e~

Lab Manual
t,e,

SClr E
Physic/ C Krrtist
CE _,ffiiology

Personal Memorandum
Name ................................................................ ·
Lal Cl ass ................................... . Sec. ...................... .
Roll No .......... ················· Year ····························
School .................................................................
Resi. Address ...................................................... .
············································ Ph.·························_:_
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
PHYSICS
iiM:!d:i fiXPERIMENT-1
PH\SICS 1
OBJECTIVE
• ' f,.
.... ,n of light
the Jaw ol. re fl t>.:ul: 3
To verify the law of reflection of light.
t. To' en . . ·n limiting friction 6
2 To ,tud\' tht•, anat1on 1 MATERIALS REQUIRED
To ,tud,· force of attraction d ts electricity or not 7
3. , . Ii uid con uc Drawing board, white sheet of paper, drawing pins, pencil, all pins, rubber, scale etc
4. To find out wht:'ther the gi,en q 9
PROCEDURE
5. To stud}' the proce:;s of electroplating 11
1. Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of drawing pins.
To construct a model of a solar cooker 13 2. Place a plane mirror in upright position and mark its position AB.
6. ·tren..+h of different given fibres
7. To compare~ 5u• 3. Remove the mirror and at point 0, draw a perpendicular (normal) m the AB.
ab 4. Draw incident ray MO at an angle of incidence, Lz = 30.
CHEMISTRY
15 5. Place the mirror again on AB.
1. To find the pH of the following sample
17 6. Fix two pins 1 and 2 vertically on MO, at least 5 cm apart.
2. To ..,how rusting of iron 19 7. Now view the image of these pins in the mirror from the other side.
3. To stud,r displacement reactions 8. Now fix two more pins 3 and 4 in front of mirror such that two pins and images of earlier two pins
20
4. To show that atr is necessary for burning appear to be along the straight line.
21
5. To produce b1ogas from waste material (cow dung) 9. Remove the mirror and mark position of pins and join them with 0.
10. Draw reflected ray ON.
BIOLOGY 1 l. Measure angle of reflection.
23
I. To observe cell in an onion peel under the microscope 12. Repeat the experiment for different values of angles of incidence Li, 45°, 60° etc.
25 13. Record observations in a tabular from.
2. To obsen·e cheek cells under the microscope
26
3. To study following micro-organism through permanent slide
4. To study male and female reproductive system
28 0

5. To study budding in yeast cells 29

6. To study the life cycle of the frog 30
7. To study soil profile 31
8. To study the nitrogen cycle 32
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs) WITH ANSWERS
I Physics 34
II. Chemistry 37
m. Biology 39
Answers 42
4 N
M Normal

Fig. Angle of incidence & angle of reflection.

Class-VIII :: 1
 r s.No.
~

1.
---
Angle of Incidence
LI
--
-
-
-
,_ ,
-
Angle of Reflection
-
EXPERIMENT-2
OBJECTIVE

To study
th
e variation in limiting friction between blocks of different masses and surfaces of different
nature.

'
2
- MA1cRIALS REQUIRED
3
A woode_n block with a hook, horizontal plane, two different plane top surfaces (such as glass top, a
' wood, rru_c~ top or a ~ard board), a frictionless pulley (which can be fixed at the edge of the plane), a
4
pan, a spmt level, weight box, spring balance, a string and ten pieces of mass (each of 100 g).
C

PROCEDURE
5.
-

o~~ ray and the reflected ray all lie in the same plane of the paper.
nu,ULT
1. The incident ray, norma I . Glass top
. -n.,r . the Jaw of reflecbon.
2. L1 = Lr u = IS
Table
PRfCAcnlONS during the course of experiment.
ch
.
The pos1bon of the mirror should not ange .
. . um distance of 5 cm between two pms. --&,, m
? There should be rrurum
-· . hould be straight and not bent.
3. The feet of the p1I1S s
4. All ang/es sh ould be measured accurately. Fig. FrictJon
1. Place clean glass sheet on the top of a table. Make the surface horizontal with the help of a spirit
level. To make the glass top horizontal some pieces of paper or cardboard may be inserted below it,
if required.
1. What /1 a ray of 1/ght?
2. Find the range and the least count of the spring balance.
A ray of llght is the straight line along which light travels.
3. Measure the mass of the wooden block with hook {M) and that of the pan (m) with the spring
2. What /1 1/ght?
balance.

Light is a form of energy that causes sensation of sight. 4. Fix the pulley a t the edge of the table (as shown in Fig.)
ab 5. Tie one end of the string to the pan and other end to the hook of the block.
3. What /1 an Incident ray?
The light ray which strikes any surface is called the incident ray. 6. Place the wooden block on the horizontal glass top and pass the string over the pulley. Make sure
that the portion of string between the pulley and the wooden block is horizontal. For this, adjust
4. What 11 a reflected ray? the height of p ulley so that its top is at the same level as the hook fixed to the wooden block.
The ray that comes back from the surface after reflection is reflected ray. 7. Put a small mass (p ) say 20 g on the pan from the weight box. Gently tap the glass surface and
5. What Is a normal? observe whether it makes the block move. Increase or decrease the mass on the pan in steps till the
wooden block just begins to slide on gently tapping the glass top surface. Note the mass kept on the
It 1s a line at right angle to the mirror surface at the point of incidence. pan.
6. What Is the law of reflection of llght? 8. Remove the mass from the pan and move the block to same position as before.
Angle of incidence is always equal to angle of reflection 9. Put some mass (q), say 200 g on the wooden block. Find out the mass required to be kept on the
pan tha t is just s ufficient to make the wooden block together with the mass (q) slide over the glass
Li= L r top surface. Note the mass kept on the pan.
10. Repeat the activity by putting different masses on the top of the wooden block and note the mass
required (to be placed on the pan ) to make it slide in each case.

t
2 ·· Class-VIII Class-VIII .. 3
 _ . ibo,ird ,ind rcpcot the 5lcps 6 1
'w,x,d ,nr<'<l , 1,,11< o PRECAUTIONS
, . . ud1 ,,~
th<'r ,url,1<' · J. The string should be extensible.
l<'f' 11 ith ,111•' th<' 1,1bl•'·
I te tht.'I ~ I'1~ thl'Jl~ ,n The pulley should be as smooth as possible .
1I. R,·p J~ :,,~ ",ur ,,t,<Cf\' 2
10.in•• nx _ The portion of the string between the pulley and wooden block must be horiwntal
3
OesEJl\'-"110N . • t,.11,,nc•· ~ •.. ~
R,1nf<' ,1 f 1he -rr
111
~
rim: [,,11,,n,<' - •.•. •~
L •l-1 .:,,uni ,,t th<' -r .
I • th 11.,,,k (~0 = ... g
2 ,.. d· t,J<,c,- "'
. th, WLl4.' t.n
~{3>> ,-,/ l " 2
1. What 1s friction?
f th<' pJn (m)"" · ·• • t ,:,.periment =- ··· · m/ s · II is the force which opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in contact
4 \fa;, " 11
·tr .,t the pl,1ce o c
du<' to ~r.1 . What is the cause of friction?
5 ,\,.:d<'rJll<'il . Bl ck on Surface 1 (Glass top) 2
Sliding of wooden· o Friction is caused by the 1rregularrt1es on the two surfaces 111 contact.
Total mass of Limiting friction
Mass on the pan = weight of the . Give two examples where friction is useful to us.
Tolllr mass of the pan = m + P 3
MaSS of the required to make pan= (m + p) g
wooden (a) Writing with chalk on the blackboard (b) Walking
woac1en the wooden block
block = M + q slide on glass . Give two examples where friction is harmful to us.
sNo. ~ (Ml 4
top (p)
(a) Heating of electrical appliances i.e. mixer (b) Weanng out of mateoaf e g. soles of shoeS
ab kg (kg m/s 2) or N

g
(g) g
- I
s. What is a spring balance?
It is a device used for measuring the force actmg on an obJect
I
6. How can be reduce friction?
Friction can be reduced by using lubricants & wheels.
2.

l L

Sliding of Wooden-Block on Surface 2 (Wood mica top)

Total mass of Limiting friction

Total mass of Mass on the pan
S.No. Mass of the = weight of the
wooden required to make the pan= m + p
wooden pan= (m + p) g
block, (M) block= M + q the wooden block
slide on wood mica
top (p)
--->------
+-- - r
1
--- kg · (g) g kg (kg m/s 2 ) or N
g g
f-
1.
- +- r---
2
-~-
3.
- l -

REsutr
1. Limiting friction varies in direct proportion to the mass of the body slidin .

i 2 L' · ·
. uniting friction depends upon the nature of the sources in contact.
g

