I. engine: top of the piston during the combustion
1. C.I. engines are more bulky than S.I. process
engine Which of the above statements is/are correct?
2. C.I. engines are more efficient than S.I. [IES-2019]
engines (A) 1 only (B) 2 only
3. Lighter flywheels are required in C.I. (C) 3 only (D) 1, 2 and 3
engines

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
19. Consider the following statements: (A) 1.28 kg/min (B) 1.36 kg/min
[IES-2017] (C) 1.42 kg/min (D) 1.54 kg/min
The volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating
compressor can be improved by 5. In practical spark Ignition engines, T1 is fixed
1. decreasing the clearance volume at ambient temperature and T3 is fixed by the
2. cooling the intake air maximum temperature that can avoid the
3. heating the intake air knocking phenomenon, for fixed values of
Which of the above statements is/are correct? T1 and T3 , the compression ratio for maximum
(A) 2 only (B) 3 only work output per unit mass of air flowing
(C) 1 and 2 (D) 1 and 3 round the cycle is given by rk =?
1 1
T3 2(1−γ) T3 (1−γ)
20. A centrifugal compressor has a pressure ratio (A) rk = ( ) (B) rk = ( )
T1 T1
of 5 and air consumption of 30 kg/s. The inlet 1 1
T1 2(1−γ) T1 1−γ
temperature and pressure are 15°C and 1 bar (C) rk = ( ) (D) rk = ( )
respectively. For an isentropic efficiency of T3 T3
0.85, the power required by the compressor
6. A large diesel engine runs on a 4 stroke cycle
will be nearly [IES-2019]
at 2000 rpm. The engine has a displacement of
(A) 5930 kW (B) 5778 kW
25 litre and a brake mean effective pressure
(C) 5586 kW (D) 5397 kW
of 0.6 MN/m2 . It consumes 0.018 kg/s of fuel
(calorific value = 42000 kJ/kg). Determine
Level-2 the brake power. [ISRO-2015]
(A) 250 kW
1. A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 14
(B) 225 kW
and cutoff takes place at 6% of the stroke. The
(C) 275 kW
air standard efficiency will be [IES-2019]
(D) None of the above
(A) 74.5% (B) 60.5%
(C) 52.5% (D) 44.5%
7. The swept volume of a diesel engine working
2. A 4-stroke, 6-cylinder gas engine with a stroke on dual cycle is 0.0053 m3 and clearance
volume of 1.75 litres develops 26.25 kW at volume is 0.00035 m3 .The maximum pressure
506 r.p.m. and the MEP is 600 kN/m2 . The is 65 bar. Fuel injection ends at 5 percent of
number of misfires per minute per cylinder the stroke. The temperature and pressure at
will be [IES-2019] the start of the compression are 80°C and 0.9
(A) 3 (B) 4 bar. Determine the air standard efficiency of
(C) 5 (D) 6 the cycle (in %). Take γ for air= 1.4.

3. A 2-stroke oil engine has bore of 20 cm, stroke 8. Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine
30 cm, speed 350 r.p.m., i.m.e.p. 275 kN/m2 , plant operating on Brayton cycle
net brake load 610 N, diameter of brake drum at 101.325 kPa, 27°C. The pressure ratio in the
1 m, oil consumption 4.25 kg/hr, calorific cycle is 6. Calculate the maximum
value of fuel 44 × 103 kJ/kg. The indicated temperature in the cycle and the cycle
thermal efficiency will be [IES-2019] efficiency. Assume WT = 2.5 WC , where WT
(A) 29.1% (B) 31.3% and WC are the turbine and the compressor
(C) 33.5% (D) 35.7% work respectively. Take γ = 1.4
(A) 978°C and 40%
4. The compressor of an ammonia refrigerating (B) 978 K and 40%
machine has a volumetric efficiency of 85% (C) 1251 K and 43.6%
and swept volume of 0.28 m3 /min. Ammonia (D) 1251°C and 43.6%
having a dry specific volume of 0.25 m3 /kg
enters the compressor with a dryness fraction 9. If the maximum pressure in both air-standard
of 0.7. The mass flow rate of ammonia through Otto and Diesel cycles is the same, then the
the machine is [IES-2018]

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
relations for compression ratio r and the 2. For the same compression ratio and
efficiency η between the two cycles are same input, the thermal efficiency of an
[IES-2017] Otto cycle is more than that of a Diesel
(A) rDiesel > rOtto and ηDiesel > ηOtto cycle
(B) rOtto > rDiesel and ηDiesel > ηOtto 3. The thermal efficiency of a Diesel cycle
(C) rDiesel > rOtto and ηOtto > ηDiesel increases with decrease of cutoff ratio
(D) rOtto > rDiesel and ηOtto > ηDiesel Which of the above statements are correct?
[IES-2016]
10. Consider the following statements for single- (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only
stage reciprocating compressors: [IES-2017] (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2 and 3
1. Isothermal process is the most desirable
process for compression. 14. Consider the following statements:
2. The size of clearance volume provided in 1. Both Otto and Diesel cycles are special
the compressor has no effect on work cases of dual combustion cycle
done per kg of air delivered. 2. Combustion process in IC engines is
3. The volumetric efficiency of the neither fully constant volume nor fully
compressor decreases with increasing constant pressure process
pressure. 3. Combustion process in ideal cycle is
Which of the above statements are correct? replaced by heat addition from internal
(A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only source in closed cycle
(C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2 and 3 4. Exhaust process is replaced by heat
rejection in ideal cycle
11. Statement I: The volume of air taken into the Which of the above statements are correct?
cylinder of a reciprocating air compressor is [IES-2016]
less than the stroke volume of the cylinder. (A) 1, 2 and 3 only (B) 3 and 4 only
Statement II: Air that has been compressed to (C) 1, 2 and 4 only (D) 1, 2, 3 and 4
clearance volume expands to larger volumes
during the suction stroke. [IES-2017] 15. An ideal closed-cycle gas turbine plant is
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are working between the temperatures
individually true, and Statement II is the 927°C and 27°C using air as working fluid. The
correct explanation of Statement I pressure ratio for maximum output is
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are [IES-2018]
individually true, but Statement II is not (A) 11.3 (B) 13.3
the correct explanation of Statement I (C) 15.3 (D) 17.3
(C) Statement I is true, but Statement II is
false 16. Which of the following units increase the work
(D) Statement I is false, but Statement II is ratio in a gas turbine plant? [IES-2016]
true 1. Regeneration
2. Reheating
12. An ideal Otto-cycle works between minimum 3. Intercooling
and maximum temperatures of 300 K and (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 2 and 3 only
1800 K. What is the compression ratio of the (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2 and 3
cycle for maximum work output when γ = 1.5
for this ideal gas? [IES-2016] 17. In a gas turbine the compressor is driven by
(A) 5 (B) 6 the high pressure turbine. The exhaust from
(C) 7 (D) 8 the high pressure turbine goes to a free low
pressure turbine which runs the load. The air
13. Consider the following statements:
flow rate is 20 kg/s and the minimum and
1. The air standard efficiency of an Otto
maximum temperatures are respectively
cycle is a function of the properties of the
300 K and 1000 K. The compressor pressure
working substance (gas)
ratio is 4. Calculate the pressure ratio of the

