Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education

Mabini Street,
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2.

3.

4.

5.

KEYWORDS INDEX

communication memoranda
workplace minutes
materials
presentation of a SMART
letter of request business letters
product
presentation correspondence
goal recipient
strategies

Big Picture

Week 17-18: UNIT LEARNING OUTCOME (ULO)

At the end of the unit, you are expected to:

a. Critique a research paper based on diction, unity, and paragraph development.

b. Cite sources or references appropriately using the APA format.

Big Picture in Focus: ULO a. Critique a research paper based on

diction, unity,
and paragraph development.

Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of critiquing a research
paper based on diction, unity, and paragraph development is operationally defined to
establish a common frame of reference as to how the course work in your chosen field or
career.

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CHAPTER
ELEVEN: Writing a Research Paper
1. Research refers to a systematic analyses and interpretation of data.
2. Research paper refers to the scholarly output of the research being conducted.
3. Primary research refers to gathering of data through observations, surveys,
experiments, and interviews.
4. Secondary research refers to gathering of data by reading magazine articles, books,
and other reading materials.
5. Field research refers to a kind of primary research.
6. Report refers to a written and oral account about a particular topic or subject that was
assigned to a person.
7. Synthesis or survey refers to the process of combining separate elements of thought
into a whole.
8. Argument papers refer to a type of research paper that requires defending a stance as
regards to an issue and convincing others the validity of one’s opinion.
9. Reaction papers refer to a summary of a chapter/topic then followed by the writer’s
opinion/position about the topic.

Essential Knowledge
To understand better about writing minutes of the meeting, business letters, and other
communication materials accurately the following terms are operationally defined. This will
give you ideas about the important things that you really need to know as you get engage
yourself in this chapter.
For several years, Bill Gates has consistently been one of the richest persons in
the whole world. Singapore, with a per capita income of $50, 523 in 2009 has the highest
per capita income in Asia. The U.S. still remains to be the most powerful country in the
whole world with one of the highest per capita income of $46, 381. These facts are among
the most striking realities of our times. What is amazing about these facts is the
impressive progress some people or countries have attained. Bill Gates was reputed to
have come from humble beginnings. He left college in 1975 and founded Microsoft later
to become one of the richest corporations in the world. In the 1990’s, Gates company
dominated the software market. Recently, Microsoft is considered one of the biggest and
most profitable in US.
Japan is hardly half a century past its history when it lost the Second World War. The
country was virtually devastated but was able to pick up from the rubbles of war. America,
judging from its per capita income, certainly has been one of the most progressive
countries, if not the most progressive in the whole world, but it has surely gone a long
way before it earned its stature.

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Come to think of
it, what is the secret behind the success of some people and some countries?
A close look at the factors that led to their success shows an interesting common
denominator- they made the right decision at the right time with the right information. And
the right and intelligent decision does not come at the flick of a finger. This decision is a
result of data gathering, of scientific investigation, of systematic analyses and
interpretation of data – which we actually call research.

While other factors may have substantial contributed to the success stories above,
it can be said that one of the important factors that led to their success is scientific problem
solving and investigation research.
The windows, acclaimed to have accounted for substantial fortune of Gates is a
result of research. Japan subject started with industrial products, years, which have
beenthe subject of ridicule for several years. For instance, several years back, when you
buy a product like nuts and bolts, the cheapest yet the least the durable is one that is
made in Japan. At present, one of the best products in the market is made in Japan.
The U.S. definitely was not born in abundance. Her history marks her survival from
one of the worst economic depressions. Thailand used to be a developing country but it
was able to establish its strong agriculture and industries through research. China
certainly labored through scientific investigations to be able to provide for its billions of
population. The success stories can be endless; nonetheless, research would always be
one of the significant factors that account for all those success stories.
New ideas are not developed out of the blue. While creativity feeds technology,
information supports creativity. That information, which supports creativity and which
consequently leads to technology, is really born out of research.
Indeed, it is hardly conceivable for a person or a country to achieve progress without
research. Research seemed to have become the "sine qua non" of progress.
Definition of Research
The Webster's Universal Dictionary and Thesaurus (1993) defines research as
analysis, examination, exploration inquiry, investigation, scrutiny or study. The crucial
terms in this definition are investigation or scrutiny. The word investigation implies that
research is an activity that one does to gather data, to discover something and to solve a
problem. On the other hand, scrutiny means a careful and thoughtful look and
examination of a situation or a problem. Without investigation or scrutiny, no solution to
the problem can be arrived at. The definition therefore suggests a positive value of
research - that research is an essential component of problem solving.
Since we are always confronted with problems, day in and day out, and since we
need to investigate and scrutinize the problem to solve them, thus research is an essential
requirement for life - for a good life for that matter!

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N.L.
Gage, on the other hand, defines research as an activity aimed at increasing our power
to understand, predict and control events of a given kind. Several values of research can
be gleaned from this definition.
1. Research enables us to understand an event by relating it logically to others.
2. It allows us to predict events by relating them empirically to their antecedents in
time.
3. Research ensures our control over events by manipulating variables or situations.

The Values of Research

When we do something, we give importance to it only when we realize the value of

what we do. What really is the value or importance of research?

The following values show the importance of research:

1. Research is a scientific approach to solve problems. Research allows a step by

step process of solving problems. The procedures used in research give us a
systematic way of identifying solutions to problems.
2. Research offers accurate answers to crucial questions or problems. Because
the approach used in research is systematic, the answers that are provided by
research are almost always correct.
3. Research allows us to explore the unexplored aspects of life. It allows us to be
more in control of the situation instead of the situation controlling us. Thus, research
encourages people to think and act beyond the ordinary things; consequently we are
able to discover more opportunities, e.g. computers, audio-video systems, exploration
of outer space, etc.
4. Research is a means to verify/validate theories. Theories are speculations or
hypotheses and therefore not definite answers to problems/ questions. But research
affords the means to prove or to disprove the theories.
5. Research offers opportunities to formulate new theories/principles. In the
process of verifying theories, research is able to produce new theories and generally
accepted truths about a problem or issue.

