Sr. No.

Name Nationality Profession Book Discovery Speciality

UNIT 6
1 Camerarius Discovered Pollination
2 S.G. Nawaschin & Guignard Discovered double fertilization in Lilium and Fritilaria
3 Graffenberg Made Initial IUCD of Ag
4 Robert Edwards Physician 1st IVF-ET success - Louise Joy Brown (DOB: 25 July 1978)
5 Patrick Steptoe
6 Dr. Subhash Mukhopadhyay/ Mukherjee Indian Physician 1st IVF in India - Kum Harsha (Durga)

UNIT 7
1 William Bateson Coined term genetics (1906), alleles/allelomorphs, complementary factor in sweet pea
2 Mendel (added in unit scientists)
3 Hugo de Vries Holland Botanist Rediscovered Mendel's findings, published in Flora (1901), Theory of mutation (1901), experiments on evening primrose
4 Karl Correns Germany Rediscovered Mendel's findings, postulated Mendel's laws of inheritance
5 Erich Tschermak Austria Rediscovered Mendel's findings,
6 Donald Johannsen Coined term gene, Discovered Australopithecus afariensis (Lucy)
7 Galton Polygenic inheritance
8 H. Nilsson-Ehle Swedish geneticist Polygenic inheritance in wheat kernel colour
9 Davenport & Davenport American Polygenic inheritance in human skin colour (1910)
10 Reginald C. Punnett Britsh geneticist Punnett Square
11 Sutton and Boveri Chromosomal theory of inheritance, suggested linkage (1902)
12 Thomas Hunt Morgan Experiment verification of Chromosomal theory of inheritance (expt. On Drosophila melanogaster), proved linkage (1910)
13 Castle (with Morgan) Proposed chromosomal theory of linkage (1911)
14 Henking 1891 - discovered X body (X chromosome)
15 Nettie Stevens discovered Y chromosome (as sex determining)
16 Cooley Discovered Thalassaemia
17 Whipple and Bradford Coined term Thalassaemia
18 Friedrich Miescher Seperated Cellular substance from the nuclei of pus cell and named nuclein
19 Altman Renamed nuclein as nucleic acid
20 Maurice Wilkins Provided X-ray crystallographic studies data to Watson-Crick Nobel Prize (1962) along with Watson
21 Rosalind Franklin Provided X-ray crystallographic studies data to Watson-Crick
22 Erwin Chargaff Chargaff's rule: Purine/Pyrimidine=A=G/T+C=1
23 Fredrick Griffith British Physician Experiment on mice using pneumonia bacteria, transformation principle (1928)
24 Oswald Avery Biochemical nature of transforming principle using enzymes (1944)
25 Collin Macleod
26 Maclyn McCarty
27 Alfred Hershey Bacteriophage experiment (1952)
28 Martha Chase
29 Seymour Benzer Introduced terms Cistron, Muton, Recon
30 Holley Clover leaf model of t-RNA
31 Hoagland Hair pin model of t-RNA
32 Matthew Meselson Confirmed semi-conservative nature of DNA replication
33 Franklin Stahlin
34 Taylor & colleagues Experiments on DNA replication on Vicia faba using radioactive thymidine (1958)
35 Beadle and Tatum Enzyme experiments with mutation on Neurospora crassa (1941), One gene one enzyme hypothesis
36 Vernon Ingram One gene one polypeptide hypothesis (1957)
37 George Gamow Suggested Codon
38 Hargobind Khurana Chemical method in synthesizing RNA molecules with defined combinations (homo and co-polymers) Cracked genetic code, Nobel Prize Prize
39 Marshall Nirenberg Cell-free system for protein synthesis (1968)
40 Heinrich Matthaei
41 Francis Jacob Geneticist Operons in E. coli
42 Jacque Monod Biochemist
43 Herbert Spencer Survival of fittest Terminology of 'Survival of fittest' and 'Evolution'
44 Charles Darwin Origin of Species, Defined evolution as 'Descent with modification', reproductive fitness, theory of natural selection, study on Galapagos
45 Abbe Lemaitre Big Bang Theory
46 Father Suarez Mythological Theory of special creation)
47 Richter Theory of Panspermia/ Cosmozoic theory/ spore theory (1865)
48 Harvey & Huxley Theory of Biogenesis
49 Francesco Redi Experiments on theory of biogenesis (Louis Pasteur - Swan neck flask experiment)
 Experiments on theory of biogenesis (Louis Pasteur - Swan neck flask experiment)
50 Lazzaro Spallanzani
51 Louis Pasteur
52 Oparin Russia Origin of Life (1936) Modern theory/ chemical theory/ naturalistic theory … Haldane called mixture of prebiotic chemicals as hot dilute/ pre-
53 Haldane England biotic soup… Oparin - Hypothesis of Coacervates

