Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Crane Gears Details
Crane Gears Details
CONTROL
BY
IN
IN DUSTRY
DUST
DUST
DUST
DUST AFTER SUNSET
DUST/ SMOKE
DUST
Respiratory Tract
Occupational Diseases
Functions of Lungs
Occupational Diseases
What is Dust?
Occupational Diseases
Types of Dust
Occupational Diseases
Route of Entry to body
• Inhalation
• Ingestion
Occupational Diseases
Factors affecting dust related
occupational disease
• Nature
• Amount(total)
• Amount retained in the lungs
• Duration of exposure
• Individual Idiosyncrasy(structural, behavioral)
• Immunity of the Individual
• Behavior of the inhaled particles
– Sedimentation Due to gravitation in larger airways
>15micron
5 -15
micron
<0.5 0.5-5
micron micron
Occupational Diseases
Possible Occupational Lung Diseases
Occupational Diseases
Occupational asthma
Occupational Diseases
Occupational asthma
Occupational Diseases
Silicosis – X Ray
Occupational Diseases
Silicosis – Silica dust
Occupational Diseases
Anthracosis – Coal dust
Occupational Diseases
Siderosis – Iron dust
Occupational Diseases
Preventive measures for Dust
Occupational Diseases
DUST COLLECTION SYSTEM
WET DUST SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
ASSESMENT OF EXPOSURE
• Air Sampling at fixed locations by
– Membrane filters
– Impingers
– Thermal precipitators
– Konimeters
• Preferred method is by PERSONAL AIR
SAMPLING using membrane filter
• Quantification possible by
– X-ray diffraction, infrared
spectrometry.
• Electron microscope used to count fibers.
Occupational Diseases
Treatment
• There is no treatment
• Only prevention
Occupational Diseases
PHYSICIAL HAZARD-NOISE
ANATOMY OF EAR
Occupational Diseases
Occupational Diseases
How do we hear a sound?
Occupational Diseases
Hazard Definition
Mining
Tunneling
Drilling
Iron casting
Forging
Combustion engines and jet engines
Etc…
Assessment of exposure- Environmental
Occupational Diseases
NOISE LEVEL COMPARISON
• Threshold of Hearing 0 dB
• Rustling of Leaves 20 dB
• Quiet Whisper 30 dB
• Quiet House 40dB
• Quiet Street 50dB
• Normal Conversation 60dB
• Inside Car 70dB
• Motor Cycle 88dB
• Diesel truck 100dB
• JET Plane 130dB
Occupational Diseases
Effects of exposure
Occupational Diseases
Auditory effects of noise
• Acoustic trauma
• Tinnitus
• Temporary hearing loss-
temporary threshold shift (TTS)
• Permanent- NIPTS
Occupational Diseases
Mechanism of action in hearing loss
Occupational Diseases
Non Auditory effects of noise
• Sleep disturbance
• Startle reaction(sudden involuntary response to
stimulus like sound,.. turns head,flexion of
muscles,heart rate, respiration .)
• Stress
• Degradation of performance
• Intermittent noise is more disturbing than
continuous noise.
• Cardiovascular effects
– Myocardial infarction
– Elevated blood pressure-hypertension
– Increased Heart Rate
Occupational Diseases
Permissible Industrial exposure
limits
Occupational Diseases
Permissible Industrial exposure
limits
Occupational Diseases
Permissible Industrial exposure
limits
Hours dB
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1.5 102
1 105
0.5 110
0.25 115
Occupational Diseases
Preventive and Control measures
• Engineering methods
• Administrative control
• Use of PPE
• R&D
• Hearing conservation programs
45
Control measures
Pre and periodical examination
Engineering
Sound absorbing antireflection panels
Baffle plating
Hooding
Acoustic barrier
Design less noise machinery
PPEs
Ear plugs 8-30dB
Ear muffs 20-40dB
ENGINEERING METHODS OF NOISE
CONTROL
• SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
• ENCLOSURE DIMENSIONS
• ENCLOSURE WALL
• SEALS
• INTERNAL ABSORPTION
• ENCLOSURE ISOLATION
• PROVIDING FOR PRODUCT FLOW
• PROVIDING FOR WORKER ACCESS
• VENTILATION OF ENCLOSURE
• PROTECTION OF ABSORPTIVE MATERIAL
Occupational Diseases
48
Occupational Diseases
Occupational Diseases
Occupational Diseases
Occupational Diseases
Occupational Diseases
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
FOR NOISE
• Replacement of old equipment with quieter new
models
• Adherence to equipment maintenance programs
related to noise control
• Changes in employee work schedule to reduce
noise doses by limiting exposure time when
practical & technically advised.
• Planning & designing to achieve non-hazardous
noise levels when new production facilities are
brought on-line.
Occupational Diseases
PPE FOR CONTROL OF
NOISE
Occupational Diseases
HEAT
Occupational Diseases
Occupational Diseases
HEAT STRESS
Occupational Diseases
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HEAT ILLNESS
is increased by
– Increased muscular activity
– Increased intercurrent illness
– Increasing age
– Drugs like Diuretics, alcohol,
Phenothiazines.
Occupational Diseases
HEAT STRESS
Occupational Diseases
Occupational Diseases
Prevention
Occupational Diseases
HEAT SYNCOPE
• Heat syncope is fainting as a result of
overheating
• Because of Peripheral vasodilatation
• Similar to vasovagal attack.
Occupational Diseases
HEAT SYNCOPE – FIRST AID
Occupational Diseases
HEAT CRAMPS
Occupational Diseases
Heat cramps – First Aid
Drink
electrolyte
solution
Occupational Diseases
HEAT EXHAUSTION
Occupational Diseases
Symptoms of Heat Exhaustion
• Treatment is
– Active cooling of the body
• Tepid sponging, bath
• Fans
– Oral / Intravenous fluids
– Adults require 5 litres or more positive
fluid balance in first 24 hrs.
– IF NOT TREATED HEAT EXHAUSTION
WILL BECOME HEAT STROKE.
Occupational Diseases
HEAT STROKE
• Hypovolaemic shock
• Lactic acidosis
• DIC
• Rhabdomyolysis
• Hepatic Failure
• Renal Failure
• Pulmonary Oedema
• Cerebral oedema
Occupational Diseases
HEAT STRESS - PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
Occupational Diseases
TREATMENT OF HEAT STROKE
• Rapid cooling- spray water to increase heat
loss evaporation
• Fanning- to increase convection heat loss
• Ice packs in axilla, groin to increase
conduction heat loss
• Cold crystalloid iv fluids
• Sedation -benzodiazepines
Occupational Diseases
POISONING
Occupational Diseases
TREATMENT