Two General Types of Research Studies

Any research or study for that matter begins with a problem or a question. While some
problems may lead to a definite solution, a number of them may not. Other research
problems may rather have indirect answers. For instance, a study of the process of water
purification can lead to a definite answer. On the other hand, if the research problem is
about "can AIDS be acquired from indirect sources such as drinking glasses?" This
problem may require indirect answers and thus lead to many possible answers. So the

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 Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education
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student can
give answers coming both from evidences taken from primary and secondary researches.
Primary Research
Primary research can be done by way of gathering data through recording and analyzing
the behavior of certain subjects. Hanson (1996) associates primary research or field
research with what scientists do — observations, surveys, experiments and interviews.
Secondary Research
Secondary research, on the other hand, is conducted by reading magazine articles and
books. It is the type of research that you do when you gather data from books which you
can use in answering questions or problems. This is secondary research because it is
based on author's researches. Information technology has made secondary research
very easy and quick with the availability of the Internet. Moreover, some organizations
and offices have their own libraries which can be good sources of secondary research.
Field Research
Field research is a kind of primary research, which may include surveys, observations,
interviews and experiments. Old newspapers, letters, and magazines may be good
sources of primary research. The researcher writing a primary research can begin his
task from secondary research. This is so because the researcher first establishes what
has already been discovered about the topic. Eventually, the study graduates to primary
research by interpreting observations, surveys and interviews done by the researcher.
Different Types of Research Papers

At times, you would be required to read a book, prepare a summary and a presentation
on a particular topic. This report can be considered a research paper. There are many
types of research papers, which are important to students and future professionals like
you.
There are at least three types of research papers according to Hanson (1996): the report,
synthesis or survey and argument papers.

1. The report
A report is a written and oral account about a particular topic or subject that was
assigned to you. It is considered one type of research because it requires data gathering
from books, Internet, interviews and other sources putting the data together, analyzing
them and drawing conclusions from the data that you have gathered. This is finally
presented to the class or in a conference.

2. The synthesis or survey

Synthesis as defined by Webster, is the process of combining separate elements
of thought into a whole. To synthesize, you put together and relate the important concepts
with each other. Bloom went a little bit farther from this definition. He believes that

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synthesis is not
only relating the concepts with each other, but also creating something new out of the
concepts you have studied. For instance, if you are studying fruits in your science subject,
you would not merely memorize the scientific names and the types of fruits and relate
them with each other but you go beyond the lesson by developing a new variety or better
kind of fruit.

3. Argument papers
Argument papers can also be considered a research paper because it requires
defending a stance as regards an issue and convincing others that your
position/opinion is valid. When you defend an opinion or a stance about a particular
issue, certainly you have to gather data, interpret them and draw your conclusions.
Thus the steps you follow is really research.

4. Reaction papers
Reaction papers are similar to argument papers but they are more of a summary of a
chapter/ topic then followed by the writer's opinion/ position about the topic. The writer's
opinion is developed based on interpretation of data then on a formulated conclusion.

The Process of Writing a Research Paper

While other countries have benefited so much from and fact became progressive because
of research, it is quite unfortunate that so many Filipino students abhor or dislike research
- maybe because we think research is a difficult task or maybe because we are not
familiar with how to do research. However, if you follow the steps below, you will find that
research is not, after all, an impossible task to do. Here are the stages that you can follow
to help make research easy for you.

1. Study your reader, your topic and your purpose. The type of reader and your
purpose will give you ideas on the style of your write up and direction in the
procedures you are going to follow in your research.
2. Get a topic that is interesting to you and your target reader. Choose a relevant
topic that is related to your area of interest and specialization, A relevant topic is
one that helps solve a problem or develop the community.
3. Limit your topic - - a broad topic may be difficult and too lengthy to manage.
Furthermore, a broad topic may not allow you to focus your research and thus lead
to a superficial study on the topic. For instance, you may be interested to study
about computer games. The topic computer games may be too broad since there
are so many computer games. So you can focus your efforts to a more specific
topic like "effects of commando games".
4. Gather information from magazines, journals, encyclopedias, books, the Internet
and other sources. Maintain notes on the important information you have gathered
from your sources. You may either summarize or quote the relevant information

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you got.
Remember to write the publication data such as the
name of the author, the title of the book, the title the article, the name of the
magazine or journals, the place and date of publication and the number of page.
You will need these pieces of information to acknowledge your sources of data. A
stack of index cards can be a handy tool for this task. You may transfer these notes
to a computer as soon as you can.
5. Write the outline of your research. Your outline is like a blueprint or the plan for a
house. It is also like the skeleton of your paper. Your outline will be very helpful
when you are in the actual writing stage because it will give you easy directions to
follow.
6. Eventually, put the "flesh" on this skeleton by explaining, illustrating, giving
examples, enumerating details and other ways of developing the paragraph.
7. Review your research paper and edit/revise the errors. There is no substitute for a
perfect and flawless research paper. Remember, your paper is a reflection of the
kind of person you are. So give time to review, edit and revise it if needed.

Time-Saving Tips to Do Research

In your excitement or anxiety about your research, it is possible to lose your focus and
thus do so much reading that may not really be needed in relation to your topic. Thus,
you may have read so much and gathered so much data before you realize that they do
not really serve your purpose.

Aside from the tips in writing a research paper, some pointers from R. Hanson (Writing
Successfully) below will help you use your time wisely and efficiently:

1. Before borrowing a book from the library, read its preface and introduction and
review the table of contents and index. Three important information can be derived
from them:

a) if the book has information related to research;

b) if it is related, what chapters of the book you read, instead of reading the entire
book(though you should never miss the opening and closing chapters for an
overall view); and
c) what specific biases an author has toward the subjects.

2. An abstract at the beginning of the essay, in the table of contents, or at the end of
the issue, is featured in a number of scholarly journal articles. The abstract is a
summary of the article in one paragraph; review it to assess if the whole article is
relevant for your research. If you decide to copy the article, don't forget to note all
the important information about the article and the journal i.e. title of the article,
name of author, page number, name of journal, volume number, and year it was

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published.
These pieces of information are needed when you cite sources in your research
paper.
3. After locating the first books and articles that are relevant to your subject, review
their bibliographies, they can be helpful to find other books and articles that you
may need in your research.
4. You don't really need to read the entire book to get the information that you need.
Just read the part that is relevant to your topic.
5. Check that the articles and books you use from outside sources are:
a) authoritative — meaning that the writer has gained reputation in the field and
that other authorities have not disputed his or her ideas; and
b) relevant - that the writer's views are significantly related to your research.
6. Review the card catalogues and periodical indexes to locate relevant books and
articles. The card catalogue can quickly lead you to the books that you need for
your research. For instance, if your research is about computers, you can easily
get your materials by opening the title section of the catalogue, then you can locate
your topic from the alphabetically arranged titles. If you know the author of the
book you are looking for, you can locate that from the author section of the card
catalogue. A number of libraries have installed an on-line public access catalogue
(OPAC) where you can very quickly locate the topic or the book you need through
the computer.
7. Review important books and articles, always jotting down important information,
summarizing, quoting and paraphrasing. List the complete bibliographical
information about the articles and books in your notes.
8. While reading, you can already focus or limit your subject. A quick focus and
narrowing down of your subject allows you to move fast from general to specific
articles and books on your specific topic. After or while you are studying your topic,
learning its main ideas and major concerns, free write a list of possible specific
subtopics. Don't treat broad subjects haphazardly; since you will be writing a short
paper, only a focused or a properly limited topic can be treated in depth,
considering the limited time you allot for the research.
9. Determine if you need to interview a person who can provide you relevant
information. At times, first-hand information about a topic may be helpful i.e., from
another researcher or professor, or a person who works at a job related to your
topic.
10. Review your notes and index cards and write a draft of the essay using the proper
documentation form.

A. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following best describes research?
A. Research is a process of identifying and recording problems
related to your specialization.

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B. Research is
a scientific investigation of a problem through gathering data.
C. Research involves manipulation of data to support conclusion.
D. Research is a discipline that tackles referencing and unrelated
literature.
2. Magazine articles and books are considered as _____________
source of data.
A. primary
B. secondary
C. archived
D. experimental
3. It is a kind of primary research, which may include surveys,
observations, interviews, and experiments.
A. Laboratory report
B. Field research
C. Discourse analysis
D. Descriptive survey
4. What type of paper requires defending a stance with regard to an
issue and convincing others that your position/opinion is valid?
A. Reaction paper
B. Argument paper
C. Synthesis
D. report
5. Which of the following is a consideration in writing a research paper?
A. Choose a timely topic outside of your line of specialization.
B. Identify your objectives at the end of the project.
C. Study your reader, your topic, and your purpose.
D. Gather only data from primary sources.

B. TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false before the
number.
6. Research aims to solve a problem.
7. Argument paper is similar to reaction paper because it requires opinion or stance
of a person.
8. Primary research involves gathering data from books, magazines, and other related
articles.
9. A researcher must limit his/her topic to achieve focus of the study.
10. Revision/editing is necessary in writing a research paper.

Big Picture

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Week 19-
20: UNIT LEARNING OUTCOME (ULO)
At the end of the unit, you are expected to:

b. Cite sources or references appropriately using the APA format.

Big Picture in Focus: ULO b. Cite sources or references

appropriately using
the APA format.

Essential Knowledge
To understand better about citing sources or references appropriately using the APA
format the following terms are operationally defined. This will give you ideas about the
important things that you really need to know as you get engage yourself in this chapter.
Suggestions to Make Writing Easy

While there were tips on how to do your research the easy way, Rubin et. al.
(Communication Research: Strategies and Sources) offers the following suggestions that
can further help you make your tasks easier.

1. Use a formal style and language. Research papers are generally written in the third
person, not in the first person. For example, instead of writing "I observed that..."
you can write: "The researcher observed that..." Some scholarly journals tend to
be quite liberal in or allow the use of the first person. Slang and other informal
language is not encouraged when writing a research report.
2. Avoid jargons. Jargons are words that are peculiar or known only to a profession
or occupation e.g., for computer professionals the term CPU may be easily
understandable, however, the term may not be quickly understood by people who
are not in the profession. Thus, use words which can be understood easily by your
readers.
3. Avoid language that may be prejudiced toward a group, culture or sex. There is
language that judge and which may hurt other people. An example of this is saying
that a particular race is bad.
4. Be as concise as possible. Avoid being wordy. Use expressions that are direct to
the point.
5. Say what you mean and mean what you say. It is not safe to assume that your
readers know the topic just because you are familiar with it. It is good to start by
thinking that your readers know little about your subject.

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6. Shift from
one part of your research paper to the next in as natural a manner as possible.
Transition sentences or conjunctions such as however, nonetheless, but, on the
other hand, are few examples of frequently used conjunctions that may be helpful
in moving from one section to the next section. If the previous section of your
research is long, it may be helpful to provide a brief summary of the last section as
an introduction to the next section.
7. Be extra careful with your grammar and spelling. Review you work for possible
errors and revise it.

How to Quote Sources, Summarize and Paraphrase

The research you will do needs to be based on many that is a common sources like other
author's ideas practice and in fact encouraged. However, in your research paper, if you
use information that you borrowed – information that is not yours originally — you need
to give credit to the source; otherwise, you will be liable for plagiarism or simply put, the
crime of copying other author's work without giving the proper acknowledgment. So what
will you do you to include quotations and other author's ideas into your paper? Here are
some suggestions that can guide you.

Citing Quotations

Using quotations is more effective under the following conditions:

1. If you use the testimony of an authority as proof for your statement and the original
words are more powerful and accurate than you can paraphrase them
2. If the meaning of the original may be lost if you express it in your own words.
3. If your ideas contradict your source and you want to be accurate in expressing what
you are opposed to.

How to Cite Quotations

Many methods can be adopted in citing quotations:

1. By using a colon: N. Murray Butler notes: ...is a management guru".

2. With the use of a comma: Ninoy Aquino stresses, "The Filipinos are worth dying
for".
3. By using the word "that". Goethe believes that it is not doing the thing we like, but
liking the thing we have to do that makes life happy.
4. The quotation can be presented into two parts: "He that can have patience" says
Benjamin Franklin, "can have what he will."

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Summarizing
and Paraphrasing

A summary is a brief account of the main points of a message. On the other hand,
paraphrasing is expressing passage in your own words.

Many writers use summary and paraphrase instead Of quoting the authors directly.
Researchers who summarize and paraphrase other writer's ideas need to acknowledge
the author of the passage. To acknowledge the source of a passage, the author's name
can be cited in the paragraph then the page numbers in Parentheses can be placed at
the end of the summary or paraphrase. Another way is to end the quoted or summarized
passage writing the author's last name with the page number in parentheses.

Documentation Style

Several methods of documentation have been adopted to write scholarly research studies.
The following techniques are the most commonly used types:

1. MLA — Modern Language Association style.

2. APA — American Psychological Association style.

Modern Language Association (MLA) Style.

At the end of the research paper, is a page entitled Works Cited. Contained on a separate
page, this section enumerates, in alphabetical order, all books and articles that were cited
in the research paper either through direct quotation, paraphrase or summary. Here are
the pointers in citing your sources:

1. Books
The proper arrangement for citing books should be a)
author (s),
b) title of the book,
c) edition number (if the book is not the first edition)
d) publication place,
e) name of publisher, and
f) publication date.

1.1. Books by One Author:

The basic order for citing books by one author should be:

a) name of author: last name first, then the first name, followed by a period.
b) title of the book, underscored and followed by a period.

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c) place of
publication followed by a colon.
d) name of publisher followed by a comma.
e) year of publication followed by a period.

Castigador, Adlai. Wholistic Reading. Manila: J.P. Ace Press, 2001.

