ANOVA

Our Lady of Fatima University

College of Medical Laboratory Science

Biostatistics and Epidemiology

PARAMETRIC TEST FOR 2 OR MORE GROUPS

• Data must be normally distributed

• There should be 2 or more independent groups
• Variance must be homogenous
(ONE)-WAY ANOVA

• Used when there are 2 or more independent groups following the

assumptions of ANOVA with one effector variable and one affected
variable
SSE SSC 2 x
SST  SSC
sF122  s1  Txc
2SSE
2 x 2
SST sk2
SSC
2

n1x1  
2

n nk nk

Equal number of observations

Source of Sum of Squares Degrees of Mean Squares Computed

Variation Freedom f

Treatment  Txc  x 
2 2 (numerator)
SSC   s12 
SSC
n nk k-1
k 1
s12
F 2
(denominator) s2
Error SSE  SST  SSC k(n - 1) SSE
s 
2

k n  1
2

 x 2
Total SST   x 2  nk - 1
nk
Year Antipolo Valenzuel Quezon
a City
1 x x x
2 x x x
3 x x x
4 x x x
5 x x x
SSE SSC )2 x
SST  SSC 2 x 2
SSE
2
sF122  s1 (Txc
SST skN2 
SSC
2
1kx  
2

n N N

Unequal number of observations

Source of Sum of Squares Degrees Mean Squares Computed

Variation of F
Freedom

(Txc) 2
 x 2
Treatment SSC    s 
2 SSC
n N k-1
k 1
1

s12
F 2
s2
Error SSE  SST  SSC N-k SSE
s 22 
N k
 x 2
Total SST   x 2
 N-1
N
Year Antipolo Valenzuel Quezon
a City
1 x x x
2 x x x
3 x x x
4 x x
5 x
(TWO)-WAY ANOVA

• Used when there is more than one effector variable and one
affected variable.
 Male Femal
e
Caucasian 54 25
49 29
59 47
39 16
African 53 46
72 51
43 33
56 47
Hispanic 33 18
30 21
26 34
Post-Hoc tests

• Literally translates to “after the event” and is used when

significance is established in ANOVA (f-test)
• There are a number of post-hoc tests a statistician can employ
with different strengths and assumptions
• Use post-hoc tests only when F-stat is significant
SCHEFFE’S TEST

• A flexible post-hoc test that is used when significance is

established in the F-test. Uses the following formula:
2
′
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝐹 = 2
𝑠2 (𝑛1 + 𝑛2
𝑛1 𝑛2
Bonferroni Correction

• A post-hoc test used to adjust alpha and lower the probability of

errors in the conclusion.
Dunnett’s Test

• Is a post-hoc test used when a researcher would like to compare

each of the other groups to 1 “reference” group.
Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference