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Big Picture G
Week 17-18: UNIT LEARNING OUTCOME (ULO)
At the end of the unit, you are expected to:

a. Critique a research paper based on diction, unity, and paragraph development

and cite sources or references appropriately using the APA format.

Big Picture in Focus: ULO a. Critique a research paper based on diction, unity,
and paragraph development and cite sources or references appropriately using
the APA format.

Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of critiquing a
research paper based on diction, unity, and paragraph development is operationally
defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the course work in your
chosen field or career.
 Research refers to a systematic analyses and interpretation of data.
 Research paper refers to the scholarly output of the research being
conducted.
 Primary research refers to gathering of data through observations, surveys,
experiments, and interviews.
 Secondary research refers to gathering of data by reading magazine articles,
books, and other reading materials.
 Field research refers to a kind of primary research.
 Report refers to a written and oral account about a particular topic or subject
that was assigned to a person.
 Synthesis or survey refers to the process of combining separate elements of
thought into a whole.
 Argument papers refer to a type of research paper that requires defending a
stance as regards to an issue and convincing others the validity of one’s
opinion.
 Reaction papers refer to a summary of a chapter/topic then followed by the
writer’s opinion/position about the topic.
Essential Knowledge
To understand better about writing minutes of the meeting, business letters,
and other communication materials accurately the following terms are operationally
defined. This will give you ideas about the important things that you really need to
know as you get engage yourself in this chapter.
For several years, Bill Gates has consistently been one of the richest persons
in the whole world. Singapore, with a per capita income of $50, 523 in 2009 has the
highest per capita income in Asia. The U.S. still remains to be the most powerful
country in the whole world with one of the highest per capita income of $46, 381.
These facts are among the most striking realities of our times. What is amazing

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about these facts is the impressive progress some people or countries have attained.
Bill Gates was reputed to have come from humble beginnings. He left college in
1975 and founded Microsoft later to become one of the richest corporations in the
world. In the 1990’s, Gates company dominated the software market. Recently,
Microsoft is considered one of the biggest and most profitable in US.
Japan is hardly half a century past its history when it lost the Second World
War. The country was virtually devastated but was able to pick up from the rubbles
of war. America, judging from its per capita income, certainly has been one of the
most progressive countries, if not the most progressive in the whole world, but it has
surely gone a long way before it earned its stature.
Come to think of it, what is the secret behind the success of some people and
some countries?
A close look at the factors that led to their success shows an interesting
common denominator- they made the right decision at the right time with the right
information. And the right and intelligent decision does not come at the flick of a
finger. This decision is a result of data gathering, of scientific investigation, of
systematic analyses and interpretation of data – which we actually call research.

While other factors may have substantial contributed to the success stories
above, it can be said that one of the important factors that led to their success is
scientific problem solving and investigation research.
The windows, acclaimed to have accounted for substantial fortune of Gates is
a result of research. Japan subject started with industrial products, years, which
have beenthe subject of ridicule for several years. For instance, several years back,
when you buy a product like nuts and bolts, the cheapest yet the least the durable is
one that is made in Japan. At present, one of the best products in the market is
made in Japan.
The U.S. definitely was not born in abundance. Her history marks her survival
from one of the worst economic depressions. Thailand used to be a developing
country but it was able to establish its strong agriculture and industries through
research. China certainly labored through scientific investigations to be able to
provide for its billions of population. The success stories can be endless;
nonetheless, research would always be one of the significant factors that account for
all those success stories.
New ideas are not developed out of the blue. While creativity feeds
technology, information supports creativity. That information, which supports
creativity and which consequently leads to technology, is really born out of research.
Indeed, it is hardly conceivable for a person or a country to achieve progress
without research. Research seemed to have become the "sine qua non" of progress.
Definition of Research
The Webster's Universal Dictionary and Thesaurus (1993) defines research
as analysis, examination, exploration inquiry, investigation, scrutiny or study. The
crucial terms in this definition are investigation or scrutiny. The word investigation
implies that research is an activity that one does to gather data, to discover
something and to solve a problem. On the other hand, scrutiny means a careful and

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thoughtful look and examination of a situation or a problem. Without investigation or

scrutiny, no solution to the problem can be arrived at. The definition therefore
suggests a positive value of research - that research is an essential component
of problem solving.
Since we are always confronted with problems, day in and day out, and since
we need to investigate and scrutinize the problem to solve them, thus research is an
essential requirement for life - for a good life for that matter!
N.L. Gage, on the other hand, defines research as an activity aimed at
increasing our power to understand, predict and control events of a given kind.
Several values of research can be gleaned from this definition.
1. Research enables us to understand an event by relating it logically to others.
2. It allows us to predict events by relating them empirically to their antecedents
in time.
3. Research ensures our control over events by manipulating variables or
situations.

The Values of Research

When we do something, we give importance to it only when we realize the

value of what we do. What really is the value or importance of research?

The following values show the importance of research:

1. Research is a scientific approach to solve problems. Research allows a step

by step process of solving problems. The procedures used in research give us a
systematic way of identifying solutions to problems.
2. Research offers accurate answers to crucial questions or problems.
Because the approach used in research is systematic, the answers that are
provided by research are almost always correct.
3. Research allows us to explore the unexplored aspects of life. It allows us to
be more in control of the situation instead of the situation controlling us. Thus,
research encourages people to think and act beyond the ordinary things;
consequently we are able to discover more opportunities, e.g. computers, audio-
video systems, exploration of outer space, etc.
4. Research is a means to verify/validate theories. Theories are speculations or
hypotheses and therefore not definite answers to problems/ questions. But
research affords the means to prove or to disprove the theories.
5. Research offers opportunities to formulate new theories/principles. In the
process of verifying theories, research is able to produce new theories and
generally accepted truths about a problem or issue.

Two General Types of Research Studies

Any research or study for that matter begins with a problem or a question. While
some problems may lead to a definite solution, a number of them may not. Other
research problems may rather have indirect answers. For instance, a study of the
process of water purification can lead to a definite answer. On the other hand, if the
research problem is about "can AIDS be acquired from indirect sources such as
drinking glasses?" This problem may require indirect answers and thus lead to many

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possible answers. So the student can give answers coming both from evidences
taken from primary and secondary researches.
Primary Research
Primary research can be done by way of gathering data through recording and
analyzing the behavior of certain subjects. Hanson (1996) associates primary
research or field research with what scientists do — observations, surveys,
experiments and interviews.
Secondary Research
Secondary research, on the other hand, is conducted by reading magazine articles
and books. It is the type of research that you do when you gather data from books
which you can use in answering questions or problems. This is secondary research
because it is based on author's researches. Information technology has made
secondary research very easy and quick with the availability of the Internet.
Moreover, some organizations and offices have their own libraries which can be
good sources of secondary research.
Field Research
Field research is a kind of primary research, which may include surveys,
observations, interviews and experiments. Old newspapers, letters, and magazines
may be good sources of primary research. The researcher writing a primary research
can begin his task from secondary research. This is so because the researcher first
establishes what has already been discovered about the topic. Eventually, the study
graduates to primary research by interpreting observations, surveys and interviews
done by the researcher.
Different Types of Research Papers

At times, you would be required to read a book, prepare a summary and a

presentation on a particular topic. This report can be considered a research paper.
There are many types of research papers, which are important to students and future
professionals like you.
There are at least three types of research papers according to Hanson (1996): the
report, synthesis or survey and argument papers.