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
low pressure turbine. The compressor and
turbine are isentropic. Cp of air and exhaust
gases = 1 kJ/kg­K and γ = 1.4.
18. The maximum net specific work obtained in
an ideal Brayton cycle for
Tmax = 900 K and Tmin = 400 K is given by
[IES-2015]
(A) 100 Cp (B) 500 Cp
(C) 700 Cp (D) 800 Cp
19. Consider the following statements:
1. The only practical way of improving
efficiency of Otto cycle is to increase the
compression ratio of an internal
combustion engine
2. Ericsson cycle needs heat transfer in all
the processes
3. Ericsson and Stirling cycles employ
regenerative heat exchangers for
reversible heat transfer
4. Atkinson cycle has a greater specific
work than a comparable Otto cycle
engine
Which of the above statements are correct?
[IES-2015]
(A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (B) 1, 2 and 4 only
(C) 2, 3 and 4 only (D) 1, 2 and 3 only
20. Statement I: The cut off ratio of a Diesel
engine cycle should be greater than one, but
should be as low as possible
Statement II: Lower cut off ratio does
improve the thermal efficiency but lowers the
specific work output. Hence, the value of
cutoff ratio must be optimized. [IES]
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are
individually true, and Statement II is the
correct explanation of Statement I
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are
individually true, but Statement II is not
the correct explanation of Statement I
(C) Statement I is true, but Statement II is
false
(D) Statement I is false, but Statement II is
true
Level-3
1. In a gas turbine the compressor takes in air at
a temperature of 15°C and compresses it to
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four times the initial pressure with an
isentropic efficiency of 82%. The air then
passes through a heat exchanger, heated by
the turbine exhaust before reaching the
combustion chamber. In the heat exchanger
78% of the available heat is given to the air.
The maximum temperature after constant
pressure combustion is 600°C, and the
efficiency of the turbine is 70%. Neglecting all
losses except those mentioned, and assuming
the working fluid throughout the cycle to have
the characteristic of air find the efficiency of
the cycle (in %). (Assume R = 0.287 kJ/kg­K
and γ = 1.4 for air and constant specific heats
throughout)
2. The processes within the cylinder of a spark
ignition engine are modelled as an air-
standard Otto cycle. The state at the beginning
of the compression is p1 = 0.1 MPa and
T1 = 300 K. The compression ratio is 8 and the
maximum temperature of the cycle is 1400 K.
There is a modification in the cycle in which
the isentropic compression and expansion
processes are replaced with polytropic
processes having polytropic index n = 1.3.
The cycle efficiency due to such modification
is _____________. (For air R = 0.287 kJ/kg­K,
cp = 1.005 kJ/kg­K and cv = 0.718 kJ/kg­K).
3. In an air standard Diesel cycle, the
compression ratio is 16, and at the beginning
of isentropic compression, the temperature is
15°C and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. Heat is
added until the temperature at the end of the
constant pressure process is 1480°C. Calculate
the cycle efficiency, and the m.e.p.
(A) 61%, 700 kPa (B) 58%, 650 kPa
(C) 62%, 720 kPa (D) 59%, 680 kPa
4. The processes within each cylinder of a four-
stroke compression ignition engine having
three cylinders are modelled as an air-
standard Diesel cycle. The displacement
volume is 1248 cc and the state of air at the
beginning of compression is
p1 = 0.1 MPa, T1 = 300 K and V1 = 1326 cc.
The cut-off takes place at 5% of the stroke. If
the engine runs at 1800 rpm, determine the
power output from the engine.
101
 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
5. An air standard dual cycle has a compression
ratio of 16, and compression begins at 1
bar, 50°C. The maximum pressure is 70 bar.
The heat transferred to air at constant
pressure is equal to that at constant volume.
Estimate the m.e.p., of the cycle (in bar),
cv = 0.718 kJ/kg­K , cp = 1.005 kJ/kg­K.
6. In a gas turbine plant, working on the Brayton
cycle with a regenerator of 75% effectiveness,
the air at the inlet to the compressor is at 0.1
MPa. 30°C, the pressure ratio is 6, and the
maximum cycle temperature is 900°C. If the
turbine and compressor have each an
efficiency of 80% find the percentage increase
in the cycle efficiency due to regeneration as
compared to the cycle without regeneration.
7. The following refer to a stationary gas turbine:
Compressor inlet temperature = 311 K
Compressor pressure ratio = 8
Combustion chamber pressure drop = 5% of
inlet pressure
Turbine inlet temperature = 1367 K
Turbine exit and compressor inlet pressures
are atmospheric.
There exists a facility to take air from the
compressor exit for use in cooling the turbine.
Find the percentage of air that may be taken
from the compressor for this purpose so that
the overall cycle efficiency drops by 5% from
that of the case of no usage of compressed air
for cooling of turbine. For simplicity, assume
the following:
(a) Take properties of gas through the
turbine as those of air
(b) Addition of cooling air to the turbine and
addition of fuel to the combustion
chamber do not affect the turbine power
and
(c) Compressor and turbine efficiencies are
0.87 and 0.90, respectively.
8. In an engine working on Dual cycle, the
temperature and pressure at the beginning of
the cycle are 90°C and 1 bar respectively. The
compression ratio is 9. The maximum
pressure is limited to 68 bar and total heat
supplied per kg of air is 1750 kJ. Determine:
(i) Air standard efficiency
(ii) Mean effective pressure.
(A) 62% and 12.1 bar
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(B) 58.34% and 11.04 bar
(C) 58.34% and 9.06 bar
(D) 62% and 14.56 bar
9. In an ideal Brayton cycle, air from the
atmosphere at 1 atm, 300 K is compressed to
6 atm and the maximum cycle temperature is
limited to 110 K by using a large air-fuel ratio.
If the heat supply is 100 MW. The work ratio,
and exergy flow rate of the exhaust gas leaving
the turbine is
(A) 0.545, 20.53 MW
(B) 0.401, 20.53 MW
(C) 0.401, 0.123 MW
(D) 0.545, 0.123 MW
Common data for Question No. 10 to 12
A gas-turbine power plant operating on an
ideal Brayton cycle has a pressure ratio of 8.
The gas temperature is 300K at the
compressor inlet and 1300K at the turbine
inlet. Utilizing the air-standard assumptions,
10. Determine the back work ratio, and the
thermal efficiency?
(A) 0.5 and 55.6% (B) 0.3 and 44.5%
(C) 0.4 and 44.8% (D) 0.5 and 43%
11. Assuming a compressor efficiency of 80
percent and a turbine efficiency of 85 percent,
determine, the thermal efficiency, and the
turbine exit temperature of the gas-turbine
cycle.
(A) 27% and 805.01 K
(B) 72.5% and 717.66 K
(C) 72.5% and 805.07 K
(D) 27% and 717.66 K
12. Determine the thermal efficiency of the gas-
turbine (in %) described in question 11 if a
regenerator having an effectiveness of 80
percent is installed?
13. An ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of
compression and two stages of expansion has
an overall pressure ratio of 8. Air enters each
stage of the compressor at 300 K and each
stage of the turbine at 1300 K. Determine the
thermal efficiency of this gas-turbine cycle,
assuming (a) no regenerators and (b) an ideal
regenerator with 100 percent effectiveness.
use hair = Cp T
102
 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
(A) 37.4% and 69% (B) 40% and 75%
(C) 33.6% and 65% (D) 52.3% and 75%
Common Data for Question No. 14 and 15
A single cylinder reciprocating compressor
has a bore of 120 mm and a stroke of 150 mm,
and is driven at a speed of 1200 rpm. It is
compressing CO2 gas from a pressure of 120
kPa and a temperature of 20°C to a
temperature of 215°C. Assuming polytropic
compression with n = 1.3, no clearance and
volumetric efficiency of 100%,
14. Calculate shaft power, with a mechanical
efficiency of 80% and mass flow rate.
(A) 11.27 kW and 0.567 kg/s
(B) 14.1 kW and 0.725 kg/s
(C) 14.1 kW and 0.0725 kg/s
(D) 1.12 kW and 0.52 kg/s
15. If a second stage of equal pressure ratio was
added, calculate the overall pressure ratio,
and the bore of the second stage cylinder, if
the same stroke was maintained.
(A) 80 and 57 mm (B) 72 and 53 mm
(C) 80 and 57 mm (D) 72 and 57 mm
16. A single acting single cylinder reciprocating
air compressor running at 450 rpm receives
air at 100 kPa, 20°C. The compressor delivers
air at 600 kPa at a flow rate of 0.15 m3 /s ,
measured at suction conditions. The clearance
volume is 5% of the swept volume and the
stroke/bore ratio is 1.2. The index of
compression and expansion is 1.3. The
mechanical efficiency of the compressor is
85%. The power needed to drive the
compressor and the cylinder bore is
(A) 40 kW and 30 cm
(B) 35 kW and 0.3 cm
(C) 40 W and 30 cm
(D) 35 kW and 30 cm
17. A single acting reciprocating air compressor
deals with 0.01 m3 /s of air at 101 kPa and
15°C. The compressor running at 150 rpm
receives air at 98 kPa, 30°C and delivers at
750 kPa. The bore and stroke of the cylinder
are 320 and 400 mm, respectively. The law of
compression and expansion is
PV1.25 = constant. The mechanical efficiency
of the compressor is 82%. The isothermal
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efficiency and the clearance ratio of the
cylinder is
(A) 81% and C=21% (B) 83% and C=13%
(C) 78% and C=13% (D) 80% and C=21%
18. A single-acting two-stage air compressor deals
with 4 m3 /min of air at 1.013 bar and 15°C
with a speed of 250 rpm. The delivery
pressure is 80 bar. Assuming complete
intercooling, find the minimum power
required by the compressor and the bore of
the compressor. Assume a piston speed of 3
m/s, mechanical efficiency of 75% and
volumetric efficiency of 80% per stage.
Assume the polytropic index of compression
in both the stages to be n = 1.25 and neglect
clearance.
(A) 49 kW and 9 cm (B) 43 kW and 15 cm
(C) 49 kW and 15 cm (D) 45 kW and 10 cm
19. The pressure and temperature of air supplied
to an a engine are 700 kPa and 38°C,
respectively. Cut-off takes place at 0.4 times of
the stroke. Expansion follows the law
pv1.3 = C (Constant) to the release point,
which is at the end of the outstroke. The
pressure then falls to the constant back
pressure of 112 kPa.
Admission
p1 1 pv n = C
p
2
p3 Exhaust
3
b v
Neglect the effect of clearance and assuming
that the area of the actual indicator diagram is
0.85 of that outlined above, determine the
indicated output if the air mass is 1.25 kg.
(in kJ)
20. A reciprocating air compressor is to be
designed to compress 6 kg/min of air from
100 kPa and 20°C. The compressor delivers
compressed air at 1.8 MPa. The index of
compression and expansion, n is equal to 1.3.
Calculate the savings in power consumption,
when a two stage compressor is used in place
of a single stage compressor. For two stages
assume there is perfect intercooling in the
intermediate stages.
103
 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
6. [Ans. C]
Answer keys and Solutions The clearance volume do not effect the
specific work required for compression and
Level-1 increasing the clearance volume decreases the
volumetric efficiency. Clearance volume is
1. [Ans. A] provided to accommodate the valves in the
Wcycle head of compressor and to avoid the coalition
Pm =
Vstroke of piston with the cylinder head.
Vstroke = (2.2 − 0.26) × 10−3 m3
Substituting values we get Pm = 227 kPa 7. [Ans. D]
When the compression ratio is the same, Otto
2. [Ans. D] cycle is the most efficient and diesel cycle is
Centrifugal pumps and compressors are used the least efficient.
for high discharge and low pressure ratio.
8. [Ans. C]
3. [Ans. C] For such high refrigeration capacity, the mass
With infinite number of intercooling, flow rate through the compressor must be
reheating and regeneration, the heating and very high. So the required compressor would
heat rejection process becomes isothermal be a centrifugal compressor .
and hence the cycle efficiency becomes equal
to the Carnot cycle efficiency. But since the 9. [Ans. D]
regeneration process in an ideal gas turbine is Stirling cycle consists of 2 isothermal and 2
isobaric, the ideal gas turbine cycle with isochoric processes. The statement 2 and 3 are
perfect intercooling, reheating and correct.
regeneration becomes an Ericsson cycle with
two isobaric and two isothermal processes. 10. [Ans. B]
Per kg of air
4. [Ans. A] Work produced = 80 kJ
The efficiency of a gas turbine is quite high 1
and in the range of 85 to 95% while the cycle Fuel consumed = kg = 0.0125 kg
80
efficiency is usually below 50%. Energy consumed = Mfuel × Cfuel = 500 kJ
80
η= = 16%
5. [Ans. A] 500
Work ratio is the ratio of total work output to
the turbine work. i.e., 11. [Ans. B]
Wcycle Wturbine − Wcompressor Carnot, Ericsson and Stirling, all three are
= reversible cycle with isothermal heat addition
Wturbine Wturbine
and rejection and same efficiency. All of these
∆Tturbine − |∆Tcompressor |
= cycles are practically impossible.
∆Tturbine
Now the work ratio may look like a function of 12. [Ans. A]
temperature only but the outlet temperature If both the cycles operate between same max
of compressor and turbine are a function of and min temperature limits.
the pressure ratio between which these
2′ 3 2, 3
component works T3
Pmax (γ−1/γ) Tout compressor Tin turbine η′Brayton = ηCarnot
I. E ( ) = = T 2 4 T
Pmin Tin compressor Tout turbine
1 4′ T4
Now the inlet temperature of compressor and 1, 4
turbine are fixed due to ambient and S S
metallurgical conditions. (Fig 1) (Fig 2)
So the work ratio is a function of temperature Now since the Brayton cycle receives less heat
and pressure ratio. and reject more, the only way both the cycle