4 Class-VIII Class-VIII : 5
 J)XJ7BKIMENT-4
OBJECTIVE
fiXPERIMENT-5 . magnets.
To find out whether the given liquid con d ucts
electricity or nol
t nn~en t\\ o
r,fATERIALS REQUIRED
BJECJlVE . nd repu1,,on ,e
O ~ct,on .1
,tud\" for.--.? ot a ttT• Matchbox, compass needle, electric w· b
T0 - • vegeta bl e 01·1, milk, h oney) beaker. ires, attery' diffe ren t Ii qw'ds (l emon juice, vinegar, tap water,
~ •TER!ALS REQUlR.ED ners,
""' ,e wooden ro PROCEDURE
Two t,ar m,,gnet:-, ,;on
Preparation of a tester:
J>RocEDUREtx,th the t,ar magnets. the wooden rollers 1. Empty the matchbox and take its tray.
1. Take side of one magnet on
, Place the longer - 2. Place a compass needle inside it.
-· wooden Rollers 3. Take the electric wire. Connect its one free .
after wrapping a few times around th end to the terminal of a battery. Keep the other end free
e tray.
4. Take another
. .
electric wire and connect 1.1 t 0 th e other terminal of the battery
S. If we 10m the free ends of two wires f ·
tester is ready to check conducti·o f or a moment, the compass needle shows deflection. Now
°
\:-N=:il-:::-::::=.!:=.s::.:::.:=::::::J\s- :.~~N' \ 6. Take lemon juice in a beaker.
n current in liquid
·
7. Dip the free ends of the tester in the beaker.
Repulsion
t ar the end of the magnet placed on the rollers. 8. Observe the deflection in the compass needle.
. the one end of the other magne ne 9. Repeat steps 6-8 for other liquids also.
J. bnng
:-/OW
vernent of both the magnets. 10. Note down observations.
4. 0bser\'e the mo th ame end of the maITT1et placed on the rollers.
. the end of the maunet
0
near e s o·· Compass needle
5. Now bnng ..
. l.,.n~•e the movement of both magnets.
6. Again O= •
OBSERVATION
\r-------.!.:<•~l I \r<
-~_____
In first case both magnets move away from each other.
In second case both magnets come near to each other.

R~ucr .
From above experiment it is concluded that like poles of magnet repel each other and unlike poles of
magnet attract each other.

PRECAUTIONS
Two magnets should not touch each other.

ij 1. What is magnetic force?

It is a type of non contact force excerted by a magnet on another magnet or on piece of iron.
2. What is repulsion between two magnets?
When like poles of two magnets (say-north, north) are brought near to each other, they move apart. This is called
Liquid
repulsion (Lemon juice)
3. What is attraction between two magnets.
Unlike poles of two magnets (Say north - south ) attract each other This is called attraction.
Fig. Conduction of current in liquid

Class-VIII .. 7
6 :: Class-VIII
 9
deflection Yes/No
Good/Bad Conductor fi%J'fK)MfNT-J
needle shows
compass __ Good conductor
OJ3JECflVE
_- .--- . • I.
,.caterll -f- -- -- Yes
fo studY the process of electroplating.
.1- _-----
I s.No-
'-- - - - I - :emon Juice --I- -- --
I 1.
/ ----- v,negar
~
----
I ___ _ - - - - -
--------+------- fdATE
JUALS REQUIRED
• aci'd , two copper plates (10 cm 4 cm}, battery, beaker,
er sulphate, distille water, dil · sulphuric
I 2. Copp
sand paper.
f 3
,r--
rap water -----
I PROCEDURE
~ - - vegetable oil
1
I 4 --~-- - ~- - -
f--5-
I
/ Milk
- - -
-- - - ---------t--------
,---- -
Honey
6

and ·························· are good

R ESULT
Out of given liquids, .............................. , ································
conductors of electricity.

PRECAUTIONS
II
1. Apparatus should be tightly connected and dry. II
2. Both the end of the wires should be cleaned and dry before testing another liquid.

1. Why do we use compass needle In this experiment? Copper Sulphate solution

A deflection in the compass needle shows conduction of electricity by the liquid
'-.. ., _:---
L----- Copper plate
2. What Is an electrolyte?
The liquid/chemical that conducts electricity is called an electrolyte.
Fig. Electroplating
3. What Is a battery? 1. Take a clean and dry beaker:
A combination of cells is called a battery 2. Take 250 ml of distilled water in it and dissolve two tea spoonfull of copper sulphate in it.
4. Give some other examples of tester used to test the conduction of electricity.
3. Add a few drops of di!. sulphuric acid in it so that it can easily conduct electricity.
Bulb & LED
4. With the help of a sand paper clean the copper plates. Wash the plates with water and dry them.
5. Take a battery. Connect the copper plates to the terminals of a battery.
6. Immerse the plates ·n copper su"tphate solution.
7. Allow the current to pass for 15 minutes.
8. Now take out the plr tes from the solution and observe the change in it.

i OBSERVATION
! 1 · Copper plate connected to the negative terminal of the battery has a deposition on it.
2 - Colour of the soluti m faded away.