1. The report
A report is a written and oral account about a particular topic or subject that
was assigned to you. It is considered one type of research because it requires data
gathering from books, Internet, interviews and other sources putting the data
together, analyzing them and drawing conclusions from the data that you have
gathered. This is finally presented to the class or in a conference.

2. The synthesis or survey

Synthesis as defined by Webster, is the process of combining separate
elements of thought into a whole. To synthesize, you put together and relate the
important concepts with each other. Bloom went a little bit farther from this definition.
He believes that synthesis is not only relating the concepts with each other, but also
creating something new out of the concepts you have studied. For instance, if you
are studying fruits in your science subject, you would not merely memorize the

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scientific names and the types of fruits and relate them with each other but you go
beyond the lesson by developing a new variety or better kind of fruit.

3. Argument papers
Argument papers can also be considered a research paper because it
requires defending a stance as regards an issue and convincing others that your
position/opinion is valid. When you defend an opinion or a stance about a
particular issue, certainly you have to gather data, interpret them and draw your
conclusions. Thus the steps you follow is really research.

4. Reaction papers
Reaction papers are similar to argument papers but they are more of a summary of a
chapter/ topic then followed by the writer's opinion/ position about the topic. The
writer's opinion is developed based on interpretation of data then on a formulated
conclusion.

The Process of Writing a Research Paper

While other countries have benefited so much from and fact became progressive
because of research, it is quite unfortunate that so many Filipino students abhor or
dislike research - maybe because we think research is a difficult task or maybe
because we are not familiar with how to do research. However, if you follow the
steps below, you will find that research is not, after all, an impossible task to do.
Here are the stages that you can follow to help make research easy for you.

1. Study your reader, your topic and your purpose. The type of reader and your
purpose will give you ideas on the style of your write up and direction in the
procedures you are going to follow in your research.
2. Get a topic that is interesting to you and your target reader. Choose a relevant
topic that is related to your area of interest and specialization, A relevant topic
is one that helps solve a problem or develop the community.
3. Limit your topic - - a broad topic may be difficult and too lengthy to manage.
Furthermore, a broad topic may not allow you to focus your research and thus
lead to a superficial study on the topic. For instance, you may be interested to
study about computer games. The topic computer games may be too broad
since there are so many computer games. So you can focus your efforts to a
more specific topic like "effects of commando games".
4. Gather information from magazines, journals, encyclopedias, books, the
Internet and other sources. Maintain notes on the important information you
have gathered from your sources. You may either summarize or quote the
relevant information you got. Remember to write the publication data such as
the
name of the author, the title of the book, the title the article, the name of the
magazine or journals, the place and date of publication and the number of
page. You will need these pieces of information to acknowledge your sources
of data. A stack of index cards can be a handy tool for this task. You may
transfer these notes to a computer as soon as you can.
5. Write the outline of your research. Your outline is like a blueprint or the plan
for a house. It is also like the skeleton of your paper. Your outline will be very

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helpful when you are in the actual writing stage because it will give you easy
directions to follow.
6. Eventually, put the "flesh" on this skeleton by explaining, illustrating, giving
examples, enumerating details and other ways of developing the paragraph.
7. Review your research paper and edit/revise the errors. There is no substitute
for a perfect and flawless research paper. Remember, your paper is a
reflection of the kind of person you are. So give time to review, edit and revise
it if needed.

Time-Saving Tips to Do Research

In your excitement or anxiety about your research, it is possible to lose your focus
and thus do so much reading that may not really be needed in relation to your topic.
Thus, you may have read so much and gathered so much data before you realize
that they do not really serve your purpose.

Aside from the tips in writing a research paper, some pointers from R. Hanson
(Writing Successfully) below will help you use your time wisely and efficiently:

1. Before borrowing a book from the library, read its preface and introduction
and review the table of contents and index. Three important information can
be derived from them:

a) if the book has information related to research;

b) if it is related, what chapters of the book you read, instead of reading the
entire book(though you should never miss the opening and closing
chapters for an overall view); and
c) what specific biases an author has toward the subjects.

2. An abstract at the beginning of the essay, in the table of contents, or at the

end of the issue, is featured in a number of scholarly journal articles. The
abstract is a summary of the article in one paragraph; review it to assess if the
whole article is relevant for your research. If you decide to copy the article,
don't forget to note all the important information about the article and the
journal i.e. title of the article, name of author, page number, name of journal,
volume number, and year it was published. These pieces of information are
needed when you cite sources in your research paper.
3. After locating the first books and articles that are relevant to your subject,
review their bibliographies, they can be helpful to find other books and articles
that you may need in your research.
4. You don't really need to read the entire book to get the information that you
need. Just read the part that is relevant to your topic.
5. Check that the articles and books you use from outside sources are:
a) authoritative — meaning that the writer has gained reputation in the field
and that other authorities have not disputed his or her ideas; and
b) relevant - that the writer's views are significantly related to your
research.
6. Review the card catalogues and periodical indexes to locate relevant books
and articles. The card catalogue can quickly lead you to the books that you
need for your research. For instance, if your research is about computers, you

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can easily get your materials by opening the title section of the catalogue,
then you can locate your topic from the alphabetically arranged titles. If you
know the author of the book you are looking for, you can locate that from the
author section of the card catalogue. A number of libraries have installed an
on-line public access catalogue (OPAC) where you can very quickly locate the
topic or the book you need through the computer.
7. Review important books and articles, always jotting down important
information, summarizing, quoting and paraphrasing. List the complete
bibliographical information about the articles and books in your notes.
8. While reading, you can already focus or limit your subject. A quick focus and
narrowing down of your subject allows you to move fast from general to
specific articles and books on your specific topic. After or while you are
studying your topic, learning its main ideas and major concerns, free write a
list of possible specific subtopics. Don't treat broad subjects haphazardly;
since you will be writing a short paper, only a focused or a properly limited
topic can be treated in depth, considering the limited time you allot for the
research.
9. Determine if you need to interview a person who can provide you relevant
information. At times, first-hand information about a topic may be helpful i.e.,
from another researcher or professor, or a person who works at a job related
to your topic.
10. Review your notes and index cards and write a draft of the essay using the
proper documentation form.

Suggestions to Make Writing Easy

While there were tips on how to do your research the easy way, Rubin et. al.
(Communication Research: Strategies and Sources) offers the following suggestions
that can further help you make your tasks easier.