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
can have same efficiency is, if the compressor But for constant max pressure and heat input,
outlet (T2 ) and turbine inlet (T3 ) temperature Diesel cycle is more efficient than Otto cycle.
are same and turbine outlet (T4 ) and
compressor inlet (T1 ) temperature are same, 18. [Ans. B]
(Fig 2) in that case the network output of The combustion chamber is the space
Brayton cycle will be zero. between the top of the cylinder and the top of
the piston.
13. [Ans. C]
Ideal intercooler pressure is the geometric 19. [Ans. C]
mean of the minimum and maximum Decreasing the clearance volume will
pressure. i.e., PIC = √Pmin Pmax definitely increase the volumetric efficiency as
Substituting values, we get the ideal pressure less air will be trapped in the clearance
is 4 bar. volume, so more air can be pulled in with
suction stroke. Cooling the inlet air will
14. [Ans. C] decrease the temperature limits in
CI engines are Diesel engines, so they are compressor, shrinking the residual gas and
more bulky and efficient than SI (Petrol) increasing volumetric efficiency. Heating the
engine and because they produce a high inlet air will decrease the volumetric
amount of power, they require a heavier efficiency since cooling it increases the
flywheel to store that energy as rotational efficiency.
Kinetic energy.
20. [Ans. A]
15. [Ans. B] The power consumed by the compressor
The intake air temperature is the minimum Wideal
= ; Wideal = mCp ΔT
temperature in any IC engine cycle, If it η
increases, the mean temperature of heat T2 P2 (γ−1)/γ
rejection increases and as a result more heat And =( ) = 50.4/1.4 = 1.58
T1 P1
is rejected without any addition of extra heat. The inlet temperature, T1 = 288 K
So efficiency will decrease.
So T2 = 456.14 K
So Wideal = 30 × 1 × (456.14 − 288)
16. [Ans. A]
= 5044.2 kW
Wcycle = Pm × Vstroke
And power consumed = 5934.35 kW
So work per cycle
π
= (10 × 105 ) × ( × (0.062 ) × 0.1) = 0.28kJ/cycle Level-2
4
A 4 stroke engine completes 1 cycle in every 2
revolution of the crank. 1. [Ans. B]
So the engine will complete 2000 cycles/min 1 1 rc γ − 1
η=1− × ×
or 33.33 cycles every second. So the work rv γ−1 γ (rc − 1)
produced per second by the engine Where rv is the compression ratio
= 0.28 kJ/cycle × 33.33 cycles/s And rc is cut­off ratio
= 9.33 kJ/s = 9.33 kW Vcut off
rc =
Vclearance
17. [Ans. C] Since cutoff occurs at 6% of the stroke,
1 1 rc γ − 1 Vcut off = Vclearance + 0.06Vstroke
η = 1 − γ−1 × ×
rv γ (rc − 1) Vmax
And rv = and
Where rv is the compression ratio Vclearance
And rc is cut­off ratio. Vstroke = Vmax − Vclearance
So, clearly as cut off ratio will increase, the So Vcut off = Vclearance [1 + 0.06(rv − 1)]
efficiency will decrease. = 1.78Vclearance
If compression ratio and heat input is same, So rc = 1.78 and γ = 1.4 for air
then Otto cycle is more efficient then diesel. Substituting values we get η = 60%