54 Harold Urey Experiment proving chemical evolution

55 Stanley Miller American Scientist
56 Orel, Crick, Woese RNA first hypothesis
57 Sidney fox Protein first hypothesis (produced proteinoid microspheres)
58 Alfred Wallace Naturalist Origin of species by Worked in Malay Archipelago, theory of natural selection with Darwin, divided earth into 6 zoogeographic regions
59 Giovanni Avduina Geological time scale (1760)
60 Leonardo do Vinci FATHER OF PALEONTOLOGY
61 Andreas Wagner Discovered first fossil of connecting link Archeopteryx from rocks from Jurrasic period in Germany (1861)
62 Richard Owen Coined term Homologous organs
63 Von Bayer Proposed Recapitulation or Biogenetic theory: Ontogeny recap Phylogeny
64 Haeckel
65 Jean Baptiste de Lamarck French Naturalist Philosophie Zoolique Theory of use and disuse of organs (1809)
66 Thomas Malthus English Economist, Scholar, Demographist History of human Influenced Darwin
67 Paul Wiessman Sheep experiment on artificial selection
68 Thomas Huxley Man's Place in Nature Proposed term 'Modern synthesis', first attempt to explain origin of man Neo-Darwinism/ Modern synthetic
69 Gates theory
70 Dobzhansky Genetics and Origin
71 Sewall Wright Sheep experiment on artificial selection, Proposed genetic drift
72 Stebbins
73 Bernard Kettlewell Studied Industrial melanism in moth
74 Hardy & Wienberg Hardy-Wienberg Law of genetic equilibrium (1908)
75 Simpson Discovered Propliopithecus
76 Dr. LSB Leaky FATHER OF ANTHROPOLOGY, Discovered Dryopithecus, Kenyapithecus, Homo Habilis
77 Edward Lewis Discovered Ramapithecus
78 Raymond Dart Discovered Austropithecus africanus
79 Mary Leaky Discovered Austropithecus boisei, Homo Habilis
80 Eugene Dubois Discovered Java man
81 W.C. Pei Discovered Peking man
82 C. Fuhlrott Discovered Neanderthal man
83 Macgregor Discovered Cro-Magnon Man

1 Norman Borlaug
2 Haberlandt
3 Dr. Alexander Fleming
4 Ernest Chain
5 Howard Florey
UNIT 8
Developed semi-dwarf varieties of wheat at International centre for wheat and maize improvement in Mexico Nobel laureate
First to demonstrate totipotency and introduce plant tissue culture. Used Knop's salt solution and sucrose
British Physician Discovered and named penicillin during experiments with Staphylococcus aureus Nobel Prize (1945)
Established the full potential of penicillin as antibiotic

UNIT 9
1 Peter Lobann Graduate students, Dept. of Proposed the technique of recombinant DNA
2 A. Dale Kaiser Biochemistry, Stanford University

3 Stanley Cohen First rDNA made from plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium, inserted into E. coli
4 Herbert Boyer
5 Barbara McClintock Discovered first transposons in maize (Zea mays) (1948) Nobel Prize (1948)
6 Joshua Lederberg American Molecular biologist Introduced the term plasmid (1952)
7 Bolivar and Rodriguez Made plasmid pBR 322
8 Kary Mullis Developed gene amplification (PCR) (1983) Nobel Prize (1993)
9 Eli Lilly (Company) American Prepared Humulin by synthesizing A & B chains separately
10 Frederick G. Banting Canadian Scientist Purified insulin from dog's pancreas, studied diabetes at University of Western Ontario, extracted insulin from islet cells, Nobel Prize
11 Charles H. Best Purified insulin from dog's pancreas, assisted Banting
12 Edward Jenner Small pox + Cow pox vaccine (1796) FATHER OF IMMUNOLOGY
13 Frederick Sanger Method of determination of amino acid sequences in proteins, Method to sequence DNA fragments
14 A. Wyman VNTRs first isolated in 1980 at University of Utah
15 R. White
16 Alec Jeffreys British Geneticist Technique of DNA fingerprinting (1984) I Europe and America using VNTRs as genetic markers, Developed Scheme to
17 Dr. Lalji Singh Indian DNA fingerprinting technique in India using radioactive DNA probe from BKM
18 Paul Berg Started Genetic Engineering FATHER OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
19 Kiran Mazumdar Shaw INDIAN FATHER OF BIOTECH.
20 W. Arber Isolated restriction endonuclease first time
21 Carlson et al Introduced somatic hybridization
22 Larkin and Scowcraft Coined term somaclonal variation
23 Cesar Meilstein Hybridoma technique, Production of monoclonal antibodies Nobel Prize in Medicine (along with
24 Georges Kohler Neils Jerne)
25 Leonard Herzenberg Coined term hybridoma

UNIT 10
1 Ernst Haeckel German Biologist Coined term Ecology
2 Grinnel Gace term Niche (ecological)
3 Verhulst-Pearl Logistic Growth Curve
4 Gloger Animals in warm humid climate - dark pigment than races of same spp. In cold dry climates
5 Bergmann Temperature affects size of organism
6 Allen Cold climate animals have shorter ears, snout and limbs
7 Jordon Temperature affects morphology of some fishes and has some relationships with number of vertebrae
8 Gause Competitive Exclusion Principle
9 MacArthur Showed resource partitioning in 5 spp of warblers
10 A. G. Tansley Coined term ecosystem
11 Charles Elton Ecological (Eltonian) Pyramids
12 Robert Constanza Price tag to ecosystem services
13 Edward Wilson Socio-biologist Popularised the term Biodiversity
14 Robert May Conservative and sound estimate of 7 million spp
15 Alexander von Humboldt German naturalist, geographer species richness-area relationship logS=logC+ZlogA
16 David Tilman Ecosystem experiments using outdoor plots, plots with more spp show less year to year variation in biomass (Productivity -
17 Johnson et al Areas with more diversity have higher ability to recover in productivity from disturbance (Diversity - stability hypothesis)

18 Paul Ehlrich Stanford ecologist Rivet-popper hypothesis

19 Odum Defined the term pollution
20 Ahmed Khan Bangalore Made Polyblend, mixed with bitumen to lay roads, in collaboration with RV College of Eng. And Bangalore city corporation
21 Ramesh Chandra Dagar Sonipat, Farmer Integrated organic farming = agriculture + bee-keeping + dairy management + water-harvesting + composting, Created
22 Amrita Devi Bishnoi (and other Bishnoi women) Sacrificed life for saving trees from cutting by king's men, they cut tree along with her Govt. of India - Amrita Devi Bishnoi
23 Sunderlal Bahuguna Uttarakhand Environmentalist Initiated Chipko movement