1.2. Books Written by Two Authors:

The basic order for citing books by two authors should be:

a) name of the first author: last name first then the initial of the first name followed by
a period.
b) name of the second author: the initial of the first name, then the last name followed
by a period.
c) title of the book, underscored and followed by a period
d) the number of edition, followed by period.
e) place of publication followed by a colon.
f) name of publisher followed by a comma.
g) year of publication followed by a period.

Example: BUCU L. C. and Castigador,A.C. Self-Instructional Modules in Communication

Skills I. Manila: Blue Angel Printing Press, 2001.

1.3. Books Written by Three Authors:

In citing books that have three authors, the following steps may be observed:

a) write the name of the first author, a comma and finally et al.
b) title of the book, underscored and followed by period.
c) the number of edition, followed by a period.
d) place of publication followed by a colon.
e) name of publisher followed by a comma.
f) year of publication followed by a period.

Example: Vicente, C, et al. Technical Writing. Man TechnoloU Supply Inc., 1999.

2. Encyclopedias

For encyclopedias, observe the following:

a) write the name of the topic first in quotations followed by a period.

b) then the name of the encyclopedia, underscored followed by a period.

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c) year of
publication, followed by a period.

Example:

"The Pentagon." Collier's Encyclopedia. 1988 ed.

"Industry." Encyclopedia Americana. 2000 ed.

3. Articles from Magazines

For articles that you cite, the following order may be observed:

a) name of author (last name first then the first name, followed by a period).
b) title of the article, (written with quotation marks followed by a period).
c) name of magazine, underscored
d) number of volume.
e) month and year of publication (in parentheses) with a colon thereafter; and
f) page number of the article followed by a period.

Example:

Concepcion, Juan "Unexpected Success Stories." The Extraordinary Journal. 108,

(October 2001): 88.

4. Documenting an Article from a Daily Newspaper

The following pointers illustrate the order for documentation of an article from a daily
news paper.

a) name of author (last name, then the first name followed by a period).
b) title of the news item, (written with quotation marks and a period thereafter).
c) name of the newspaper (underscored, followed by a comma)
d) date of publication (date, month and year) with a colon thereafter; and
e) page number of the article followed by a period.

Example:

Sy, Alex "The Philippines: A Topnotch Economy." The Philippine Daily Investigator, 8
September 2001•. A8.

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5. Documenting
Interviews

You can follow the pointers below to document interviews:

a) name of respondent/ interviewee.

b) indicate that it is a personal interview
c) date of interview (date, month and year) with a period thereafter.
Example:

Salonga, Lani, Personal Interview. 8 August 2000.

APA (American Psychological Association) Styles

There are three important differences between the APA and MLA styles when citing
quotations, summaries or paraphrases:

1. The APA style puts the date of publication in the sentence.

Santos, Eustaquio (2000) believes:

2. In the APA technique, "p" is used to refer the page numbers:

Norman Vincent Peale (1988) observes that a sure cure for lack of confidence is
the thought that God is actually with you and helping you. (p. 8).

3. Only the initial letter in the first word of the title uses a capital letter except for proper
nouns and the word after a colon.

The following documentation for books have been observed using the APA style:

1. Books by One Author

The basic order for citing books should be:

a) author (s): last name first then the initial of the first name.
b) date of publication in parentheses followed by a period.
c) title (only the initial letter of the first word is in capital, underscored and followed by
a period).
d) number of edition (if the book is not the first edition, in parentheses, followed by a
period).
e) place of publication followed by a colon:
f) name of publisher followed by a period thereafter.

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Example:

Castigador, A. (2001). Wholistic reading. Manila: J.P. Ace Printing Press.

2. Books by Two Authors

The basic arrangement for citing books with two authors should be:

a) authors: last name first then the initial of the first name.
b) year of publication in parentheses followed by a period
c) title (only the initial letter of the first word is in capital, underscored).
d) number of edition (if the book is not the first edition, in parentheses, followed by a
period).
e) place of publication followed by a colon.
f) name of publisher followed by a period thereafter.

Example:

Bucu, L. and Castigador, A.C. (2001). Self-instructional modules for communication arts I.
Manila: Blue Angel Printing Press.

3: Encyclopedias

For encyclopedias, observe the following:

a) write the name of the topic first, followed by a period.
b) year of publication, in parentheses, followed by a period.
c) then the name of the encyclopedia, underscored.
d) volume number, page numbers using the symbol pp., in parentheses, followed by
a period.
e) place of publication followed by a colon.
f) name of publisher followed by a period.

Example:

The Pentagon. (1988). Collier's Encyclopedia (vol. 8, pp. 80-88). New York: Collier's
Encyclopedia.

4. Articles from Magazines

For a journal that starts with page 1 in every issue, the following style may be used:
a) write the name of the author (last by name then the initial of the first name, followed
by a period).
b) month and year of publication, in parentheses followed by a period.

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c) title of the
article with only the first letter of the title in capital letter, followed by a period.
d) then name of the journal and the volume number underscored.
e) the page number followed by a period.

Example:

Concepcion, J. (2001). Unexpected success Stories. The Extraordinary Journal. 108, p.

88.

5. Documenting an Article from a Daily Newspaper

Citing articles from a daily newspaper may observe the following order.

a) write the name of author (last name, then the initial of the first name, followed by a
period).
b) year of publication: year, month and the date, in parentheses, followed by a period.
c) title of the article with only the first letter of the title in capital letter, followed by a
period.
d) the name of the journal, underscored.
e) the page number followed by a comma.
f) the volume number followed by a period.

Example:

Sy, A. (2001, September 8), The Philippines: a topnotch economy. The Philippine Daily
Investigator, PP. A8, 8.

6. Interviews

In the latest APA style, interviews are not cited in the works cited section but in the text
itself. For example:

R. Casty (personal interview, January 15, 2001) noted that the evidences were damming.
A. Cashe (2001, January 16). Midnight Debate. (Channel 8) testified to the truth of the
allegations against the high government official.

Elements of a Research Proposal

Generally speaking research studies are initiated formal research proposal. The same
format of proposals is observed. Moreover, the research proposal is almost identical to

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the first three
chapters of the final research study, except for the fact that the manuscript for the
proposal is written in future tense. For instance, in your research proposal, you could write
“the author will conduct a survey on...”, while in the final research “the author conducted
a survey on (adopted from University Mindanao research format)

1. Title page

Since your institution has a style manual, you can follow the suggested format of
the cover page.
2. Title - your title should reflect key words or phrases that would show a clear and
brief description of the scope and nature of the study. The key words allow your
study to be indexed properly. Furthermore, the following pointers could guide you:

a. major variables should be indicated

b. the nature of research should be reflected: whether it is descriptive, correlational or
experimental
c. the target population should be made clear
d. avoid using expressions, such as:

"A Study of ...

"An Investigation of ...
"A Survey of ...