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
2. [Ans. A] whole of the 0.238m3 /min of volume entering
Stroke volume = 1.75 liter the compressor is of Ammonia vapour. So the
→ Work produced per cycle mass of vapour
= MEP × Vs = 600 × (1.75 × 10−3 ) V̇ 0.238
(mv ) = = = 0.952 kg/min
= 1.05 kJ/cycle v 0.25
→ Since the engine is running at 506 rpm and So the total mass of mixture
each cycle requires 2 rotations of crank. So (mmix ) entering the compressor
each cylinder will go through 253 cycles per mv
=
minute (or) 4.2166 cycles per sec per cylinder. dryness fraction
Hence one cylinder will produce, = 1.36 kg/min
4.2166 × 1.05 = 4.4275 kW/cylinder
→ All the 6 cylinders will produce, 5. [Ans. C]
6 × 4.4275 = 26.565 kW The net work output from the air-standard
→ But the actual power output is 26.25 kW Otto cycle per unit mass of air is given by
because there are some cycles during which 3
no power is produced.
→ So the actual power produced per cylinder
26.25
p
is = 4.375 kW, instead of ideal power 2 4
6
(4.4275 kW)
1
→ Now the number of effective cycles per v
second that produce
Wnet = Cv [T3 − T2 ] − Cv [T4 − T1 ]
4.375 kW/cylinder
4.375 kW ⇒ For the isentropic process compression
1.05 kJ/cycle
process 1-2, we get
= 4.1666 cycles/sec­cylinder
v1 γ−1 γ−1 v1
→ So the no. of misfires per second T2 = T1 ( ) = T1 rk ; where rk =
v2 v2
= 4.2166 − 4.1666 = 0.05/second­cylinder
Similarly, for the isentropic expansion
→ So the no. of misfires in the cylinder per
process. 3-4, we have
minute = 0.05 × 60 = 3 v3 γ−1 T3
T4 = T3 ( ) = γ−1 ; since v3 = v2 and v1 = v4
v4 rk
3. [Ans. A]
Substituting the values of T2 and T4 and in the
The Wcycle = i. m. e. p × Vstroke = 2.6 kJ/cycle. expression of wnet , we have
A 2 stroke engine will complete 1 cycle per T3
γ−1
revolution of crank, so in 1 minute 350 cycles wnet = Cv [T3 − T1 rk − γ−1 + T1 ]
rk
will be completed and per second 5.83 cycles For fixed values of T1 and T3 , wnet , will be
will be completed. So per second the engine dwnet
maximum when = 0. Thus
will produce 15.16 kW of energy, which is the dr

indicated power. d γ−1 T3

C [T − T1 rk − γ−1 + T1 ] = 0
The power consumed per second drk v 3 rk
= Cf × Fuel consumption per second; d γ−1 T3
or C [T − T1 rk − γ−1 + T1 ] = 0
4.25 drk v 3 rk
Pconsumed = 44000 × ( ) = 51.94 kW
3600 or, −T1 (γ − 1)rk
γ−1−1
+ (γ − 1)T3 rk
−(γ−1)−1
=0
Pindicated −γ γ−2
ηthermal indicated = = 29.1% or, T3 rk = T1 rk
Pconsumed 1
2(1−γ) T1 T1 2(1−γ)
or, rk = ⇒ rk = ( )
4. [Ans. B] T3 T3
The actual volume of ammonia entering the
0.238m3 6. [Ans. A]
compressor = ηv × V =
min Pm = Wcycle /Volumestroke
mv
The dryness fraction = = 0.7 Substituting values,
mmix
Wcycle
Since the liquid has negligible volume as 0.6 × 106 = 25
compared to vapour, It can be assumed that ( )
1000

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
Wcycle = 15 kJ/cycle Putting the value of r, ρ and β in equation ①,
Now a cycle will be completed for every 2 We get,
revolution of the engine, so per minute 1000 1
ηdual = 1 −
such cycles are completed and so per second (16.14)1.4−1
(
1000
) = 16.667 such cycles are completed. 1.47 × (1.76)1.4 − 1
60 [ ]
(1.47 − 1) + 1.47 × 1.4(1.76 − 1)
So work produced per second by the engine
3.243 − 1
= Wcycle × No. of cycle per second = 250 kW = 7 − 0.328 [ ]
0.47 + 1.564
The work output of the cycle is the brake
= 0.6383 or 63.83%
power.

7. [Ans. *]Range: 60 to 66 8. [Ans. A]

Pressure of intake air, p1 = 101.325 kPa
p(bar)
Temperature of intake air, T1 = 27 + 273
3 4
65 = 300 K
The pressure ratio in the cycle, rp = 6
2 Adiabatic (i) Maximum temperature in the cycle, T8 :
T
Adiabatic 5
3
0.9 1(80°C)
p=C
Vs = 0.0053m3 V(m3 )
2
Vc = V3 = V2 = 0.00035 m3 4
3 p=C
Swept volume, Vs = 0.0053 m
1
Clearance volume, Vc = V3 = V2 = 0.00035 m3
s
Maximum pressure, P3 = P4 = 65 bar γ−1
T2 p2 γ
γ−1 1.4−1
Initial temperature, T1 = 80 + 273 = 353 K = ( ) = (rp ) = (6) 1.4 = 1.668
γ

Initial pressure, P1 = 0.9 bar T1 p1

∴ T2 = 1.668 × T1 = 1.668 × 300 = 500.4 K
ηdual =?
T3 γ−1 1.4−1
The efficiency of a dual combustion cycle is Also, = (rp ) γ = (6) 1.4 = 1.668
T4
given by
γ T3
1 γp γc − 1 ∴ T4 =
ηdual = 1 − γ−1 [ ]⋯① 1.668
(r) (γp − 1) + γp γ(γc − 1) But, WT = 2.5 WC (Given)
V1 Vs + Vc ∴ mcp (T3 − T4 ) = 2.5 mcp (T2 − T1 )
Compression ratio, r = =
V2 Vc T3
0.0053 + 0.00035 or T3 − = 2.5(500.4 − 300) = 501
= = 16.14 1.668
0.00035 1
[∵ V2 = Vc = Clearance volume] or T3 (1 − ) = 501
1.668
5 501
V4 100 Vs + V3 ∴ T3 = = 1251 K or 978°C
Cut­off ratio, γc = = (1 −
1
)
V3 V3 1.668
0.05Vs + Vc (ii) Cycle efficiency, ηcycle :
= (∵ V2 = V3 = Vc )
Vc T3 1251
0.05 × 0.0053 + 0.00035 Now, T4 = = = 750 K
= = 1.757 ≈ 1.76 1.668 1.668
0.00035 Net work
Also during the compression operation 1-2, ∴ ηcycle =
Heat added
γ γ
p1 V1 = p2 V2 mcp (T3 − T4 ) − mcp (T2 − T1 )
p2 V1 γ =
or = ( ) = (16.14)1.4 = 49.14 mcp (T3 − T2 )
p1 V2
(1251 − 750) − (500.4 − 300)
or p2 = p1 × 49.14 = 0.9 × 49.14 = 44.22 bar =
p3 65 (1251 − 500.4)
Pressure or explosion ratio, γp = = = 1.47 = 0.4 or 40%
p2 44.22

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
9. [Ans. A]
For the same maximum pressure
pmax
p
V addition from the surrounding (and not from
The efficiency and compression ratio, both
will be higher for diesel cycle.
10. [Ans. D]
Isothermal compression requires the least
amount of compression work, hence it is the
most preferable for a compressor. The size of
clearance volume has no effect on the specific
work required to compress the gas. If the
clearance space is fixed, as the high pressure
increases, the volumetric efficiency will
decrease.
11. [Ans. A]
The air that is trapped in the clearance volume
at the end of delivery stroke (high pressure)
14. [Ans. C]
Dual cycle can be understood as the
combination of both Otto and diesel cycle. So
it can be said that Otto and diesel cycle are
special cases of Dual cycle. In reality, the
combustion process in IC engines are neither
isochoric, neither isobaric. In ideal cycle, there
is no combustion process, instead there is heat
any internal source) and heat rejection to the
surrounding.
Since the suction and exhaust process are the
exact opposite of each other, so even if they
are drawn, then they are cancelled out in the
ideal cycle. So ideal cycle do not have any
suction or exhaust process.
15. [Ans. A]
Let the pressure ratio be r
Tout
γ−1
For isentropic compression =r γ
Tin
For compression, The inlet temperature is
γ−1
300k, so the outlet temperature is 300r γ
Similarly for isentropic expansion in turbine
Tin γ−1

will expand during the suction stroke (low =r γ

Tout
pressure) and hence will reduce the amount of For the turbine, the inlet temperature is
air sucked in. This is the reason why (1−γ)

volumetric efficiency of compressors are less 1200K, so the outlet temperature is 1200r γ