8 :· Class-VIII Class-VIII :: 9
 r moves to the negativ
~_xr£RIMENT-6
. free coppe e
hate soluoon, OsJf.CflVE
er sulp . g
through copP electroplalln . To construct a model of a solar cooker and demonstrate its use.
R ESULT . nt is pa,-...ed TM ,s called
JectnC curre .•ted on it.
When e d ..ets dep0!' 1 :fEJUALS REQUIRED
e!ectrade an o· f re usiJlg. .
d paper be O type of wns. ~Thick and hard wooden sheets, aluminium sheet, plane mirror, thermocol, hinges, black paint, steel
NS ed ,,th san any other bowl, nails, hammer, etc.
J'RECAUTIO Id be cleaJl " n,jnation by
teS shou y con ta
I Copper pIa tilled to avoid an
J'ROCf.DURE
Water should be dis ruction of the Solar Cooker
2 I cons t
· outer box: Take the thick and hard wooden sheets and use them to make the outer box of the solar
. b means of electricity is called
ther material y cooker.
. ? tal on ano
1 Whal Is e1ec1roplatin9 . layer of any desired me Inner box: Use the aluminium sheet to construct the inner box of the solar cooker. Paint the inner walls
• ss of deposIbn9 a of this aluminium box black.
The proce
electroplabnQ ?
f electroplating Insulating layer: Place about 4 cm thick layer of thermocol on the bottom of the wooden box. Also fill
2. Whal is the use o revent corrosion of metals. nducts. Why? the space between the walls of the outer wooden box and inner aluminium box with thermocol.
EJectroplatln9 ,s done to P I trlclty but tap water co . ·ty but distilled water is free of any salt Plane mirror lid: Fix a p lane mirror in a wooden frame and attach this plane mirror lid to your box.
t doesn't conduct e ec d conductor of electric,
3. 0Is1llled wa er ·1 which make ,t goo
Its dissolved '" 1 . Cooking pots: Paint the steel bowls black from outside and place them inside the solar cooker.
Tap water has sa conduct electnc1ty ?
I
that ,s why rt does no lphate solution fade away . . d osited on the negative electrode.
colour of the copper su per from the solution ,s ep
"· Why oes d ts faded because cop
Colour of the copper sulphate ge
ting of Iron? .
s How can we prevent rus t ng a coaling of zinc on it.
• f can be prevented by depos1 '
Rusbng o iron

Outer Wooden Box

Fig. Solar cooker model

Class-VIII :· 11
10 ·. Class-VIII
 er moves to the negativ
t)%f£RIMENT-6
. free co Pp e
t solut1on,
lpha e OfJJEcTfVE
ct1pper ~u \atillg,
RESULT ,.._,d thn1 u~h. . lied etcctrOP ~~ n
struct a model of a solar cooker and demonstrate its use
.
cum'nt I~ p,N it Tl-fr• I~ ul
When ek"-"tnc dep<"'ited t'll rfJU/\LS REQUIRED
electrode and gets
f e using- r,IA'fhick and hard wooden sheets, aluminium sheet, plane mirror, thermocol, hinges, black paint, steel
d aper be or e of ions.
nnccAtmONS 1 aned with san p . by any other typ nails hammer, etc.
a- ru- h0 uld be c e unal10ll boW,I '
Copper plateS ~ d' tilled to a,.o1'd an)' contan
prtocEDURE
2. \\'ater should be JS ction of the Solar Cooker
I cons trU .
· outer box: Take the thick and hard wooden sheets and use them to make the outer box of the solar
• by means of electricity is called cooker.
ther rnateria 1
t'ng?
What Is electrOP I1 1
tal on ano
1. . a layer of any
desired rne inner box: Use the aluminium sheet to construct the inner box of the solar cooker. Paint the inner walls
The process of depos1bng of this aluminium box black.
eJeetroplabnQ.
uoplating? Insulating layer: Place about 4 cm thick layer of thermocol on the bottom of the w~en box. Also fill
1
2 What is the use of e ec of metals the space between the walls of the outer wooden box and inner aluminium box with thermocol.
done to prevent corrosion nducts. Why?
Electroplabng is Jectricity but tap water co . ·ty but distilled water is free of any salt Plane mirror lid: Fix a plane mirror in a wooden frame and attach this plane mirror lid to your box.
Dlstilled water doesn't conduct e . k it good conductor of electric1
3. lved in it which ma e Cooking pots: Paint the steel bowls black from outside and place them inside the solar cooker.
Tap water has salts disso nduct electnc1ty
that is why rt does not co f de away?
Pp er sulphate solution a . . deposited on the negative electrode.
4· Why does colour of the co per from the solution 1s
ts taded because cop
ColoUr of the copper sulphate ge
s. How can we preven t rusting of Iron? .ti. a coating of zinc on it.
Rusting of iron can be preve nted by depos1 ng