Example of a research title: "Correlation between the rating in the board examination and
the success of graduates"

3. Table of contents shows the contents of your research paper.

4. Chapter 1 —The Problem and Its Setting

The background of the Study — this section provides the background and setting
of the research for the following purposes:
a. it puts the research problem in an appropriate context;
b. it enables the readers to understand the basis for the study;
c. it provides the justification for the study — the researcher should be factual
statements opinions and points of view should be recorded properly;
d. it allows a clear clue to the statement of the problem;
e. it is your opportunity to convince your readers of the need for the research.
For purposes of funding, capabilities and capacities of funding individuals
and organizations could be featured in this section.

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5. Statement
of the problem — the statement of the problem is the focus of your research
study. The problem is stated in one sentence (supported by a number of
paragraphs to explain it). The following tips could guide you in writing your
statement of the problem:

a. Your task here is to look for something that is wrong, or an issue that needs to
addressed, or prevailing concerns that appears not functional. Your problem
statement may look like this:

The mismatch in the skills of graduates and the requirements of industry results in their
poor chances of succeeding in their careers."

b. The statement of the problem may just be expressed in one sentence, however, it
has to be supported by a few paragraphs that would explain the problem. Here,
you can present arguments why the problem is important to your study. This could
be reinforced by citing the ideas of others (government officials, professional
experts, or authors). Then, you can elaborate how the problem relates to industry
and the curriculum by presenting data that shows the scope and depth of the
problem. Moreover, you can give appealing and clear explanations of the problem.

6. Objectives of the study — in descriptive research these are written after the
statement of the problem. The objectives indicate the following:

a. data to be collected;
b. clarify the link between the specific objectives and hypotheses and related
literature and theory;
c. fora descriptive study, the objectives or research questions can be used in
this section;
d. for ex post facto or experimental studies, the hypotheses must be
formulated.

7. Definition of terms—important words should be defined in the context where they

will be used. Operational definitions and dictionary definitions are provided in this
section. The suggestions that follow could help you complete this section:

a. a list of definitions for words and ideas that have significant meaning for the study
should be reflected.
b. the definition should present the term, the classification where it belongs and the
characteristics or features that make it different from the other categories in its
class;
c. words, principles and ideas that are generally understood do not need to be defined,
e.g., educational institution, residents, mothers.

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8. Limitations of the study -- the limitations due to the procedures of the study
should be summarized; while the limitations related to the procedures should be
presented in detail in this section.

9. Basic assumptions — are ideas, which are accepted without thought of

immediate proof or these may be propositions for which no information could be
presented within the scope of the study.
10. Review of Related Literature

a. this section presents tentative solutions to the problem, or temporary answers

to the questions raised in the study.
b. here, you can present the theories, which are the bases of the study.
c. this part provides the rationale for the hypotheses and their variables.
d. this chapter is organized and presented in relation to the specific objectives of
the study.
e. research proposals usually do not cover comprehensive review unlike the
complete research study.

Review of related literature is used to verify the concepts/ theory, which are the focus of
the study and the scope of the measurement methods to assess the concepts. This
section presents the relationship between the concepts/ theory and the methods of
measurement.

11. Chapter 2—Method — a number of authors call this chapter "Procedures". This
section present' clear, step-by-step procedures of how the study will be done, so
it could be replicated (redone) by other researchers. The researcher should
present explanations to enable the reader to replicate the exact conditions of the
original study.
12. Research design - this section presents the type of research study, such as:
survey, ex post facto, quasi-experimental, etc. This part describes the steps that
will be used to address the hypotheses. Graphic illustrations could be used to
facilitate understanding of the research design. The symbols you will use should
be defined.
13. Research Local this refers to the place or the setting where the research project
would be conducted.
14. Data-Gathering Procedure — the conditions such as when, where and under
what circumstances the data were gathered, the number of times and order in
which the instruments were used, and the time allotted for the data collection
should be described in this section. The population to be studied is identified. This
section describes the sampling method, then presents how the sarnple was
selected and the sampling plan.

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15. Statistical
Treatment — statistical techniques used to analyze the research data are
presented in this section. Basic tip: statistics that are relevant in answering the
question(s) in the study should be used.

The proponent could provide, in an appendix, sample of the tables and figures that will
be used in Chapter 4, in relation to the analysis. This may help readers of the study to
understand the results of these analytical techniques.

16. References. This is where all the citations found in the research paper are
accounted or listed using the APA format.

Exercise

Still working with your partner, accomplish the following:

A. Using the pointers presented above, identify the step-by-step procedures of how
the study will b done.
B. If applicable, prepare the statistical techniques to be used to analyze the research
data.
C. Draft the research method of your proposed study.

Research Proposal Outline

The following outline can guide you in formulating your research proposal: (adopted from
University of Mindanao research proposal format)

1. Title Page

Table of Contents

Il. Chapter 1 —The Problem and Its Setting

Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem
Research Questions/ Hypotheses
Review of Related Literature

Ill. Chapter 2 —Method

Research Design
Research Respondents
Research Local

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Research
Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Statistical Treatment

IV. References

Self -Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand
the lesson:

Castigador, A. C. (2019). Speak and write for a purpose. ACC Book Publishing:
Cavite, Philippines

LET’S CHECK

Activity 1. Study the following situations. Some values of research can be deduced
from the situations. On the blank, put the number/ s corresponding to the values of
research that were discussed above.

1. Alibunan is a beautiful, rural but developing community at the foot of a mountain.

The problems that beset the people made them meet and decide to conduct a simple
survey of the problems of the barangay. Then, the people analyzed the results of the
survey, prioritized their problems, and identified the solutions and strategies to solve their
problems. Finally, they organized themselves into committees to plan and implement
projects in response to the problems.

______________________________
2. Cheating has been a perennial problem in school A. The teachers suspected that
students may be doing this because they may not have studied their lesson at home.
Furthermore, it was theorized that students must have been doing other chores given by
their parents to the extent of neglecting their Studies. The teachers decided to conduct a
survey of what students’ do- after school. Consequently, it was found out that 900/0 of
the students were children of market vendors and that they helped their parents in selling
after school.

_____________________________

3. The survey conducted above did not only confirm the suspicion of the teachers
but also made them aware that parents consider their children's studies secondary. It was
discovered moreover, that for the parents, asking their children to help them sell is a more
preferable task than studying.

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_____________________________

4, Drugs and alcoholism have been rampant in barangay Tabon. The community got
alarmed by the problem and started studying the nature of the drug users and their
activities. It was noted that the drug users were mostly teenagers who were idle. The
leaders decided to organize a youth club and sponsored interesting activities for the
youth. As a result, drug and alcohol-related problems were significantly reduced.