1. Use a formal style and language. Research papers are generally written in the
third person, not in the first person. For example, instead of writing "I
observed that..." you can write: "The researcher observed that..." Some
scholarly journals tend to be quite liberal in or allow the use of the first person.
Slang and other informal language is not encouraged when writing a research
report.
2. Avoid jargons. Jargons are words that are peculiar or known only to a
profession or occupation e.g., for computer professionals the term CPU may
be easily understandable, however, the term may not be quickly understood
by people who are not in the profession. Thus, use words which can be
understood easily by your readers.
3. Avoid language that may be prejudiced toward a group, culture or sex. There
is language that judge and which may hurt other people. An example of this is
saying that a particular race is bad.
4. Be as concise as possible. Avoid being wordy. Use expressions that are direct
to the point.
5. Say what you mean and mean what you say. It is not safe to assume that
your readers know the topic just because you are familiar with it. It is good to
start by thinking that your readers know little about your subject.

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6. Shift from one part of your research paper to the next in as natural a manner
as possible. Transition sentences or conjunctions such as however,
nonetheless, but, on the other hand, are few examples of frequently used
conjunctions that may be helpful in moving from one section to the next
section. If the previous section of your research is long, it may be helpful to
provide a brief summary of the last section as an introduction to the next
section.
7. Be extra careful with your grammar and spelling. Review you work for
possible errors and revise it.

How to Quote Sources, Summarize and Paraphrase

The research you will do needs to be based on many that is a common sources like
other author's ideas practice and in fact encouraged. However, in your research
paper, if you use information that you borrowed – information
that is not yours originally — you need to give credit to the source; otherwise, you
will be liable for plagiarism or simply put, the crime of copying other author's work
without giving the proper acknowledgment. So what will you do you to include
quotations and other author's ideas into your paper? Here are some suggestions that
can guide you.

Citing Quotations

Using quotations is more effective under the following conditions:

1. If you use the testimony of an authority as proof for your statement and the
original words are more powerful and accurate than you can paraphrase
them
2. If the meaning of the original may be lost if you express it in your own words.
3. If your ideas contradict your source and you want to be accurate in
expressing what you are opposed to.

How to Cite Quotations

Many methods can be adopted in citing quotations:

1. By using a colon: N. Murray Butler notes: ...is a management guru".

2. With the use of a comma: Ninoy Aquino stresses, "The Filipinos are worth
dying for".
3. By using the word "that". Goethe believes that it is not doing the thing we like,
but liking the thing we have to do that makes life happy.
4. The quotation can be presented into two parts: "He that can have patience"
says Benjamin Franklin, "can have what he will."

Summarizing and Paraphrasing

A summary is a brief account of the main points of a message. On the other hand,
paraphrasing is expressing passage in your own words.

Many writers use summary and paraphrase instead Of quoting the authors directly.
Researchers who summarize and paraphrase other writer's ideas need to

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acknowledge the author of the passage. To acknowledge the source of a passage,

the author's name can be cited in the paragraph then the page numbers in
Parentheses can be placed at the end of the summary or paraphrase. Another way
is to end the quoted or summarized passage writing the author's last name with the
page number in parentheses.

Documentation Style

Several methods of documentation have been adopted to write scholarly research

studies. The following techniques are the most commonly used types:

1. MLA — Modern Language Association style.

2. APA — American Psychological Association style.

Modern Language Association (MLA) Style.

At the end of the research paper, is a page entitled Works Cited. Contained on a
separate page, this section enumerates, in alphabetical order, all books and articles
that were cited in the research paper either through direct quotation, paraphrase or
summary. Here are the pointers in citing your sources:

1. Books
The proper arrangement for citing books should be
a) author (s),
b) title of the book,
c) edition number (if the book is not the first edition)
d) publication place,
e) name of publisher, and
f) publication date.

1.1. Books by One Author:

The basic order for citing books by one author should be:

a) name of author: last name first, then the first name, followed by a period.
b) title of the book, underscored and followed by a period.
c) place of publication followed by a colon.
d) name of publisher followed by a comma.
e) year of publication followed by a period.

Castigador, Adlai. Wholistic Reading. Manila: J.P. Ace Press, 2001.

1.2. Books Written by Two Authors:

The basic order for citing books by two authors should be:

a) name of the first author: last name first then the initial of the first name
followed by a period.
b) name of the second author: the initial of the first name, then the last name
followed by a period.

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c) title of the book, underscored and followed by a period

d) the number of edition, followed by period.
e) place of publication followed by a colon.
f) name of publisher followed by a comma.
g) year of publication followed by a period.

Example: BUCU L. C. and Castigador,A.C. Self-Instructional Modules in

Communication Skills I. Manila: Blue Angel Printing Press, 2001.

1.3. Books Written by Three Authors:

In citing books that have three authors, the following steps may be observed:

a) write the name of the first author, a comma and finally et al.
b) title of the book, underscored and followed by period.
c) the number of edition, followed by a period.
d) place of publication followed by a colon.
e) name of publisher followed by a comma.
f) year of publication followed by a period.

Example: Vicente, C, et al. Technical Writing. Man TechnoloU Supply Inc., 1999.

2. Encyclopedias

For encyclopedias, observe the following:

a) write the name of the topic first in quotations followed by a period.

b) then the name of the encyclopedia, underscored followed by a period.
c) year of publication, followed by a period.

Example:

"The Pentagon." Collier's Encyclopedia. 1988 ed.

"Industry." Encyclopedia Americana. 2000 ed.

3. Articles from Magazines

For articles that you cite, the following order may be observed:

a) name of author (last name first then the first name, followed by a period).
b) title of the article, (written with quotation marks followed by a period).
c) name of magazine, underscored
d) number of volume.
e) month and year of publication (in parentheses) with a colon thereafter; and
f) page number of the article followed by a period.

Example:

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Concepcion, Juan "Unexpected Success Stories." The Extraordinary Journal. 108,

(October 2001): 88.

4. Documenting an Article from a Daily Newspaper

The following pointers illustrate the order for documentation of an article from a
daily news paper.

a) name of author (last name, then the first name followed by a period).
b) title of the news item, (written with quotation marks and a period thereafter).
c) name of the newspaper (underscored, followed by a comma)
d) date of publication (date, month and year) with a colon thereafter; and
e) page number of the article followed by a period.

Example:

Sy, Alex "The Philippines: A Topnotch Economy." The Philippine Daily Investigator, 8
September 2001•. A8.

5. Documenting Interviews

You can follow the pointers below to document interviews:

a) name of respondent/ interviewee.

b) indicate that it is a personal interview
c) date of interview (date, month and year) with a period thereafter.

Example:

Salonga, Lani, Personal Interview. 8 August 2000.

APA (American Psychological Association) Styles

There are three important differences between the APA and MLA styles when
citing quotations, summaries or paraphrases:

1. The APA style puts the date of publication in the sentence.

Santos, Eustaquio (2000) believes:

2. In the APA technique, "p" is used to refer the page numbers:

Norman Vincent Peale (1988) observes that a sure cure for lack of confidence
is the thought that God is actually with you and helping you. (p. 8).