Outer Wooden Box

Fig. Solar cooker model

10 :: Class-VIII Class-VIII :: 11
 f)~£JUMENT- 7

~..,,
f , c of th•· :,0J 1r owkN ked and cover it with a lid . Put this bowt . .
0 8Jf:CTIVE
n. o<"·
1 Fill ""'"
'"'the stee
0 ' . • • •'
I 1,owl "·1th the=~
m•""'' "' "''°" ._,ne AdJ·ust the wooden lid of the sol To compare s trength of differe n t given
. fibres.
th e •solar cooker. k r ifl a place with I ty. of suns•""·
. pen mount .
· of sunlight a r cooker
to t h e steel bowl. Th
. Pl•~ ,i,, ,ola< '°" ' .
anner that 11 re
fl-'" me m•"mum a , f"<>'
"
~ATERIALS REQUIRED
2 .
Silk, wool, cotton and nylon fibres ' an uon stand
in such a rn ked after sornetif'ne-
l!ESULT
rnatenal gets cOO cted ,nd ;" ,se to cook the food matedal h PROCEDURE ' a pan, weights.

e! of a ,ola< co0'-'' h" , _ '°"'"" " be.o 1 . Take a n iron stand with a cl amp.
A worlallS rn od
dernonstrated - 2. Take a cotton thread of about 60 cm length
J>RECAUllONS _ 'd h Id be suitably adjusted so that maximum amount f
t. n,, ,.,,, of tl,e pl~• ~ao< li s ou o SOia, 3 . T ie it to the clamp so that it hangs freely ·
enerfil. can be
. gathered . .
sh t - h uld be handled carefullY to avo1'd any injury· 4. Su s p e nd a pan at the free en d of the fibre.
·
2. The plane IJUITOr ee s o 5 . Put som e weight in the p K .
the stren g th of the fibre . an. eep on adding the weight till th e thread break. Th 6

6. Repea t s teps I to 5 with tlrr • w~ght indiQt

ead of wool I
1. What is a solar cooker? 7. Ta bula te the data . ' po yester, silk and nylon.
It s a deVJce which utilizes solar energy for cooking food .
1
2. On what pnnclple does a solar cooker work? 8. Arran ge the thread in order of th err .
. increasing strength.
Black surfaces absorb solar energy more readily than white or reflecting surfaces. Thus black surfaces a
,...,, •"""""" aod m heal •• su•ouod;og •""· Th;, ;, • • prioc;p1e of wock;og of a solac =ke,.~ """ ID

3. What is th• function of the plane mirror lid in the solar cooker?
· the solar
The plane mirror hd increases the area over which solar energy is collected and reflects the sunlight ·inside
cooker

4. Why cannot we use the solar cooker for making chapattles or for frying?
I

or fortemperature
The maJCJmum
chapallies frying. which can be attained by the solar cooker is 100°c · Hence ·t cannot be used for making

5. State the main advantage of using a solar cooker.

It does not cause pollution.

Thread---~•

l
(Fibre)
Weight
Pan ----.J••--~

t • different thread (fibres) and weights ha ngmg on the clamp

Fig. An iron s tan d with

12 :: Class-VIII Class-VIII• 13
 - -:-h;-,;quiredt;-i;'reak the thread
OssERVA110Ns
---T--;,;; thread (fibres)
--- - - - -
--------
Total we1g