_____________________________

5. The prices of oil products have been out of control. It has increased at least
fourteen times since three years ago. Private and government experts studied the world
situation. They noted that the value of the dollar affects the prices of oil products.
Incidentally, the value of the dollar is also out of control; thus, making the price of oil
products also unpredictable. The experts discovered a cheap way of extracting energy
from sunlight. Consequently, electric power was packed out of the rays of the sun and
made a source of electricity.

____________________________

6. Food has been very scarce in the country. This is very ironic considering that the
Philippines is an agricultural country. A food agency made a survey of food eaten across
the regions and found out that some food that are being eaten in the Luzon region are
not being eaten in the Visayas region and vice-versa. Thus, the agency developed a
pamphlet presenting the various foods that are eaten in the different regions of the country
as well as the nutrients they contain. As a result, people started to adopt the food eaten
in the different regions. This reduced the problem related to scarcity of foods and
malnutrition in the country.

_____________________________
7. The Philippines has a shortage of rice. The situation is brought about by many
factors: the unfavorable climate, lack of irrigation facilities, lack of land for rice farming
and lack of motivation of farmers to work in their farm due to low prices of rice. Experts
also noted that a significant factor in the Shortage rice is the fact that it takes quite a long
time to be able to harvest rice. So they studied the different varieties of rice, did a cross-
breeding and developed a variety of rice which only takes 30 days to harvest.

_____________________________

8. Flash floods have been common occurrence in the different parts of the country.
Thousands of people have been victimized due to sudden floods that would, inundate
villages. The flooding has been accounted to the massive deforestation of mountains.

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While the
government has spent billions of pesos of taxpayers money for reforestation, nothing
much has been accomplished. The government decided to encourage. people
professionals, businessmen, students, laborers and government officials to plant and take
care of at least 12 trees a year. Because of this, the mountains have been reforested and
flooding has been controlled.
______________________________
9. Garbage has been scattering all around the community. This has caused various
kinds of diseases. Community leaders decided to look for measures to manage the
garbage problem. They studied the methods of garbage management in different
countries, got the best practices from them and matched these with the culture of
Filipinos. Eventually garbage segregation, recycling and production of fertilizers out of the
garbage were done.
Henceforth, the community became clean and beautiful.
______________________________
10. The coral reefs have been destroyed due to dynamite fishing. In the meantime,
so many used tires have been scattering around and in fact were eyesores to the people
living in the neighborhood. The community studied what to do to rebuild the destroyed
coral reefs. Meanwhile, they also have to solve the problems of garbage in the form of
used tires that were scattering around. The community had a brainstorming-discussion
on what to to solve the two very pressing problems. Somebody theorized that the problem
of destruction of the coral reef may be solved by putting similar artificial objects as
substitute where the fishes can live. Eventually, the community decided to gather all the
used tires tied them together and submerged these tires into the water as artificial coral
reefs. The people were able to solve two problems destruction of coral reef and garbage
all at the same time.
_______________________________

Activity 2. The various situations on the next page describe the nature of
communities. It is said that a relevant topic is one that can help solve a problem or
develop a community. Study the specific situations below, then practice choosing, which
among the enumerated topics under the situation is the most relevant one.

1. The community gets easily flooded.

a) Corruption of local leaders.
b) Flood control measures.
c) How the Department of Public Works and Highways should improve its
services.
2. People in the community talk with each other from sunrise to sun down.
a) How to make people productive.
b) The values of rural folks.

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c) The laziness
of Filipinos.
3. Barangay officials are unskilled community leaders.
a) Vote buying.
b) Developing leadership skills of local officials.
c) How to encourage local officials to enroll in school.
4. So much land is left idle and unproductive.
a) Improving agricultural productivity.
b) Irrigating the land.
c) Using animal manure as fertilizer.
5. Many people die yearly because of lack of preparation for the flash flood.
a) Improving the plaza.
b) Improving disaster preparedness.
c) Putting up evacuation centers.
6. Many tricycle drivers are rude.
a) Educating the tricycle drivers.
b) Organizing a cooperative.
c) Making the tricycle drivers more respectful.
7. About 60 percent of the children are malnourished
a) Nutritious food that can be produced by community.
b) Teaching parents to feed their children.
c) A multi-disciplinary approach against malnutrition.
8. Garbage is scattering around the town.
a) Effective garbage management for the town.
b) Recycling garbage.
c) The town officials are all garbage.
9. Criminality is increasing.
a) The cause of criminality.
b) Drugs and criminality.
c) The cause and solutions of crime.
10. Violence in mass media.
a) How to stop violence on TV.
b) The culture of violence.
c) How to use mass media to stop violence.
LET’S ANALYZE

Activity 1. Study the following research paper. On the space after the research paper,
write analysis/critique on the following:
1. word use/diction
2. sentence unity, coherence and emphasis 3. paragraph
development

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Technology: A Boon or Bane

The Problem and its Background

Technology is a powerful engine that drives economic growth. It makes possible

new products, more efficient method of production, and greater environmental protection,
which inevitably lead to new high-skills and high-wage jobs. Technological innovation is
an essential ingredient for economic success.
The world must start with a strong commitment to continuing basic research and
development and with investment in new technology that will lead us into the 21st century.
We must recognize the strength and potential of scientific and technological resources to
change and improve the quality of our lives.
Part of our responsibility in implementing a successful techn010ß,' initiative will be
to make sure that we can use all the data provided by the national information
infrastructure. High-speed networks and digital libraries will give us access to infinite
amounts of information. Researchers are developing ways to help us distill this
information into useful form. And then, with lots of help from the human brain, we can
transform that information into wisdom. Technology will transform our lives in thousands
of ways we can count today and thousands more we can only imagine for tomorrow.

Findings

Technology: Take It With You

Time was, when a low-tech instamatic camera was the only tool a traveller needed
to pack. But today's travellers, both for business and leisure, cannot bear to leave home
without a high-tech array of communications, gadgetry, from cell phones to laptops and
minicams. Electronics are hip and have become an essential part our travel wardrobe.
Phones are ringing on the beach and the bluish glow from laptop screens competes with
the shimmering blue of hotel pools at night.

Worldly Conversation

Travellers have always dreamed of a world phone__ portable device that works
equally well in Caracas and Kathmandu. In February, Nokia, the world's leading cells
phone maker; unveiled its first world phone, the Noki 8890. It works in five continents
(Europe, Asia, Africa Australia and the Americas) and 144 countries. According to the
Travel Industry World Yearbook, more than 40 million people travel between the Americas
Europe and Asia every year, and more than 30 per cent of those travellers do so for

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business. For
them, the 8890 offers dual-band GSM service (at GSM 900 and 1900 MHz) that's no-
buttons- to- push automatic- it finds the local network for you. At 3.2 ounces (91 grams),
the matte- aluminum-finished 8890 is one of the smallest and most stylish phones ever
made by Nokia- a definite plus for image- conscious world travellers.