3. Only the initial letter in the first word of the title uses a capital letter except for
proper nouns and the word after a colon.

The following documentation for books have been observed using the APA style:

1. Books by One Author

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS & SCIENCES EDUCATION
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The basic order for citing books should be:

a) author (s): last name first then the initial of the first name.
b) date of publication in parentheses followed by a period.
c) title (only the initial letter of the first word is in capital, underscored and
followed by a period).
d) number of edition (if the book is not the first edition, in parentheses, followed
by a period).
e) place of publication followed by a colon:
f) name of publisher followed by a period thereafter.

Example:

Castigador, A. (2001). Wholistic reading. Manila: J.P. Ace Printing Press.

2. Books by Two Authors

The basic arrangement for citing books with two authors should be:

a) authors: last name first then the initial of the first name.
b) year of publication in parentheses followed by a period
c) title (only the initial letter of the first word is in capital, underscored).
d) number of edition (if the book is not the first edition, in parentheses, followed
by a period).
e) place of publication followed by a colon.
f) name of publisher followed by a period thereafter.

Example:

Bucu, L. and Castigador, A.C. (2001). Self-instructional modules for communication

arts I. Manila: Blue Angel Printing Press.

3: Encyclopedias

For encyclopedias, observe the following:

a) write the name of the topic first, followed by a period.
b) year of publication, in parentheses, followed by a period.
c) then the name of the encyclopedia, underscored.
d) volume number, page numbers using the symbol pp., in parentheses,
followed by a period.
e) place of publication followed by a colon.
f) name of publisher followed by a period.

Example:

The Pentagon. (1988). Collier's Encyclopedia (vol.8, pp. 80-88). New York: Collier's
Encyclopedia.

4. Articles from Magazines

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For a journal that starts with page 1 in every issue, the following style may be used:
a) write the name of the author (last by name then the initial of the first name,
followed by a period).
b) month and year of publication, in parentheses followed by a period.
c) title of the article with only the first letter of the title in capital letter, followed by
a period.
d) then name of the journal and the volume number underscored.
e) the page number followed by a period.

Example:

Concepcion, J. (2001). Unexpected success Stories. The Extraordinary Journal. 108,

p. 88.

5. Documenting an Article from a Daily Newspaper

Citing articles from a daily newspaper may observe the following order.

a) write the name of author (last name, then the initial of the first name, followed
by a period).
b) year of publication: year, month and the date, in parentheses, followed by a
period.
c) title of the article with only the first letter of the title in capital letter, followed by
a period.
d) the name of the journal, underscored.
e) the page number followed by a comma.
f) the volume number followed by a period.

Example:

Sy, A. (2001, September 8), The Philippines: a topnotch economy. The Philippine
Daily Investigator, PP. A8, 8.

6. Interviews

In the latest APA style, interviews are not cited in the works cited section but in the
text itself. For example:

R. Casty (personal interview, January 15, 2001) noted that the evidences were
damming.
A. Cashe (2001, January 16). Midnight Debate. (Channel 8) testified to the truth of
the allegations against the high government official.

Elements of a Research Proposal

Generally speaking research studies are initiated formal research proposal. The
same format of proposals is observed. Moreover, the research proposal is almost
identical to the first three chapters of the final research study, except for the fact that
the manuscript for the proposal is written in future tense. For instance, in your

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research proposal, you could write “the author will conduct a survey on...”, while in
the final research “the author conducted a survey on (adopted from University
Mindanao research format)

1. Title page

Since your institution has a style manual, you can follow the suggested format
of the cover page.
2. Title - your title should reflect key words or phrases that would show a clear
and brief description of the scope and nature of the study. The key words
allow your study to be indexed properly. Furthermore, the following pointers
could guide you:

a. major variables should be indicated

b. the nature of research should be reflected: whether it is descriptive,
correlational or experimental
c. the target population should be made clear
d. avoid using expressions, such as:

"A Study of ...

"An Investigation of ...
"A Survey of ...

Example of a research title: "Correlation between the rating in the board examination
and the success of graduates"

3. Table of contents shows the contents of your research paper.

4. Chapter 1 —The Problem and Its Setting

The background of the Study — this section provides the background and
setting of the research for the following purposes:
a. it puts the research problem in an appropriate context;
b. it enables the readers to understand the basis for the study;
c. it provides the justification for the study — the researcher should be
factual statements opinions and points of view should be recorded
properly;
d. it allows a clear clue to the statement of the problem;
e. it is your opportunity to convince your readers of the need for the
research. For purposes of funding, capabilities and capacities of
funding individuals and organizations could be featured in this section.

5. Statement of the problem — the statement of the problem is the focus of

your research study. The problem is stated in one sentence (supported by a
number of paragraphs to explain it). The following tips could guide you in
writing your statement of the problem:

a. Your task here is to look for something that is wrong, or an issue that needs to
addressed, or prevailing concerns that appears not functional.
Your problem statement may look like this:

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The mismatch in the skills of graduates and the requirements of industry

results in their poor chances of succeeding in their careers."

b. The statement of the problem may just be expressed in one sentence,

however, it has to be supported by a few paragraphs that would explain the
problem. Here, you can present arguments why the problem is important to
your study. This could be reinforced by citing the ideas of others (government
officials, professional experts, or authors). Then, you can elaborate how the
problem relates to industry and the curriculum by presenting data that shows
the scope and depth of the problem. Moreover, you can give appealing and
clear explanations of the problem.

6.Objectives of the study — in descriptive research these are written after the
statement of the problem. The objectives indicate the following:

a. data to be collected;
b. clarify the link between the specific objectives and hypotheses and
related literature and theory;
c. fora descriptive study, the objectives or research questions can be
used in this section;
d. for ex post facto or experimental studies, the hypotheses must be
formulated.

7.Definition of terms—important words should be defined in the context

where they will be used. Operational definitions and dictionary definitions are
provided in this section. The suggestions that follow could help you complete this
section:

a. a list of definitions for words and ideas that have significant meaning for the
study should be reflected.
b. the definition should present the term, the classification where it belongs and
the characteristics or features that make it different from the other categories
in its class;
c. words, principles and ideas that are generally understood do not need to be
defined, e.g., educational institution, residents, mothers.

8.Limitations of the study -- the limitations due to the procedures of the study
should be summarized; while the limitations related to the procedures should be
presented in detail in this section.

9.Basic assumptions — are ideas, which are accepted without thought of

immediate proof or these may be propositions for which no information could be
presented within the scope of the study.
10.Review of Related Literature

a. this section presents tentative solutions to the problem, or temporary

answers to the questions raised in the study.
b. here, you can present the theories, which are the bases of the study.
c. this part provides the rationale for the hypotheses and their variables.