S.No - ~ EXPERIMENT-1
---,
Co~------j___---------,
1. /
OBJECTIVE
To find the pH of the followin
2. _j_ g sample by using pH
(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid (di! HCI) paper.
3
I Silk
(b) D~ute suJ~huric acid (di! ½S0 )
---1I Nylon (c) Dilute sodium hydroxide sol ti ( .
4
u on di! NaOH)
(d) Lemon juice
Polyester (e) Water
5
(f) Dilute sodium bicarbonate (N HCO .
a ~ solution
REsULT fall fib es it is concluded that the strongest fibre is nylon. MATERIALS REQUIRED
By comparing the strength o r , Test tubes, test tube stand, dropper.

l'RECAU110NS · kn THEORY
of the same length and almost of the same thic ess.
1. All threads should be The pH of the solution indicates th
. . . e nature of the solution.
2. Weight should be added one by one. If pH = 7, rt indicates that it is a neutral solution.
If pH < 7, it indicates that solution is acidic.
IE pH > 7, it indicates that solution is basic.

f. What are synthetic fibres. PROCEDURE

Fibres which are made by human beings are synthetic fibre i.e. rayon. .
1. Take approxima tely 10 ml of dil HCI sol u ti.on m cl
a ean test tube
2. What is a polymer? 2. Take a strip of pH paper and place it on a clean whit ..
drop of dil. HCI from the test tube on it. e surface. With the help of a dropper, put a
. Many similar small umts (monomer) combine to form a large single unit called a polymer.
3. Why is nylon popular for making clothes?
It 1s popular because 1t is strong, elastic, light & easy to wash.
4. Why are natural fibres so expensive?
Natural fibres are made from resources like plants, animals or worm. It needs more time & energy to produce them.

pH Strip

HCI H,SO, NaOH Lemon Water NaHCO,

pH value-. o 9 10 11 12 13 14
colour -->
l■■I
Fig. Test tubes containing different solutions

14 :: Class-VI/I Class-VIII 15
 cl t match the colour and record th
I f standard ,ar' e
d \dth the he p o • '
in colour ,111 f:XPEKIMENT-2
3.
Obsen·e the change
pH. . 1-3 for all gh·en solutions. O BJECTIVE
4 Repeat ;,tep" To show rusting of iron.

BSERVATI0N ___ - - - - - - - - pH- -

value Nature~ MATERIALS REQUIRED
0 ---7 d on pH paper (from standard _c_h_a_rt___)_ ___,.__s_u_b_s_ta_n_ce 3 test tubes, 3 rubber cork, iron nails, cotton wool, oil, anhydrous calcium chloride (CaCii), sand paper,

'I I1:_L
Colour produce - ---. distilled water, burner.
rs.No. ~mple ,I--- - 2 strongly acidic
i
DilHCI I ~"''"' = PROCEDURE
1. Clean the iron nails with sand paper so that existing rust coverings are removed and fresh iron

L-r;
__ i -Tl Oil H2SO, I _- from beneath is exposed.
2. Take 3 test tubes and label them as A, B and c.
3 / Oil NaOH ----+-----------r----- 3. Place two iron nails in test tube A. Plug a cotton wool swab half way down the test tube. Place
some anhydrous calcium chloride crystals over the cotton wool S\'ll'ab in the test tube (Ca~ absorbs
water vapour from the air in the test tube).
4 Lemon1uIce
4 . Close the mouth of the test tube A with a rubber cork. Keep this test tube aside for 5-7 days.
5. Water s. Fill in the test tube B upto half with distilled water. With the help of a test tube holder, heat this
test tube containing water over a burner for about 5-7 minutes to expel the dissolved air present in
water.
6 NaHC03
I 6. Drop two clear iron nails in this boiled water such that they dip completely inside water.
7. Pour some oil over the surface of boiled water to form an oil layer.
PRECAlITIONS
1. Handle the acids carefully. 8. Close the mouth of the test tube with a rubber cork and keep it aside for 5-7 days.
h uld b sed for each solution. 9. Place two iron nails in test tube C. Put some ordinary tap 1,,,·ater in this test tube. The iron nails
2. Separate dropper s O e u . and pH value
3. Wait for 2-3 minutes before recording the change m co1our . should be partially submerged in water and partially out of water.
10. Close the mouth of the test tube with a rubber cork to keep it aside for 5-7 days.

1. What is action of an acidic solution on blue litmus paper. Rubber cork

It turns blue litmus into red.

2. Give any example of acidic solution from our daily life.
Lemon juice, curd
3. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. Will there be any change in its pH when it turns into curd?
Its pH will decrease as curd has acidic nature Calcium chloride
crystals Moist air
4. Why are our tooth-pastes basic?
Cotton wool Oil layer
Tooth-pastes are basic to neutralize the excess acid & prevent tooth decay. swab
5. If there is no change In the colour of the litmus paper on testing a solution what does that mean?
Dry air oiled water
It means solution Is neutral
(air-free) Ordinary
tap water

(A) No rusting (B) No rusting (C) Rusting

Fig.