GSM was in the spotlight this summer when U.S. based Voice Stream Wireless
inked an agreement with Deutsche Telekom, Europe's largest telecommunications
company, to form the first wireless operator utilizing the GSM standard worldwide. The
goals are to accelerate the introduction of next-generation wireless voice and data
service, such as mobile Internet and multimedia applications, and to provide seamless
global services over a common technology platform, including global roaming and
worldwide customer service.

Packing Music

For travellers who can't leave their Web music — or their spoken-word audio
downloads behind, the latest toy of choice is the Philips SA 107 RUSH digital audio player.
The new 64-megabytes version can store approximately two full hours of high-quality
digital stereo music. In addition to doubling the memory capacity of the previous unit, the
SA107 adds a USB port for easy connectivity to most new computers. The advantage of
diøtal audio players is that they're solid state--meaning that skips are eliminated. They're
also tiny: RUSH is under three inches square and less than one inch deep.

Wireless Internet Access

Palm, Inc., the world's leading provider of handheld computers, announced the
launch of the Palm Mobile Internet Kit in June. The kit allows users with cell phones (or
Palm-compatible moderns) to connect their palm wirelessly to the Internet. Now the entire
family of palm can be retrofitted to add Internet access. That means Palm users can send
and receive e-mail directly via their PDA's, send SMS (short messaging service)
messages, as well as utilize WAP, or Wireless Application Protocol, used in the latest
mobile phones to access the Web. For anyone who has tried to tap out an e-mail on the
tiny keyboards of a cell phone, the ability to compose messages on a PDA is a great leap
forward.

Sooner the End of Chores — Coming Soon: the Robots

Robots have long been a staple of the imagined future, and they're already at work
in factories — but so far none have made their way into our homes. That may start to
change during the next decade. By 200 predicts Hans Moravecs of Carnegie Mellon's
Robotic Institute, the first affordable, mass-produced mobi 161 robots will appear. These

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will be small
and devote simple tasks like vacuuming and lawn mowing. The second decade of the 21 st
century will human-size, ultra. Light utility robots 2020, with robots one arm will the best
can perform many simple jobs. By able to learn and make choices-no need for
reprogramming. By 2030, robots will be able to anticipate outcomes by constantly running
simulations. These robots will also understand emotions and predict their own effect on
people. There's no reason to doubt says Moravec, which by midcentury, robots will be
intellectual.

A Home in the Future

The home of the future will be a cathedral to the idea of networked convenience.
PC-style devices will smoothly, automatically control your heating and lighting while
sound and pictures will be streamed into the house via broad band Internet connection.
In the future, few people will buy music on CD's or films on DVD. Why bother when you
can access your desired form of entertainment via the menu displayed on your flat,
wallhanging plasma TV screen?
Voice recognition technology will become ubiquitous. People will think nothing of
talking to various appliances around their home. Microwave-based vending machines in
the kitchen will allow Techies to request "Tea, Earl Grey, hot," without any sense of irony.
During 2000, we have learned that hard drive-based personal video services such
as TiVo can record specific programs for their owners via a simple "preference engine".
In the near future, such preference engines will be integrated to our domestic servers,
creating a "smart home" that not only knows which temperature you prefer 162 at a
particular time of year, but also which light levels should be provided in certain rooms and
which music should be piped into different locales at different times

It could be common place for this smart house to „recognize" its owner through
Bluetooth-enabled ID bracelets/ tags or coded pocket PC's. Expect your future house to
personally greet you with a cheery "Welcome home, Dave," then the front door is opened.
This might just as easily be a screamed "Danger, Will Robinson!" warning if an
unauthorized intruder breaks in. In such an instance our smart house could not only shut
itself down, trapping the interloper, dial out for police assistance at the same time.
Perhaps the hapless intruder would be savaged by a resident robot guard dog!

Certainly, within 10 years, average people can count a robot as part of the family.
To see what such a creation might offer we need only to look to Sony's ground breaking
robo-pooch, AIBO (that's Japanese for friend or companion). Already in its
secondgeneration, the AIBO has become more sophisticated and interactive.
Amanda Behrend, public-relations manager for SONY UK, says "One of the big
innovations on our second generation AIBO is voice recognition. When the robot reaches
the child stage, it requests a name, which it will then respond to. It has a vocabulary of

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50 words which
it can recognize, including sit, dance, and play ball. Its ears move around, which adds to
the number of expressions it has, and it has more sensors than before. Additional sensors
in the head allow it to recognize if it is being stroked or tickled under its chin."
Perhaps the most significant refinement is the inclusion of a video camera in its
eye. This camera ca grab low-resolution images that can be saved to memory stick
device, which can then be read by computer.
This imaging ability will evolve rapidly. Within the next decade your robotic pet
could also double as your digital camera, relieving you of the need to take pictures
altogether. And there's no real reason your robotic picture-snappin' pal should look like a
dog. It could just as easily resemble a small, two-legged human: a photo_ pal, if you will.
And in the house of the future, don't expect to spend hours sitting at a PC
workstation. Much of the functionality of the traditional PC will migrate to hand held
computers that will be part PC, part mobile phone and all secret-agent chic.
Says Roger Kermisch, general manager of Handspring International, in the very
near future, the traditional PDA will evolve from pocket organizer to personal
communicator. You will be able to talk to someone and even to see him through your
hand held unit. Soon, there will be more connections to the Internet from hand held than
there will be from PC's and when wireless broadband and affordable wireless service
arrive, you will be able to deliver movie on the video, to provide the type of capabilities
you only see in James Bond movies today.

Giving Robots the Sense of Touch That Humans Have

Allison Okamura wants to give robots the gift of touch. To do this, Okamura, who
has just joined The Johns Hopkins University's engineering faculty, is setting up the
school's first laboratory dedicated to the cutting edge field of robotic haptic exploration.
"Haptic' means anything related to the sense of touch", Okamura says. "One part of my
work involves robotic fingers. I program them to explore unknown environments and give
them tactile sensing and force sensing. I try to emulate the human ability to manipulate,
touch and explore."
Her work is parts of a larger effort to create more sophisticated machines to take
over tasks that are too dangerous, too tedious or too difficult for humans.
To achieve this goal, many researchers are working on systems that give robots
"eyes" to identify objects and avoid obstacles. But Okamura is one of the few engineers
trying to replicate the sense of touch. "Vision is obviously very important", she says. "But
if you can imagine going through life only seeing things but never being able to touch
them, it's obvious that touch is also very important. “Touch' is also something that's very
difficult to get robots to do. Vision is a passive sense; you can look at something without
affecting it. But in order to touch something, the, robot has to interact with the object and
manipulate it".