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d. this chapter is organized and presented in relation to the specific

objectives of the study.
e. research proposals usually do not cover comprehensive review unlike the
complete research study.

Review of related literature is used to verify the concepts/ theory, which are the focus
of the study and the scope of the measurement methods to assess the concepts.
This section presents the relationship between the concepts/ theory and the methods
of measurement.

11. Chapter 2—Method — a number of authors call this chapter "Procedures".

This section present' clear, step-by-step procedures of how the study will be
done, so it could be replicated (redone) by other researchers. The researcher
should present explanations to enable the reader to replicate the exact
conditions of the original study.
12.Research design - this section presents the type of research study, such as:
survey, ex post facto, quasi-experimental, etc. This part describes the steps
that will be used to address the hypotheses. Graphic illustrations could be
used to facilitate understanding of the research design. The symbols you will
use should be defined.
13.Research Local this refers to the place or the setting where the research
project would be conducted.
14.Data-Gathering Procedure — the conditions such as when, where and under
what circumstances the data were gathered, the number of times and order
in which the instruments were used, and the time allotted for the data
collection should be described in this section. The population to be studied is
identified. This section describes the sampling method, then presents how
the sarnple was selected and the sampling plan.
15.Statistical Treatment — statistical techniques used to analyze the research
data are presented in this section. Basic tip: statistics that are relevant in
answering the question(s) in the study should be used.

The proponent could provide, in an appendix, sample of the tables and figures that
will be used in Chapter 4, in relation to the analysis. This may help readers of the
study to understand the results of these analytical techniques.

16. References. This is where all the citations found in the research paper are
accounted or listed using the APA format.

Exercise

Still working with your partner, accomplish the following:

A. Using the pointers presented above, identify the step-by-step procedures of

how the study will b done.
B. If applicable, prepare the statistical techniques to be used to analyze the
research data.
C. Draft the research method of your proposed study.

Research Proposal Outline

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The following outline can guide you in formulating your research proposal: (adopted
from University of Mindanao research proposal format)

1. Title Page

Table of Contents

Il. Chapter 1 —The Problem and Its Setting

Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem
Research Questions/ Hypotheses
Review of Related Literature

Ill. Chapter 2 —Method

Research Design
Research Respondents
Research Local
Research Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Statistical Treatment

IV. References

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand the lesson:

Castigador, A. C. (2019). Speak and write for a purpose. ACC Book Publishing:
Cavite, Philippines

https://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-powerpoint-55958.html#:~:text=Making%20your
LET’S CHECK

Activity 1. Study the following situations. Some values of research can be

deduced from the situations. On the blank, put the number/ s corresponding to the
values of research that were discussed above.

1. Alibunan is a beautiful, rural but developing community at the foot of a mountain.

The problems that beset the people made them meet and decide to conduct a simple
survey of the problems of the barangay. Then, the people analyzed the results of the
survey, prioritized their problems, and identified the solutions and strategies to solve
their problems. Finally, they organized themselves into committees to plan and
implement projects in response to the problems.

______________________________

2. Cheating has been a perennial problem in school A. The teachers suspected that
students may be doing this because they may not have studied their lesson at home.

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Furthermore, it was theorized that students must have been doing other chores
given by their parents to the extent of neglecting their Studies. The teachers decided
to conduct a survey of what students’ do- after school. Consequently, it was found
out that 900/0 of the students were children of market vendors and that they helped
their parents in selling after school.

_____________________________

3. The survey conducted above did not only confirm the suspicion of the teachers but
also made them aware that parents consider their children's studies secondary. It
was discovered moreover, that for the parents, asking their children to help them sell
is a more preferable task than studying.

_____________________________

4, Drugs and alcoholism have been rampant in barangay Tabon. The community got
alarmed by the problem and started studying the nature of the drug users and their
activities. It was noted that the drug users were mostly teenagers who were idle. The
leaders decided to organize a youth club and sponsored interesting activities for the
youth. As a result, drug and alcohol-related problems were significantly reduced.

_____________________________

5. The prices of oil products have been out of control. It has increased at least
fourteen times since three years ago. Private and government experts studied the
world situation. They noted that the value of the dollar affects the prices of oil
products. Incidentally, the value of the dollar is also out of control; thus, making the
price of oil products also unpredictable. The experts discovered a cheap way of
extracting energy from sunlight. Consequently, electric power was packed out of the
rays of the sun and made a source of electricity.

____________________________

6. Food has been very scarce in the country. This is very ironic considering that the
Philippines is an agricultural country. A food agency made a survey of food eaten
across the regions and found out that some food that are being eaten in the Luzon
region are not being eaten in the Visayas region and vice-versa. Thus, the agency
developed a pamphlet presenting the various foods that are eaten in the different
regions of the country as well as the nutrients they contain. As a result, people
started to adopt the food eaten in the different regions. This reduced the problem
related to scarcity of foods and malnutrition in the country.

_____________________________

7. The Philippines has a shortage of rice. The situation is brought about by many
factors: the unfavorable climate, lack of irrigation facilities, lack of land for rice
farming and lack of motivation of farmers to work in their farm due to low prices of
rice. Experts also noted that a significant factor in the Shortage rice is the fact that it
takes quite a long time to be able to harvest rice. So they studied the different

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS & SCIENCES EDUCATION
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varieties of rice, did a cross-breeding and developed a variety of rice which only
takes 30 days to harvest.

_____________________________

8. Flash floods have been common occurrence in the different parts of the country.
Thousands of people have been victimized due to sudden floods that would,
inundate villages. The flooding has been accounted to the massive deforestation of
mountains. While the government has spent billions of pesos of taxpayers money for
reforestation, nothing much has been accomplished. The government decided to
encourage. people professionals, businessmen, students, laborers and government
officials to plant and take care of at least 12 trees a year. Because of this, the
mountains have been reforested and flooding has been controlled.
______________________________
9. Garbage has been scattering all around the community. This has caused various
kinds of diseases. Community leaders decided to look for measures to manage the
garbage problem. They studied the methods of garbage management in different
countries, got the best practices from them and matched these with the culture of
Filipinos. Eventually garbage segregation, recycling and production of fertilizers out
of the garbage were done. Henceforth, the community became clean and beautiful.
______________________________
10. The coral reefs have been destroyed due to dynamite fishing. In the meantime,
so many used tires have been scattering around and in fact were eyesores to the
people living in the neighborhood. The community studied what to do to rebuild the
destroyed coral reefs. Meanwhile, they also have to solve the problems of garbage in
the form of used tires that were scattering around. The community had a
brainstorming-discussion on what to to solve the two very pressing problems.
Somebody theorized that the problem of destruction of the coral reef may be solved
by putting similar artificial objects as substitute where the fishes can live. Eventually,
the community decided to gather all the used tires tied them together and
submerged these tires into the water as artificial coral reefs. The people were able to
solve two problems destruction of coral reef and garbage all at the same time.
_______________________________

Activity 2. The various situations below describe the nature of communities. It

is said that a relevant topic is one that can help solve a problem or develop a
community. Study the specific situations below, then practice choosing, which
among the enumerated topics under the situation is the most relevant one.