16 · Class-VIII Class-VIII 17
OBSERVATION
No rust is obse rved on the surfa ce . t
of iron na ils m es·t tube A and 8 . How ever, a redd ish b
obse rved on the surfa ce of iron nails rown
in the test tube C.
Thus rusti ng of iron does n t take CQ,)t ~
I place in the prese nce of air or wate r alone . Prese nce
of both ,
BX PB KIM BN T-3
wate r is nece ssary for the rusti ng ¾
of iron.
an<I OBJE CTIV E
RES ULT
(i) To study displ acem ent reactions.
The phen omen on of rusti ng of iron
has been obse r,ed. (ii) To arran ge meta ls in order of th
Zn ) . · · · • - .
PRE CAU TION S eir mcreasmg activity on the basis of displ acem ent reaction (Cu, Fe,
1. Only distil led and boile d wate
r (air free) shou ld be empl oyed in th MAT ERIA LS REQ UIRE D
B. e case of iron nail in test tu~
Iron nails, zinc granu
2. Fresh anhy drou s calci um chlor
ide (CaC I) shou ld be place d over the solut ion, test tubes . les, copp er turni n
gs, copp er sulph ate solution, zinc sulph
A. 2 cotto n wool swab int ide solut ion, iron sulph ate
~~
3. The iron nails shou ld be thoro ughly PRO CEDU RE
dean ed with sand pape r befor e being
used for the expe - 1. Take 10 ml of copp er sulph ate soluti
4. Rubb er corks shou ld be used to runent on in two test tubes . Mark them A and
dose the mout h of the three test tubes B.
. · 2. Put some zinc granu les in test tube
A and iron nails in test tube B.
3. Take 10 ml of zinc sulph ate solut ion
\1\ '.\ \ 'OCI~ in two test tubes and mark them c and
. -- 4. Put some copp er turni ngs in test tube o.
C and some iron nails in test tube D.
1. Wha t is corrosion? 5. Take 10 ml of iron sulph ate in two
test tubes and mark them E and F.
The wasting away of metals layer by layer 6. Put some zinc granu les in test tube
due to the formation of metal compounds E and some copp er turni ngs in test tube
2. Give an exam ple of corrosion. on the surface is called corrosion. F.
7. Keep all test tubes in the stand undis
turbe d for some time.
Rusting of iron. 8. Reco rd your obser vatio ns.
3. Whic h comp onen t of air is actua OBSERVATION
lly responsible for the rusting of iron?
Oxygen.
4. Is rusting of iron a slow process Fe nails
or a fast process? '\Fe nails
It is an extremely slow proce ss
5. State two conditions essential for ZnSO,
rusting to take place. ,al

(i) Prese nce of air

(ii) Presence of water (or moisture)
CuS0 4
ZnS04
r.:r-FeSO,
Yi Fe nails
.....
::J
Cu turnings
J Fe nails
.....
::J
B C ~Zn~ Cutu nqs
0 E F
Fig. Displacement reaction
RESULT
Reac tivity serie s of given meta ls is Zn
> Fe > Cu

1. What is displ acem ent reaction?

When a more reactive metal replaces a
less reactive metal from its solution, it is called
displacement reaction.
2. Can copp er displ ace zinc from zinc
sulph ate?
No, it can't as zinc is more reactive than
copper
3. Which metal is most reactive & which
one is least reactive among zinc, iron
& copper?
Zinc 1s most reactive & copper 1s least reacti
ve
18 :: Class-VIII
Class-VIII ·· 19
 pt
~Xf£RIMENT• !'
i EXfERIMENT-4 OBJECTIVE
To pro duce biogas from was te material ( cow dung).
IALS REQUIRED
~ATER . .
l\lATERIALS REQUIRED \(,cks, matchb0'-·
r
Jass bottle (of about 8 htr~s capacity, rubber cork with an hole, a small glass bottle (of about 2-3
iitr! capacity), a ru b~er p rk (wi th 2 holes), glass delivery tube bent twice at right angles, glass delivery
• , • wcxxit'll t,
Candll-:<, ~IJ!--S, ch1mns~ • tube (bent once at nght r ngle), rubber tube, bunsen burner, stop cock, cow dung, lime water.