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Though
robots with a sense of touch may be difficult to build, they could produce important
payoffs. For salvage operations and scientific expeditions, the U.S. Navy wants robots
that could run their fingers along objects resting on the floor of an ocean.
NASA is interested in robotic hands that could transmit information about the
strength and texture of rocks on other planets.
Here on Earth, surgical robots with a fine sense of touch could "feel" the difference
between a blood vessel and a bone. At Johns Hopkins, Okamura plans to wor with
engineers and physicians who have established center devoted to the use of robots and
computers in medicine.
Okamura received her doctorate in engineering from Stanford University shortly
before she joined Johns Hopkins as an assistant professor of mechanical engineering.
As a graduate student, she worked on a robot equipped with two soft fingertips
made of rubber-coated foam. Tiny nibs on the rubber coverings behaved like the skins of
human fingers, helping the robot sense and grasp unfamiliar objects.
Using specialized tactile sensors and control methods, these robotic fingers
explored objects to gather information about surface properties such as Cracks ridges
and textures.
In her new laboratory at Johns Hopkins, Okamura plans to build on this research
and develop a new robotic finger with a sphere at the tip, capable of rotating like a paint
roller.
"A sphere like this could move all over a surface," she says. "It would be excellent
for exploration. I'm hoping to build a system that can recognize features first on a hard
surface and later on a soft surface, which is more difficult."
Her new Haptic Exploration Laboratory will also focus on a related field: using
computers and a specially constructed joystick, stylus or glove to transmit sensory
information to human hands.
Such haptic interfaces allow users to "feel" objects that exist in a virtual
environment. For example, if a user bumps into a tree, or kicks a soccer ball within a
computer-generated world, the joystick vibrates or provides force feedback to make the
cyber-encounter feel real.
Haptic interfaces like this can add entertaining new dimensions to computer games
or educational programs. But Okamura says this technology also could help a surgeon
Practice a delicate operation without risk to a human patient. Similarly, it could allow a
geologist on Earth to "feel" the texture of boulder discovered by a robotic exploration
device on Mars.
For her laboratory, Okamura recently acquired an experimental 3GM haptic
interface from the San Jose based Immersion Corp. The device, which Okamura helped
develop at Immersion, has a stylus that allows the user to "feel" three-dimensional objects
in a virtual environment. She plans to write new software for the device so that it can be
used for medical applications.

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 Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education
Mabini Street,
Tagum City
Telefax: (084)
655-9591
Perfecting the mechanical devices and software needed to simulate the human
sense of touch is a challenge that could take decades, but Okamura is a eager to conduct
some of the basic research.
"Human beings, obviously, have amazing tactile sensing ability," she says. "What
we've done so far with robots doesn't even come close. There's a lot of work to be done."

Running on Fuel Cells

Soaring gasoline prices are no big deal. The real push for the greener cars is from
the lawmakers especially in California, where the Zero Emissions Mandate requires that
by 2003, 10 percent of all cars sold will be pollution-free. To meet the standard, the auto
industry is betting on a new power source: hydrogen fuel cells. In theory, you can get
limitless hydrogen from sea water using solar power. And when you burn it, you get
energy and plain water — nothing else. In recent years, car-makers in oil companies have
spent billions of dollars learning to make the cells cheaper and more efficient.
Now the first cell-powered prototype cars are finally appearing. The pacesetter for
the Sydney Games marathon was: Opel's Hydrogen 1 prototype. BMW has built a test
fleet of 15 hydrogen — powered 7-Series vehicles. General Motors Chairman Harry
Pearce calls the fuel cells Precept, unveiled in January, his "baby„. Mercedes-Benz says
it will start producing a hydrogen- fuelled car in 2004. By January, Ford expects to give
California regulators a test model of its five-passenger P2000, with al 280-volt electronic
motor that can power the car from zero to 60 in 10 seconds.
The technology is still far from your driveway. There's only one public hydrogen
filling station in the world, in a corner of Munich's airport. The stuff will cost about $32 a
gallon until production ramps up. Safety is a concern--remembering the Hindenburg? Still
industry experts say half the new cars in the world might run on hydrogen by 2020.
"Everyone is buying a ticket to the lottery," says Paul Everitt, chief economist at the
Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders. "Whoever wins will win big a clean job —
and somebody's got to do it.

What Made Inventions Mushroom

But how do new gadgets, hi-tech toys, phones, household appliances and other
such new inventions came into being?
Considering the greatest invention ever made during 20th century, the information
super highway — or better known as the Internet, made the above mentioned items
possibly true than just being gadgets of James Bond movies or other science-fiction
stories.
How the Internet Contributed to Newer Inventions

New ideas do not form in a vacuum. Just as innovation feeds technology,

information have always relied feeds innovation. Scientists and engineers have always

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 Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education
Mabini Street,
Tagum City
Telefax: (084)
655-9591
relied on the
work of their colleagues to educate themselves and create new ideas. They combine their
colleagues' data and techniques, analyze and examine theories, compare and contrast
information in an effort to make new discoveries.
As scientific enterprise becomes even larger and more complex, individual
researchers cannot keep pace with the flood of information from laboratories around the
world, if it were not made easy by the utilization of the Internet.
For example, high-speed networks like Internet are allowing researchers to
collaborate with their colleagues throughout the country as easily as if they were in the
same building. These networks are enabling scientists and engineers to create
"colaboratories" virtual laboratories in which researchers linked by computers can share
data, images, and new ideas. Brainstorming electronically with colleagues, scientists and
engineers, among others, will be able to develop ideas into new technologies much more
rapidly than they could on their own.

Conclusion

Most people who end up inventing something, do it primarily as a part of a solution

to a problem within a system. There are still some people who limit their thinking to the
extent that they are occupied with why we cannot do something rather than why we can.
Inventions arise from the personal efforts of individuals. Most inventions are due to
perseverance.
New technology can assist doctors and teachers allowing them to reach more
people and provide better services.
Technology provides companies and factories with the competitive edge they need
to innovate faster and manufacture better.
Technology allows faster communication, and allows users to teleconference with
friends and business associates around the world.
Rapid emerging technology could lead to fundamental shift in the way we safeguard
human needs.
This technological potential comes packaged with significant dangers. Technology
will empower people but it could also be used against people. Without the proper
safeguards in place, possibilities will abound for coercive monitoring, job discrimination,
and violation of privacy.
Science has far reaching effects that are often unattended, unanticipated, and
unaddressed. We are placing ourselves in a position described by Ralph Waldo Emerson
one hundred years ago when he wrote: "We learn about ge010U the day after the
earthquake."

Write your analysis/ critique in the space that follows.

Technology: A Boon or Bane

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