1. The community gets easily flooded.

a) Corruption of local leaders.
b) Flood control measures.
c) How the Department of Public Works and Highways should improve its
services.
d)
2. People in the community talk with each other from sunrise to sun down.
a) How to make people productive.
b) The values of rural folks.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS & SCIENCES EDUCATION
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c) The laziness of Filipinos.

3. Barangay officials are unskilled community leaders.

a) Vote buying.
b) Developing leadership skills of local officials.
c) How to encourage local officials to enroll in school.
4. So much land is left idle and unproductive.
a) Improving agricultural productivity.
b) Irrigating the land.
c) Using animal manure as fertilizer.
5. Many people die yearly because of lack of preparation for the flash flood.
a) Improving the plaza.
b) Improving disaster preparedness.
c) Putting up evacuation centers.
6. Many tricycle drivers are rude.
a) Educating the tricycle drivers.
b) Organizing a cooperative.
c) Making the tricycle drivers more respectful.
7. About 60 percent of the children are malnourished
a) Nutritious food that can be produced by community.
b) Teaching parents to feed their children.
c) A multi-disciplinary approach against malnutrition.
8. Garbage is scattering around the town.
a) Effective garbage management for the town.
b) Recycling garbage.
c) The town officials are all garbage.
9. Criminality is increasing.
a) The cause of criminality.
b) Drugs and criminality.
c) The cause and solutions of crime.
10. Violence in mass media.
a) How to stop violence on TV.
b) The culture of violence.
c) How to use mass media to stop violence.

LET’S ANALYZE

Activity 1.Study the following research paper. On the space after the research
paper, write analysis/critique on the following:
1. word use/diction
2. sentence unity, coherence and emphasis
3. paragraph development

Technology: A Boon or Bane

The Problem and its Background

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Technology is a powerful engine that drives economic growth. It makes

possible new products, more efficient method of production, and greater
environmental protection, which inevitably lead to new high-skills and high-wage
jobs. Technological innovation is an essential ingredient for economic success.
The world must start with a strong commitment to continuing basic research
and development and with investment in new technology that will lead us into the
21st century. We must recognize the strength and potential of scientific and
technological resources to change and improve the quality of our lives.
Part of our responsibility in implementing a successful techn010ß,' initiative
will be to make sure that we can use all the data provided by the national information
infrastructure. High-speed networksand digital libraries will give us access to infinite
amounts of information. Researchers are developing ways to help us distill this
information into useful form. And then, with lots of help from the human brain, we can
transform that information into wisdom. Technology will transform our lives in
thousands of ways we can count today and thousands more we can only imagine for
tomorrow.

Findings

Technology: Take It With You

Time was, when a low-tech instamatic camera was the only tool a traveller
needed to pack. But today's travellers, both for business and leisure, cannot bear to
leave home without a high-tech array of communications, gadgetry, from cell phones
to laptops and minicams. Electronics are hip and have become an essential part our
travel wardrobe. Phones are ringing on the beach and the bluish glow from laptop
screens competes with the shimmering blue of hotel pools at night.

Worldly Conversation

Travellershave always dreamed of a world phone__ portable device that

works equally well in Caracas and Kathmandu. In February, Nokia, the world's
leading cells phone maker; unveiled its first world phone, the Noki 8890. It works in
five continents (Europe, Asia, Africa Australia and the Americas) and 144 countries.
According to the Travel Industry World Yearbook, more than 40 million people travel
between the Americas Europe and Asia every year, and more than 30 per cent of
those travellers do so for business. For them, the 8890 offers dual-band GSM
service (at GSM 900 and 1900 MHz) that's no- buttons- to- push automatic- it finds
the local network for you. At 3.2 ounces (91 grams), the matte- aluminum-finished
8890 is one of the smallest and most stylish phones ever made by Nokia- a definite
plus for image- conscious world travellers.

GSM was in the spotlight this summer when U.S. based Voice Stream
Wireless inked an agreement with Deutsche Telekom, Europe's largest

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS & SCIENCES EDUCATION
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telecommunications company, to form the first wireless operator utilizing the GSM
standard worldwide. The goals are to accelerate the introduction of next-generation
wireless voice and data service, such as mobile Internet and multimedia
applications, and to provide seamless global services over a common technology
platform, including global roaming and worldwide customer service.

Packing Music

For travellers who can't leave their Web music — or their spoken-word audio
downloads behind, the latest toy of choice is the Philips SA 107 RUSH digital audio
player. The new 64-megabytes version can store approximately two full hours of
high-quality digital stereo music. In addition to doubling the memory capacity of the
previous unit, the SA107 adds a USB port for easy connectivity to most new
computers. The advantage of diøtal audio players is that they're solid state--meaning
that skips are eliminated. They're also tiny: RUSH is under three inches square and
less than one inch deep.

Wireless Internet Access

Palm, Inc., the world's leading provider of handheld computers, announced

the launch of the Palm Mobile Internet Kit in June. The kit allows users with cell
phones (or Palm-compatible moderns) to connect their palm wirelessly to the
Internet. Now the entire family of palm can be retrofitted to add Internet access. That
means Palm users can send and receive e-mail directly via their PDA's, send SMS
(short messaging service) messages, as well as utilize WAP, or Wireless Application
Protocol, used in the latest mobile phones to access the Web. For anyone who has
tried to tap out an e-mail on the tiny keyboards of a cell phone, the ability to compose
messages on a PDA is a great leap forward.

Sooner the End of Chores — Coming Soon: the Robots

Robots have long been a staple of the imagined future, and they're already at
work in factories — but so far none have made their way into our homes. That may
start to change during the next decade. By 200 predicts Hans Moravecs of Carnegie
Mellon's Robotic Institute, the first affordable, mass-produced mobi 161 robots will
appear. These will be small and devote simple tasks like vacuuming and lawn
mowing. The second decade of the 21 st century will human-size, ultra. Light utility
robots 2020, with robots one arm will the best can perform many simple jobs. By
able to learn and make choices-no need for reprogramming. By 2030, robots will be
able to anticipate outcomes by constantly running simulations. These robots will also
understand emotions and predict their own effect on people. There's no reason to
doubt says Moravec, which by mid-century, robots will be intellectual.