The work output

than one. i.e., the volume of air sucked in is (1−γ) γ−1
less than the stroke volume of the piston. = CP [(1 − r γ ) 1200 − (r γ − 1) 300]
Differentiating the above equation with
12. [Ans. B]
respect to r and equating it to zero to get max
For an ideal Otto cycle, let the compression
work output, we get r = 11.31
ratio be r with minimum temperature of 300K,
the temperature at exit of compression
16. [Ans. B]
is T2 = 300r γ−1 . Wcycle WT − Wc Wc
Similarly for maximum temperature of 1800, Work ratio = = =1−
WTurbine WT WT
the temperature at exit of expansion is
So, any process that increases specific work of
T4 = 1800r1−γ
turbine or decreases specific work of
So Wout = Cv [1800(1 − r1−γ ) − 300(r γ−1 − 1)]
compressor will increase work ratio.
Differentiating the above equation with
Regeneration in gas turbine does not effect the
respect to r and equating it to zero to get
work output or work input, regeneration only
maximum work gives, r = 6.
decreases the amount of heat added and
13. [Ans. C] rejected, increasing the thermal efficiency of
The air standard efficiency of an Otto cycle is cycle. Reheating increases WT , without
the function of properties of Air, and not any changing Wc so reheating increases work
other gas. For the same compression ratio, ratio. Intercooling decreases Wc and thus
Otto cycle is more efficient than Diesel. increase work ratio.
The thermal efficiency of Diesel cycle decrease
as cut off is increased.

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
17. [Ans. *]Range 2.2 to 2.4 19. [Ans. A]
T(K) The efficiency of Otto cycle depends on its
3 compression ratio, so to increase the
1000
p4 efficiency, compression ratio must be
increased.
4 Since Ericsson cycle do not employ any
5 adiabatic process, heat interaction with the
2
surrounding occurs in every process and these
300 exchanges occur through regenerative heat
1 exchangers.
s
Given, Atkinson cycle is a modified Otto cycle where
ṁa = 20 kg/s, T1 = 300 K, T3 = 1000 K, the heat rejection occurs at constant pressure,
p2 instead of constant volume. This expansion
= 4, cp = 1 kJ/kg­K, γ = 1.4
p1 allows more work to be delivered with higher
Pressure ratio of low pressure turbine, efficiency as heat is rejected at lower
p4 temperatures.
=?
p5
Since the compressor is driven by high 20. [Ans. A]
pressure turbine, The cut off ratio should be less so that the
T2 p2 γ
γ−1
0.4 efficiency is more, however since in diesel
∴ = ( ) = (4)1.4 = 1.486 engine, the heat addition takes place at
T1 p1
or T2 = 300 × 1.486 = 445.8 K constant pressure, if the cut off ratio becomes
Also, ṁa cp (T2 − T1 ) = ṁa cp (T3 − T4 ) one i.e., Vcut off = Vclearance , then no heat
or T2 − T1 = T3 − T4 addition to the cycle will take place. Hence cut
445.8 − 300 = 1000 − T4 , or T4 = 854.2 K off ratio must be greater than 1 but as low as
For process 3-4: possible.
γ−1 1.4
T3 p3 γ p3 T3 0.4
=( ) or =( ) Level-3
T4 p4 p4 T4
p3 1000 3.5 1. [Ans. *]Range: 10 to 13
or =( ) = 1.736
p4 854.2 T(K)
p3 p3 p5 p5 p3 p2
Now, = × =4× (∵ = = 4)
p4 p5 p4 p4 p5 p1 3
p5 1 p 3 1 873
∴ = ( ) = × 1.736 = 0.434
p4 4 p 4 4
Hence, pressure ratio of low pressure turbine, 673
p4 1 626 5 4′
= = = 2.3 2′
p5 0.434 459 2 4
18. [Ans. A]
Given Tin compressor = 400K 288
1
And Tin turbine = 900K s
For max work, the pressure ratio Given,
γ
Tin turbine 2(γ−1) T1 = 15 + 273 = 288 K,
r= ( ) = 4.1 p2 p3
Tin compressor Pressure ratio = = = 4, ηcompressor = 82%
p1 p4
Then
1−γ γ−1 Effectiveness of the heat exchanger,
wobtained = CP [900 (1 − r γ ) − 400 (r γ − 1)] ε = 0.78,
Substituting values we get wobtained = 100CP ηturbine = 70%, Maximum temperature,
T3 = 600 + 273 = 873 K
Efficiency of the cycle, ηcycle ?
Considering the isentropic compression 1-2:

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors

T2
γ−1
p2 γ 1.4−1 2. [Ans. *]Range: 48 to 50
= ( ) = (4) 1.4 = 1.486 From figure
T1 p1
∴ T2 = 288 × 1.486 = 428 K 3
pv1.3 = const
T2 − T1
Now, ηcompressor = ′
T2 − T1
p
428 − 288 2 4
i. e. , 0.82 = ′
T2 − 288 1.3
pv = const
428 − 288 1
∴ T2′ = + 288 = 459 K v
0.82
Considering the isentropic expansion process T2 v1 n−1
=( )
3-4: T1 v2
γ−1
T3 p3 γ 1.4−1 or T2 = 300(8)1.3−1 = 559.82 K
= ( ) = (4) 1.4 = 1.486 T3 v4 n−1
T4 p4
=( ) = rkn−1
T3 873 T4 v3
∴ T4 = = = 587.5 K T3 1400
1.486 1.486 or T4 = n−1 = = 750.24 K
T3 − T4′ 873 − T4′ rk (8)1.3−1
Again, ηturbine = = Work done during the compression process
T3 − T4 873 − 587.5
873 − T4′ 1-2
i. e. , 0.70 = 2
873 − 587.5 R(T1 − T2 )
∴ T4′ = 873 − 0.7(873 − 587.5) = 673 K w1−2 = ∫ pdv =
n−1
1
Wcompressor = cp (T2′ − T1 ) 0.287(300 − 559.82)
γ 1.4 =
But cp = R × = 0.287 × 1.3 − 1
γ−1 1.4 − 1 = −248.56 kJ/kg
= 1.0045 kJ/kg­K Heat transfer during the compression process
∴ Wcompressor = 1.0045(459 − 288) 1-2.
Q1−2 = u2 − u1 + w1−2 = cv (T2 − T1 ) + w1−2
= 171.7 kJ/kg
= 0.718(559.82 − 300) − 248.56
Wturbine = cp (T3 − T4′ ) = 1.0045(873 − 673)
= −62 kJ/kg
= 200.9 kJ/kg Q 2−3 = u3 − u2 = cv (T3 − T2 )
Net work = Wturbine − Wcompressor = 0.718(1400 − 559.82) = 603.25 kJ/kg
= 200.9 − 171.7 Work done during the expansion process 3-4
= 29.2 kJ/kg 4
R(T3 − T4 )
Effectiveness for heat exchanger, w3−4 = ∫ pdv =
n−1
T5 − T2 ′ 3
ε= ′ 0.287(1400 − 750.24)
T4 − T2 ′
= = 621.6 kJ/kg
T5 − 459 1.3 − 1
i. e. , 0.78 = Heat transfer during the expansion process
673 − 459
3-4
∴ T5 = (673 − 459) × 0.78 + 459 = 626 K Q 3−4 = u4 − u3 + w3−4 = cv (T4 − T3 ) + w3−4
∴ Heat supplied by fuel per kg = 0.718(750.24 − 1400) + 621.66
= cp (T3 − T5 ) = 1.0045(873 − 626) = 155.07 kJ/kg
Net work output from the cycle
= 248.1 kJ/kg wnet = w3−4 + w1−2
Net work done = 621.6 − 248.56 = 373.04 kJ/kg
∴ ηcycle =
heat supplied by the fuel Total heat input to the cycle
29.2 Q in = Q 2−3 + Q 3−4
=
248.1 = 603.25 + 155.07 = 758.32 kJ/kg
= 0.117 or 11.7% The air-standard cycle efficiency is
wnet 373.04
η= = = 0.4919 or 49.19%
Q in 758.32