PROCEDURE _ on , table.
r •ht it and tl\. l 1 _ 1 f the cand 1e.
1 Tal..e a can dl e, 1!;
. bl ·ks on both !'-1de o d bloc!-. in Delivery tube
·1 I
2. Put two w(l(lden lX die on the woo en
. - on>r the can F (A).
'.\:o\\ put J c;la:-s ch m1ne) - tl1e chinU'le)' ig.
3 , · an enter lI'I bl Now
such a \\"J) that air c . die also on the ta e. d
ht 1·1 Fi'- this can . the woo en Derrvery tube
Tal..e another candle, g Ii die without usmg Bumei:
-1 • h'
put a glass c imne~ 0
•
. ,-er the can
blocks and observe the flam
e Fi . (B).
g ble without using the
Rubber cork
j
di fi:,,, it on the ta t over the Slopcocl(
5 . Again tal..e a lighted can e, . ·t Put a a-Jass P1a e I
h. e\' o, er i o
blocks, put a glass c unn . (C)
chimney. Obsen·e the flame Fig.

OBSERVATIONS
.

Big Glass Bottle

R
ubbe5
r be
coli( .
Rubber

without any smoke. Small

In first case Fig. (A) candle bums . and ·ves smoke. cowdung and --+• ■ Glass Lime Water
. (B) flame of the candle flickers gi water Bottle (absorbs COJ
In second case F1g.
In third case Fig. (C) the flame goes off.
Fig. Production of B1ogas
RESULT
PROCEDURE
Air is necessary for burning.
1. Make a uniform mixlture of about 2 kg of cow dung and about 2 liter of water.
PRECAUTIONS
2. Pour this mixture into, a big glass bottle.
Burning candles should be handled carefully.
3. Arrange your experimenta l set up as shown in the figure.
lTI'A , ·ocE 4. Allow the mixture of cow dung and w ater to putrefy for about 20-30 days.

1. What is combustion? 5. After this interval of rune open the stop cock fixed on the rubber tube and light the burner. Record
your observations.
It is chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give off heat
(C)
2. What Is a fuel? OBSERVATION
Fig. To show that air is necessary
A substance that undergoes combustion & releases energy is called a fuel. for burning j
The burner burns with a Jue fla m e. The biogas which has been produced due to putrefication of cow
3. What are the conditions necessary for combustion? dung and water mixture s serving as the fuel here.

A combustible substance, ignition temperature & oxygen RESULT

4. Do all combustible substances give flame?

Biagas has been produced from waste m aterial.
No, only those substance which vapounse during burning give flames

20 Class-VII I Class-VIII :: 21
 1. The gl,ss deli<e<Y tube ,nd the ,ubbel """ should be tightly filted in the glass boltles.
PRECAUTIONS
t)%flllUMBNT~ 1
2. The biogas should not be inhaled as it is poisonous.
3. The bum& ,;hould not be plared '°""""to the big glass bottle " on lighting the bume,, the b
oeJEcr1VE .
ro observe cells m an onion peel under the .
ro,y e,plode. om, r,1,«•1ALS REQUIRED nucro.cape.
onion, forceps, water, glass, slide' 10dme
. . solutio . , coverslip et
•ocEJJURE n, filte, p,per
0

""""
1. What is biogas?
Too modUre of """"'" a,d ca,bO' ao,ode '""""" by ""°"'""'"'" of plaot aod animal waste ; ware, .
."'" P 1. fake • ..,,n piece of onion.
2. Peel off a skin with the hel of
c

. it without any
3. Place a piece of p wrink.l
a forcep. from the inner
. la

2. Sate 2 uses of biogas. s.4. Put a op of ,odine solution em• ,ho of

dr unde, low and hi hand rovenilip.
Qbse,ve
ye<.
p wate, on• glass slide
Uses
(! IIof
• b1ogas
"'"' " a 0,1 "" ""'d"' (ii II ,, ,sod lo< street lighli09 aod Jo, ,onniag eagi "" *
,. Df'W. few cells with"!urWefS
detailsofofmicrosco
ms·d pe. contents
I e cell
.
- - "you cm"'·
· Is bio-gas a renewable or a non-renewable source of energy?
3
Biogas is a renewable source of energy
· Name two renewable sources of energy other than biogas.
4
*
--
(Q Solar energy (i1) Wind energy

(a) (b)

(c)
~
L7
(e) (I)

@
c=: =~y~~~==='-7
Fig. (g) peel sampIe on a slide
Moun1·ing of onion

22 :· Class-VIII Class-VIII :: 23