A Home in the Future

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The home of the future will be a cathedral to the idea of networked

convenience. PC-style devices will smoothly, automatically control your heating and
lighting while sound and pictures will be streamed into the house via broad band
Internet connection. In the future, few people will buy music on CD's or films on DVD.
Why bother when you can access your desired form of entertainment via the menu
displayed on your flat, wall-hanging plasma TV screen?
Voice recognition technology will become ubiquitous. People will think nothing
of talking to various appliances around their home. Microwave-based vending
machines in the kitchen will allow Techies to request "Tea, Earl Grey, hot," without
any sense of irony.
During 2000, we have learned that hard drive-based personal video services
such as TiVo can record specific programs for their owners via a simple "preference
engine". In the near future, such preference engines will be integrated to our
domestic servers, creating a "smart home" that not only knows which temperature
you prefer 162 at a particular time of year, but also which light levels should be
provided in certain rooms and which music should be piped into different locales at
different times

It could be common place for this smart house to „recognize" its owner
through Bluetooth-enabled ID bracelets/ tags or coded pocket PC's. Expect your
future house to personally greet you with a cheery "Welcome home, Dave," then the
front door is opened. This might just as easily be a screamed "Danger, Will
Robinson!" warning if an unauthorized intruder breaks in. In such an instance our
smart house could not only shut itself down, trapping the interloper, dial out for police
assistance at the same time. Perhaps the hapless intruder would be savaged by a
resident robot guard dog!

Certainly, within 10 years, average people can count a robot as part of the
family. To see what such a creation might offer we need only to look to Sony's
ground breakingrobo-pooch, AIBO (that's Japanese for friend or companion).
Already in its second-generation, the AIBO has become more sophisticated and
interactive.
Amanda Behrend, public-relations manager for SONY UK, says "One of the
big innovations on our second generation AIBO is voice recognition. When the robot
reaches the child stage, it requests a name, which it will then respond to. It has a
vocabulary of 50 words which it can recognize, including sit, dance, and play ball. Its
ears move around, which adds to the number of expressions it has, and it has more
sensors than before. Additional sensors in the head allow it to recognize if it is being
stroked or tickled under its chin."
Perhaps the most significant refinement is the inclusion of a video camera in
its eye. This camera ca grab low-resolution images that can be saved to memory
stick device, which can then be read by computer.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS & SCIENCES EDUCATION
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This imaging ability will evolve rapidly. Within the next decade your robotic pet
could also double as your digital camera, relieving you of the need to take pictures
altogether. And there's no real reason your robotic picture-snappin' pal should look
like a dog. It could just as easily resemble a small, two-legged human: a photo_ pal,
if you will.
And in the house of the future, don't expect to spend hours sitting at a PC
workstation. Much of the functionality of the traditional PC will migrate to hand held
computers that will be part PC, part mobile phone and all secret-agent chic.
Says Roger Kermisch, general manager of Handspring International, in the
very near future, the traditional PDA will evolve from pocket organizer to personal
communicator. You will be able to talk to someone and even to see him through your
hand held unit. Soon, there will be more connections to the Internet from hand held
than there will be from PC's and when wireless broadband and affordable wireless
service arrive, you will be able to deliver movie on the video, to provide the type of
capabilities you only see in James Bond movies today.

Giving Robots the Sense of Touch That Humans Have

Allison Okamura wants to give robots the gift of touch. To do this, Okamura,
who has just joined The Johns Hopkins University's engineering faculty, is setting up
the school's first laboratory dedicated to the cuttingedge field of robotic haptic
exploration. "Haptic' means anything related to the sense of touch", Okamura says.
"One part of my work involves robotic fingers. I program them to explore unknown
environments and give them tactile sensing and force sensing. I try to emulate the
human ability to manipulate, touch and explore."
Her work is parts of a larger effort to create more sophisticated machines to
take over tasks that are too dangerous, too tedious or too difficult for humans.
To achieve this goal, many researchers are working on systems that give
robots "eyes" to identify objects and avoid obstacles. But Okamura is one of the few
engineers trying to replicate the sense of touch. "Vision is obviously very important",
she says. "But if you can imagine going through life only seeing things but never
being able to touch them, it's obvious that touch is also very important. “Touch' is
also something that's very difficult to get robots to do. Vision is a passive sense; you
can look at something without affecting it. But in order to touch something, the, robot
has to interact with the object and manipulate it".
Though robots with a sense of touch may be difficult to build, they could
produce important payoffs. For salvage operations and scientific expeditions, the
U.S. Navy wants robots that could run their fingers along objects resting on the floor
of an ocean.
NASA is interested in robotic hands that could transmit information about the
strength and texture of rocks on other planets.
Here on Earth, surgical robots with a fine sense of touch could "feel" the
difference between a blood vessel and a bone. At Johns Hopkins, Okamura plans to

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS & SCIENCES EDUCATION
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wor with engineers and physicians who have established center devoted to the use
of robots and computers in medicine.
Okamura received her doctorate in engineering from Stanford University
shortly before she joined Johns Hopkins as an assistant professor of mechanical
engineering.
As a graduate student, she worked on a robot equipped with two soft
fingertips made of rubber-coated foam. Tiny nibs on the rubber coverings behaved
like the skins of human fingers, helping the robot sense and grasp unfamiliar objects.
Using specialized tactile sensors and control methods, these robotic fingers
explored objects to gather information about surface properties such as Cracks
ridges and textures.
In her new laboratory at Johns Hopkins, Okamura plans to build on this
research and develop a new robotic finger with a sphere at the tip, capable of
rotating like a paint roller.
"A sphere like this could move all over a surface," she says. "It would be
excellent for exploration. I'm hoping to build a system that can recognize features
first on a hard surface and later on a soft surface, which is more difficult."
Her new Haptic Exploration Laboratory will also focus on a related field: using
computers and a specially constructed joystick, stylus or glove to transmit sensory
information to human hands.
Such haptic interfaces allow users to "feel" objects that exist in a virtual
environment. For example, if a user bumps into a tree, or kicks a soccer ball within a
computer-generated world, the joystick vibrates or provides force feedback to make
the cyber-encounter feel real.
Haptic interfaces like this can add entertaining new dimensions to computer
games or educational programs. But Okamura says this technology also could help a
surgeon Practice a delicate operation without risk to a human patient. Similarly, it
could allow a geologist on Earth to "feel" the texture of boulder discovered by a
robotic exploration device on Mars.
For her laboratory, Okamura recently acquired an experimental 3GM haptic
interface from the San Josebased Immersion Corp. The device, which Okamura
helped develop at Immersion, has a stylus that allows the user to "feel" three-
dimensional objects in a virtual environment. She plans to write new software for the
device so that it can be used for medical applications.
Perfecting the mechanical devices and software needed to simulate the
human sense of touch is a challenge that could take decades, but Okamura is a
eager to conduct some of the basic research.
"Human beings, obviously, have amazing tactile sensing ability," she says.
"What we've done so far with robots doesn't even come close. There's a lot of work
to be done."