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
3. [Ans. A] 4. [Ans. *]Range: 10 to 12
From figure
2 3
pv γ = c 3
p T 2 3
p=c p
2 4
4 4
v=c
1 1
1
v s v
T2 v1 γ−1 V1 = 1326 cc, (V1 − V2 ) = 1248 cc
=( ) = (16)0.4 = 3.03
T1 v2 V1 − V2 1248
=
∴ T2 = 288 × 3.03 = 873 K V1 1326
p2 v 2 p3 v 3 V1
= or rk = = 17
T2 T3 V2
Cut-off ratio, V3 − V2 = 0.05(V1 − V2 )
v3 T3 1753 V3 V1
rc = = = = 2.01 or − 1 = 0.05 ( − 1)
v2 T2 273 V2 V2
Heat supplied, V3
or = rc = 1 + 0.05(17 − 1) = 1.8
Q1 = cp (T3 − T2 ) V2
= 1.005(1753 − 873) From figure
= 884.4 kJ/kg T2 V1 γ−1
=( )
T3 v4 γ−1 v1 v2 γ−1 v1 T1 V2
=( ) = ( × ) ; = 16,
T4 v3 v2 v3 v2 or T2 = 300(17)1.4−1 = 931.75 K
compression ratio V2 V3
=
16 0.4 T2 T3
=( ) = 2.29 V3
2.01 or T3 = T2 = 931.75 × 1.8 = 1677.15 K
1753 V2
∴ T4 = = 766 K
2.29 Q1 = cp (T3 − T2 ) = 1.005(1677.15 − 931.75)
Heat rejected, = 749.127 kJ/kg
Q 2 = cv (T4 − T1 ) = 0.718(766 − 288) Work done per kg of air is found to be
= 343.2 kJ/kg Wnet = Q1 × η = 749.127 × 0.6329
Q2 = 474.12 kJ/kg
Cycle efficiency = 1 −
Q1 Power output = work output × ṁa
343.2 p1 V1 N
=1− ṁa = × where N = speed in rpm
884.4 RT1 2 × 60
= 0.612 or 61.2%
0.1 × 103 × 1326 × 10−6 1800
Wnet = Q1 × ηcycle = ×
0.287 × 300 2 × 60
= 884.4 × 0.612 = 541.3 kJ/kg = 0.023 kg/s
RT1 0.287 × 288 Power output = 474.12 × 0.023
v1 = = = 0.052 m3 /kg = 10.902 kW
p1 100
0.827
v2 = = 0.052 m3 /kg 5. [Ans. *]Range: 4.5 to 5
16
v1 − v2 = 0.827 − 0.052 = 0.775 m3 /kg 3 4
pv γ = c
Wnet 541.3
m. e. p. = = = 698.45 kPa p
v1 − v2 0.775 2
5
pv γ = c
1
v
T1 = 273 + 50 = 323 K

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
T2 v1 γ−1 P1 = 0.1 MPa
=( ) = (16)0.4
T1 v2 T1 = 303 K
T2 = 979 K T3 = 1173 K
v1 γ rP = 6, ηT = ηC = 0.8
p2 = p1 ( ) = 1.0 × (16)1.4 = 48.5 bar
v2 without a regenerator
p3 70 γ−1
T3 = T2 ∙ = 979 × = 1413 K T2s P2 γ T3
p2 48.5 =( ) =
T1 P1 T4s
Q 2−3 = cv (T3 − T2 )
= 0.718(1413 − 979) = 312 kJ/kg = (6)0.4/1.4 = 1.668
Q 2−3 = Q 3−4 = cp (T4 − T3 ) T2s = 303 × 1.668 = 505 K
312 1173
T4 = + 1413 = 1723 K T4s = = 705 K
1.005 1.668
v4 T4 1723 T2s − T1 505 − 303
= = = 1.22 T2 − T1 = = = 252 K
v3 T3 1413 ηC 0.8
v5 v1 v3 16 T2 = 252 + 303 = 555 K
= × = = 13.1
v4 v2 v4 1.22 T3 − T4 = ηT (T3 − T4s )
v4 γ−1
T5 = T4 ( ) = 0.8(1173 − 705) = 375 K
v5
1 T4 = T3 − 375 = 1173 − 375 = 798 K
1723 × = 615 K WT = h3 − h4 = cp (T3 − T4s )
(13.1)0.4
T5 615 = 1.005 × 375 = 376.88 kJ/kg
P5 = P1 ( ) = 1.0 × = 1.9 bar
T1 323 WC = h2 − h1 = cp (T2 − T1 )
Q2 cv (T5 − T1 )
ηcycle = 1 − =1− = 1.005 × 252 = 253.26 kJ/kg
Q1 cv 3 − T2 ) + cP (T4 − T3 )
(T
Q1 = h3 − h2 = cp (T3 − T2 )
0.718(615 − 323)
=1− = 1.005(1173 − 555) = 621.09 kJ/kg
312 + 312
WT − WC 376.88 − 253.26
0.718 × 292 ∴η= =
=1− = 0.665 or 66.5% Q1 621.09
624
= 0.199 or 19.9%
RT1 0.287 kJ/kg­K × 323K
v1 = = → with a regenerator:
p1 102 kN/m2
∵ Regenerator effectiveness
= 0.927 m3 /kg T6 − T2
v1 15 = = 0.75
v1 − v2 = v1 − = v T4 − T2
16 16 1 ∴ T6 − 555 = 0.75(798 − 555)
Wnet = Q1 × ηcycle = 0.665 × 624 kJ/kg
or T6 = 737.3 K
Wnet 0.665 × 624 kJ/kg
m. e. p = = 15 Q1 = h3 − h6 = cp (T3 − T6 )
v1 − v2 × 0.927 m2 /kg
16 = 1.005(1173 − 737.3) = 437.88 kJ/kg
= 476 kN/m2 = 4.76 bar Wnet remains the same.
Wnet 123.62
6. [Ans. *]Range: 41 to 44 ∴η= = = 0.2837 or 28.37%
Q1 437.9
Given figure
∴ Percentage increase due to regeneration
3
0.2837 − 0.199
= = 0.4256, or 42.56%
0.199

7. [Ans. *]Range: 11 to 12
6
4 Given:
T 2 4s ηC = 0.87, ηT = 0.9, T1 = 311 K,
2s 5 p2
= 8, p3 = 0.95p2 , T3 = 1367K,
p1
1 p4 = p1 = 1 atm, γ = 1.4
s

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors

3s Initial pressure, p1 = 1 bar

3 Initial temperature, T1 = 90 + 273 = 363 K
2 Compression ratio, r = 9
2s Maximum pressure, p3 = p4 = 68 bar
T

4
4s Total heat supplied = 1750 kJ/kg
1 (i) Pressures and temperatures at salient
s points:
Case I: No cooling For the isentropic process, 1-2
γ γ
ṁa cpa (T2s − T1 ) p1 V1 = p2 V2
Wc =
ηc V1 γ
p2 = p1 × ( ) = 1 × (r)γ = 1 × (9)1.4 = 21.67 bar
WT = ṁg cpg (T3 − T4s )ηT V2
Q1 = ṁ cpc (T3 − T2 ) T2 V1 γ−1
Also, =( ) = (r)γ−1 = (9)1.4−1 = 2.408
Here, ṁa = ṁg = ṁc = ṁ T1 V2
cpa = cpg = cpc = cp ∴ T2 = T1 × 2.408 = 363 × 2.408 = 874.1 K
p3 = p4 = 68 bar
T2s P2s (γ−1)/γ
( = ) = 80.4/1.4 = 1.181 For the constant volume process 3-4,
T1 p1 p2 p3
T2s = 563.3 K =
T2 T3
T2s − T1 p3 68
= 0.87, T2 = 601 K ∴ T3 = T2 × = 874.1 × = 2742.9 K
T2 − T1 p2 21.67
γ−1 0.4
T3 p3 γ 0.95p2 1.4 Heat added at constant volume
=( ) =( ) = cv (T3 − T2 ) = 0.71(2742.9 − 874.1)
T4s p4s p1
= 1.785 = 1326.8 kJ/kg
T4s = 765.83K ∴ Heat added at constant pressure
WC = 290 mc ̇ p , WT = 541.06 mċ p and = Total heat added − heat added at
Q1 = 766mc ̇ p constant volume
541.06 − 290 = 1750 − 1326.8 = 423.2 kJ/kg
ηcycle = = 0.328 ∴ cp (T4 − T3 ) = 423.2
766
Case 2: With cooling or, 1.0(T4 − 2742.9) = 423.2
ηcycle = 0.328 − 0.05 = 0.278 ∴ T4 = 3166 K
Since the extraction of compressed air for For constant pressure process 3-4,
turbine cooling does not contribute to turbine V4 T4 3166
rc = = = = 1.15
work or burner fuel flow, it can be treated as a V3 T3 2742.9
decrement of x to the turbine and combustion For adiabatic (or isentropic) process 4-5,
chamber mass flow rate V5 V5 V2 V1 V3 r V4
= × = × = (∵ rc = )
WT (1 − x) − Wc V4 V2 V4 V2 V4 rc V3
0.278 = γ
Also, p4 V4 = p5 V5
γ
766(1 − x)
x = 0.116 V4 γ rc γ
∴ p5 = p4 × ( ) = 68 × ( )
% of compressor air flow taken out V5 r
x 1.15
= × 100 = 11.6% = 68 × ( ) = 3.81 bar
1 9
T5 V4 γ−1 rc γ−1 1.15 1.4−1
8. [Ans. B] Again, = ( ) =( ) =( )
T4 V5 r 9
p (bar)
= 0.439
3 ∴ T5 = T4 × 0.439 = 3166 × 0.439 = 1389.8 K
68 4
(ii) Air standard efficiency:
Adiabatics
Heat rejected during constant volume process
2 5-1,
5 Q r = cv (T5 − T1 ) = 0.71(1389.8 − 363)
= 729 kJ/kg
1 1(90°C)
V(m3 )

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
Work done Qs − Qr = 166.1 × 1.005 × 300
∴ ηair−standard = =
Heat supplied Qs 658 658.7
( − 1 − ln )
1750 − 729 300 300
=
1750 = 20.53 MW
= 0.5834 or 58.34%
(iii) Mean effective pressure, 𝐩𝐦 : 10. [Ans. C]
Mean effective pressure is given by T
Work done per cycle
pm = 3
Stroke volume
1 p4 V4 − p5 V5 p2 V2 − p1 V1
pm = [p (V − V3 ) + − ]
Vs 3 4 γ−1 γ−1
2 4
V1 = V5 = rVc , V2 = V3 = Vc , V4 = rc Vc ,
Vs = (r − 1)Vc
Vs + Vc Vs 1
∴ r= =1+
[ Vc Vc ]
∴ Vs = (r − 1)Vc s
1 p4 ρVc − p5 × rVc rp = 8
∴ pm = [p (ρVc − Vc ) +
(r − 1)Vc 3 γ−1 For process 1 to 2,
p2 Vc − p1 rVc γ−1
− ] T2 p2 γ p2
γ−1 = ( ) , T1 = 300 K, = rp = 8
r = 9, rc = 1.15, γ = 1.4 T1 p1 p1
p1 = 1 bar, p2 = 21.67 bar, p3 = p4 = 68 bar, So, T2 = 543.43 K
p5 = 3.81 bar For process 3 to 4,
T3 γ−1
Substituting the above values in the above = (rp ) γ , T3 = 1300 K
equation, we get T4
1 68 × 1.15 − 3.81 × 9 So, T4 = 717.66 K
Pm = [68(1.15 − 1) + To calculate back work ratio,
(9 − 1) 1.4 − 1
21.67 − 9 WCompressor
− ] rbw =
1.4 − 2 WTurbine
1
= (10.2 + 109.77 − 31.67) = 11.04 bar Cp (T2 − T1 ) 543.43 − 300
8 rbw = = = 0.418
Cp (T3 − T4 ) 1300 − 717.66
Hence, mean effective pressure = 11.04 bar.
That is 41.8% of turbine work is consumed by
9. [Ans. A] compressor
The cycle efficiency, To calculate thermal efficiency
T2 (γ−1)γ Q reject cp (T4 − T1 )
= (rp ) = 1.67 η=1− =1−
T1 Q added cp (T3 − T2 )
T2 = 501 K 717.66 − 300
T3 = 1− = 0.4479
= 1.67, T4 = 1100/1.67 = 658.7 K 1300 − 543.43
T4 ηThermal = 44.79%
WC = 1.005(501 − 300) = 202 kJ/kg
WT = 1.005(1100 − 658.7) = 443.5 kJ/kg 11. [Ans. A]
WT − WC 241.5 T
Work ratio = = = 0.545
WT 443.5 3
Q1 = ṁcp (T3 − T2 ) = 100,000 kW
ṁ = 166.1 kg/s
Exergy flow rate of the exhaust gas stream; 2′
2 4′
assuming the exhaust gas finally reach state 1
4
isobarically in atmosphere
Ψ4 − Ψ0 = ṁ[h4 − h0 − T0 (s4 − s0 )] 1
T0 s
= ṁcp (T4 − T0 ) − T0 mcp ln
T4 Given,
T4 T4 T1 = 300 K, T2 = 543.43 K
= ṁcp T0 ( − 1 − ln )
T0 T0

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
T3 = 1300 K, T4 = 717.66 K 13. [Ans. A]
ηCompressor = 0.8, ηTurbine = 0.85 T
1300 K 5 7
To find T2′ ;
cp (T2 − T1 ) 543.43 − 300
ηCompresor = = 0.8 =
cp (T2′ − T1 ) T2′ − 300 9
6 8
So, T2′ = 604.28 K 4
2 10
To find T4′ ;
cp (T4′− T3 ) T4′
− 1300 300 K
ηTurbine = = = 0.85 3 1
cp (T4 − T3 ) 717.66 − 1300
s
So, T4′ = 805.01 K This is a cycle with perfect intercooling
Q reject cp (T4′ − T1 ) (T1 = T3 ) and perfect reheating (T5 = T7 ).
ηThermal = 1 − =1−
Q added cp (T3 − T2′ ) Point 9 and 10 will be considered when
= 0.2741 regenerator is used.
So, ηThermal = 27.41% and turbine outlet Since 1 to 2, 3 to 4, 5 to 6 and 7 to 8 are
temperature is T4′ = 805.01 K isentropic process, and assuming the pressure
ratio in each of the compressor and turbine is
12. [Ans. *]Range: 34 to 37 same and equal to √rp = √8 = 2.83 [This is
T the optimal pressure to maximize work
Q add 3 output]
γ−1
T2 T4 T5 T7 1.4−1
= = = = (√rp ) γ = (2.83) 1.4 = 1.346
T1 T3 T6 T8
2′ So, T2 = 403.83 K and T6 = 965.82 K
5
4′ T4 = 403.83 K and T8 = 965.82 K
6 Q reject
ηno regenerator = 1 −
1 Q reject Q added
s cp [(T8 − T1 ) + (T2 − T3 )]
=1−
Given, T1 = 300, T2′ = 604.28 K cp [(T5 − T4 ) + (T7 − T6 )]
T3 = 1300, T4′ = 805.01 K ηno regenerator = 0.3745 = 37.45%
Temperature rise of cold fluid With perfect regenerator (ε = 100%) T9 = T6 =
εregenerator =
Max. possible temperature T8 and T10 = T2 = T4 , now the heat is added from
rise of cold fluid 9 to 5, then 6 to 7 and heat is rejected to outside
T5 − T2 ′ from 10 to 1 and 2 to 3. The heat lost by hot fluid
0.8 = ′ ⇒ T5 = 764.86
T4 − T2 ′ from 8 to 10 is given to cold fluid from 4 to 9. So,
Note 1: with regeneration, heat is only added Q reject
ηregenerator = 1 −
from 5 to 3 Q added
Note 2: εregeneration can also be expressed as; cp [(T10 − T1 ) + (T2 − T3 )]
=1−
Temperature fall of hot fluid cp [(T5 − T9 ) + (T7 − T10 )]
Max temperature fall possible of hot fluid ηregenerator = 0.6893 = 68.93%
T4′ − T6
= ′ 14. [Ans. C]
T4 − T2 ′
From the figure
Wnet cp [(T3 − T4′ ) − (T2′ − T1 )]
ηThermal = = 2
Q added cp [T3 − T5 ] 2′ p2
(1300 − 805.01) − (604.28 − 300)
ηThermal =
[1300 − 764.86] pV n = C
p
= 0.3563
ηThermal = 35.63% 1
O p1
Vs