Running on Fuel Cells

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS & SCIENCES EDUCATION
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Soaring gasoline prices are no big deal. The real push for the greener cars is
from the lawmakers especially in California, where the Zero Emissions Mandate
requires that by 2003, 10 percent of all cars sold will be pollution-free. To meet the
standard, the auto industry is betting on a new power source: hydrogen fuel cells. In
theory, you can get limitless hydrogen from sea water using solar power. And when
you burn it, you get energy and plain water — nothing else. In recent years, car-
makers in oil companies have spent billions of dollars learning to make the cells
cheaper and more efficient.
Now the first cell-powered prototype cars are finally appearing. The
pacesetter for the Sydney Games marathon was: Opel's Hydrogen 1 prototype.
BMW has built a test fleet of 15 hydrogen — powered 7-Series vehicles. General
Motors Chairman Harry Pearce calls the fuel cells Precept, unveiled in January, his
"baby„. Mercedes-Benz says it will start producing a hydrogen-fuelled car in 2004. By
January, Ford expects to give California regulators a test model of its five-passenger
P2000, with al 280-volt electronic motor that can power the car from zero to 60 in 10
seconds.
The technology is still far from your driveway. There's only one public
hydrogen filling station in the world, in a corner of Munich's airport. The stuff will cost
about $32 a gallon until production ramps up. Safety is a concern--remembering the
Hindenburg? Still industry experts say half the new cars in the world might run on
hydrogen by 2020. "Everyone is buying a ticket to the lottery," says Paul Everitt,
chief economist at the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders. "Whoever wins
will win big a clean job — and somebody's got to do it.

What Made Inventions Mushroom

But how do new gadgets, hi-tech toys, phones, household appliances and
other such new inventions came into being?
Considering the greatest invention ever made during 20th century, the
information super highway — or better known as the Internet, made the above
mentioned items possibly true than just being gadgets of James Bond movies or
other science-fiction stories.
How the Internet Contributed to Newer Inventions

New ideas do not form in a vacuum. Just as innovation feeds technology,

information have always reliedfeeds innovation. Scientists and engineers have
always relied on the work of their colleagues to educate themselves and create new
ideas. They combine their colleagues' data and techniques, analyze and examine
theories, compare and contrast information in an effort to make new discoveries.
As scientific enterprise becomes even larger and more complex, individual
researchers cannot keep pace with the flood of information from laboratories around
the world, if it were not made easy by the utilization of the Internet.
For example, high-speed networks like Internet are allowing researchers to
collaborate with their colleagues throughout the country as easily as if they were in

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS & SCIENCES EDUCATION
LANGUAGE DISCIPLINE
Mabini Street, Tagum City Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591

the same building. These networks are enabling scientists and engineers to create
"co-laboratories" virtual laboratories in which researchers linked by computers can
share data, images, and new ideas. Brainstorming electronically with colleagues,
scientists and engineers, among others, will be able to develop ideas into new
technologies much more rapidly than they could on their own.

Conclusion

Most people who end up inventing something, do it primarily as a part of a

solution to a problem within a system. There are still some people who limit their
thinking to the extent that they are occupied with why we cannot do something rather
than why we can.
Inventions arise from the personal efforts of individuals. Most inventions are
due to perseverance.
New technology can assist doctors and teachers allowing them to reach more
people and provide better services.
Technology provides companies and factories with the competitive edge they
need to innovate faster and manufacture better.
Technology allows faster communication, and allows users to teleconference
with friends and business associates around the world.
Rapid emerging technology could lead to fundamental shift in the way we
safeguard human needs.
This technological potential comes packaged with significant dangers.
Technology will empower people but it could also be used against people. Without
the proper safeguards in place, possibilities will abound for coercive monitoring, job
discrimination, and violation of privacy.
Science has far reaching effects that are often unattended, unanticipated, and
unaddressed. We are placing ourselves in a position described by Ralph Waldo
Emerson one hundred years ago when he wrote: "We learn about ge010U the day
after the earthquake."

Write your analysis/ critique in the space that follows.

Technology: A Boon or Bane

1. Word use/diction

2. Sentence unity, coherence and emphasis

3. Paragraph development

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS & SCIENCES EDUCATION
LANGUAGE DISCIPLINE
Mabini Street, Tagum City Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591

Activity 2. Prepare a table of comparison of the documentation styles between the

APA and MLA formats. Use the following table for your comparison.

Variables APA Format MLA Format

1. Book by one author

2. Book by two authors

3. Encyclopedias

4. Articles

5. Article from a daily

newspaper

6. Interviews

Activity 3. Do the following:

A. Identify a research title of your interest on the following topics:

1. problems of students
2. social issues in your community
3. issues in your studies
B. Prepare the Background of the Study, based on the suggested contents
above and write the reasons and justifications for the research.
C. Be able to present and defend this to the class.

Activity 4. Based on the third task that you did, do the following:

A. Formulate the objectives of the research study

B. Identify the important terms.
C. Prepare the definition of terms.
D. Write the limitations of the study

Activity 5. Do the following:

A. Identify and list books that may be a good source of your related literature.
B. Read and prepare notes on the theories and concepts related to your
proposed study.
C. In your computer, or in a notebook, write down the related theories and
concepts from the books that you have read and explain how they are related
to your proposed research. .

Activity 6. Using the outputs of the previous three exercises that you have
accomplished, you should now complete your research proposal using the

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS & SCIENCES EDUCATION
LANGUAGE DISCIPLINE
Mabini Street, Tagum City Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591

suggested outline above. Present and defend your proposal before the class. Your
proposal should be approved by your faculty member.

In a NUTSHELL! In this section you can read the summary of this topic.

Research is a result of data gathering, of scientific investigation, of systematic

analyses and interpretation of data. The values we can get by doing research are
manifold. It is a scientific approach to solve problems. It offers accurate answers to
crucial questions or problems. It allows us to explore the unexplored aspects of life. It
is a means to verify/validate theories. It offers opportunities to formulate new
theories/principles.

The two general types of research studies are primary research, secondary
research, and field research. There are also at least three different types of research
paper – the report, synthesis or survey and argument papers. Since research is
systematic, the process of writing a research paper is quite tedious. First, study your
reader, your topic and your purpose. Second, get a topic that is interesting to you
and your target reader. Third, limit your topic. Fourth, gather information from
magazines, journals, encyclopedias, books, the Internet and other sources. Fifth,
write the outline of your research. Sixth, put the “flesh” by explaining, illustrating,
giving examples, enumerating details. Last, review your research paper and
edit/revise the errors.

Be knowledgeable of the time-saving tips to do research. Learn how to quote

sources, summarize and paraphrase. A research paper outline contains the
following: title page, table of contents, the problem and its setting, method, and
references.

Questions & Answer List: In this part, you are encourage to write questions
about the topic. You may communicate these questions to your instructor/professor
through Quipper or any prescribed social media platform. After you get the answers

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS & SCIENCES EDUCATION
LANGUAGE DISCIPLINE
Mabini Street, Tagum City Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591

you may jot it down in the table below. This is to bridge the gap of learning between
vague concepts and your prior knowledge.

Do you have any question or clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

KEYWORDS INDEX

research research paper research values primary research

secondary Synthesis or
Field research report
research survey
argument summarizing paraphrasing citing
APA format MLA format Research proposal Title page
the problem and
Table of contents Method references
its setting

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