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
n
p2 T 488 1.3/0.3 16. [Ans. A]
2 n−1
=( ) =( )
p1 T1 298 3
p2 2
= 8.48 pV1.3 = C
π
V1 = VS = (0.12)2 × 0.15 = 0.0017 m3
4
n−1
n p2 n
W= p V [( ) − 1]
n − 1 1 1 p1
1.3 0.3
p1 1
∴W= × 120 × 103 × 0.0017 [(8.48)1.3 − 1] 4
0.3
= 563.6 J VC
VS
563.6 × 1200
Indicated power = × 10−3 The volumetric efficiency is given by
60 1
= 11.27 kW p2 n
ηvol = 1 + C − C ( )
11.27 p1
Shaft power = = 14.1 kW 1
0.8 = 1 + 0.05 − 0.05(6)1.3
1200
Volume flow rate V̇ = 0.0017 × = 0.8516 or 85.16%
60
The power needed to drive the compressor is
= 0.034 m3 /s
n−1
p1 V1̇ n p2 n 1
∴ ṁ = Wcomp = p (V ) [[( ) − 1]]
RT1 n−1 1 1 p1 ηmech
120 × 103 × 0.034
= 1.3 600 (1.3−1)/1.3 1
(8314/44) × 298 = × 100 × 0.15 [( ) − 1]
1.3 − 1 100 0.85
= 0.0725 kg/s = 39.16 kW
The volumetric efficiency can be expressed as
15. [Ans. B] V1 − V4
ηv =
3 p3 Vs
0.15
or, 0.8516 =
V̇s
p 2 p2 or, V̇s = 0.176 m3 /s
N
1 p1 ⇒ V̇s = Vs ×
60
Vs = 0.02347 m3 /rev
V π
Now Vs = D2 L = 0.02347
If a second stage was added with the same 4
pressure ratio overall pressure ratio would be π 2
or, D × 1.2D = 0.02347
p3 p3 p2 4
= × = 8.48 × 8.48 = 71.9 or, D = 0.292 m
p1 p2 p1
p1 V1n = p2 V2n
1
17. [Ans. A]
p1 n The ambient condition is
∴ V2 = ( ) ∙ V1
p2 p = p0 = 101 kPa and Temperature = 15℃
1
1 1.3 3 2
=( ) × 0.0017 p2 pV1.25 = C
8.48
= 0.00033 m3
The second stage would have a swept volume
of 0.00033 m3 . Since stroke is the same,
π 2
d × 0.15 = 0.00033 m3 (98kPA)p1 1,30℃
4 2 4
∴ d2 = 0.053 m = 53 mm
VC Vs
p1 V1 p0 V0
=
T1 T0

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
[The mass remain constant as air is sucked in 1
750 1.25
from ambient] or 0.1305 = 1 + C [1 − ( ) ]
98
p0 T1 101 303
or V̇1 = V̇ = × × 0.01
p1 T0 0 98 288 = 1 − 4.094 C
[where V0 = 0.01 m3 /s of air sucked in from or C = 0.2123
ambient at ambient condition] Therefore, the clearance is 21.23% of the
V̇1 = 0.0108 m3 /s swept volume.
The power needed to drive the compressor is
n p2
n−1
n 1 18. [Ans. A]
Wcomp = p V̇ [( ) − 1]
n − 1 1 1 p1 ηmech p2 = √p1 p4 = √1.013 × 80 = 9 bar
1.25 Minimum power required by the compressor
= × 98 × 0.0108 1
1.25 − 1 2n p2 n−n 1
750 (1.25−1)/1.25 1 Ẇ = p1 V̇1 [( ) −1]×
n−1 p1 ηmech
[( ) − 1]
98 0.82 2 × 1.25 1.013 × 100
= 3.24 kW = ×
0.25 0.75
The power requirement using the isothermal 4 9 0.25/1.25
compression: × [( ) − 1]
60 1.013
The specific isothermal work with and 1013 × 4
without clearance is same, so without = × 0.548 = 49.34 kW
45
clearance V3 = V4 = 0 and Vswept = V1 If L be the stroke length of the piston,
Specific work required (w) without clearance N
2 2L = 3 m/s
60
w = ∫ vdp 90 × 100
1 L= = 36 cm
If process is isothermal than P1 v1 = Pv = const 250
2
4
P1 v1 P2 Effective LP swept volume = = 0.016 m3
So, w = ∫ dp = P1 v1 ln 250
1 P P1 π
P2 (D )2 × 0.36 × ηvol = 0.016
4 LP
Total work required = mw = mP1 v1 ln
P1
0.016 × 4
P2 ∴ DLP = √
= P1 V1 ln π × 0.36 × 0.8
P1
If mechanical efficiency = ηmech ; then = 0.266 m = 26.6 cm
Total power required p1 V1 p3 V3 V3 p1
= ∴ = ;
P2 1 T1 T3 V1 p3
= P1 V̇1 ln × with complete intercooling T1 = T3
P1 ηmech
π 2
750 1 D L 1.013
= 98 × 0.0108 ln × = 2.627 kW 4 HP
π 2 =
98 0.82 DLP L 9
Therefore isothermal efficiency is 4

2.627 1.013
ηisothermal = = 0.0108 or 81.08% DHP = 0.266√ = 0.892 m = 8.92 cm
3.24 9
Swept volume of the cylinder is
π π
Vs = D2 L = (0.32)2 × 0.4 19. [Ans. *]Range: 130 to 140
4 4
= 0.03217 m3 From the figure
The volumetric efficiency, Admission
V1 − V4 V̇1 0.0108 p1 1
ηv = = pv n = C
N = 150
Vs Vs × 0.03217 ×
60 60 p
2
= 0.1305 or 13.05% p3 Exhaust
3
The volumetric efficiency can be expressed as b
1 v
p2 n T1 V2 n−1
ηv = 1 + C − C ( ) V1 = 0.4V2 , = ( )
p1 T2 V1
= (2.5)0.3 = 1.316

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 IC Engines, Air standard Cycles and Compressors
273 + 38
∴ T2 = = 236.3 K
1.316
p1 V11.3 = p2 V21.3
V1 1.3
∴ p2 = p1 . ( ) = 700(0.4)1.3
V2
= 212.7 kPa
mRT2 1.25 × 0.287 × 236.3
V2 = =
p2 212.7
= 0.3986 m3
V2 0.3986
v2 = = = 0.3188 m3 /kg
m 1.25
Area of indicator diagram
p1 v1 − p2 v2
= p1 v1 + − p3 v 3
n−1
R(T1 − T2 )
= RT1 + − p3 v 3
n−1
0.287(311 − 236.3)
= 0.287 × 311 + − 112 × 0.3188
0.3
= 125 kJ/kg
Indicated output = 125 × 0.85
= 106.26 kJ/kg
= 106.26 × 1.25 = 132.82 kJ

20. [Ans. *]Range: 15 to 17

For a single-stage, the required power is
n p2 n−1/n
Ẇ = ṁ RT1 [( ) − 1]
n−1 p1
1.3 6 1800 0.3/1.3
= × × 0.287 × 293 [( ) − 1]
1.3 − 1 60 100
= 34.56 kW
The power required for a two-stage
compressor with perfect intercooler is
2n p2 n−1/2n
Ẇ2 stage = ṁ RT1 [( ) − 1]
n−1 p1
2 × 1.3 6
= × × 0.287 × 293
1.3 − 1 60
0.3
1800 2 ×1.3
[( ) − 1]
100
= 28.85 kW
The savings in power consumption is
34.56 − 28.85
=
34.56
= 0.1652 or 16.52%

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