S.No.

Name Nationality Profession Book Discovery Speciality

UNIT 1
1 Carolus Linnaeus Swedish Naturalist Systema Naturae, Binomial names, Two Kingdom Classification, Artificial System - Herbs, Father of Taxonomy
Species Plantarum, Shrubs, Trees
Philosophia Botanica
2 A. P. de Candole Termed Classification and Taxonomy
3 Aristotle Trees, Shrubs, Herbs FATHER OF BIOLOGY
Animals W/ and w/o red blood
4 H. J. Lam Termed Taxon
5 Ernst Haeckel German Biologist Protista
Monera
6 John Ray Historia Generalis Coined term 'species'
7 R. H. Whittaker American Taxonomist Five Kingdom Classification - 1969
8 Carl Woese Three Domain System - 1990
9 Adolf Mayer Tobacco Mosaic disease is infectious - 1886, Injection infected into
10 D. J. Ivanowski Confirmed Mayer's observation - 1892, virus Smaller than bacteria
11 M. W. Beijerink Extract - Virus venom - contagium vivum fluidum - 1898
12 Louis Pasteur Termed Virus (venom)
13 W. M. Stanley TMV could be crystallised - 1935
14 Schelsinger, Hershey and Virus study
15 William Twort Discovered Bacteriophage - 1915
16 Felix d' Herille Named Bacteriophage
17 Theoder Diener Discovered and named Viriods - 1971
18 Theophrastus Enquiry into plants Used term Lichen, First used term Gymnosperms FATHER OF BOTANY
19 Alexopaulous and Mims Categorized Lichens - 1979
20 George Bentham & Joseph Natural System
21 Hutchinson et Al and Engler Phylogenetic System
22 Julian Huxley Gave concept of new systematics

UNIT 2
1 Bichat Father of Histology/Microanatomy

UNIT 3
1 Robert Hooke Discovered cell (cell walls) - 1665
2 Anton von Leeuwenhoek Dutch Businessman Introduced improved microscope
Observed Bacteria, RBC, spems
First saw and described live cells
3 Robert Brown Discovered and coined Nucleus - 1885
4 Mathias Schleiden German Botanist Cell theory/ doctrine
5 Theodore Schwann British Zoologist
(Schwann only →️) Studied Animal tissues - bones and cartilage
5 British Zoologist
(Schwann only →️)
Discovered plasma membrane
Presence of cell wall
Plants and Animals composed of cells and products of cells
6 J. E. Purkinje Protoplasm in Animal Embryo
7 Von Mohl Protoplasm in Plant Embryonic cells - 1846
8 Rudolf Virchow Cell Lineage Theory - Omnis cellula e cellula - 1855 FATHER OF MICROSCOPIC/
9 Christian Gram Danish Bacteriologist Gram stain - 1884
10 Jonathan Singer and Fluid Mosaic model - 1972
11 Camillo Golgi Neurologist Discovered golgi bodies - 1898
12 Dalton and Felix Ultra-structure of Golgi app.
13 Duve Termed Lysosome - 1955
14 George Palade Discovered ribsosomes in animal cells - 1955
15 Hofmeister First seen Chromosomes - 1848
16 Waldayer Named Chromosomes - 1888
17 Balbiani Discovered Polytene chromosomes - 1881
18 Berzelius Coined term Protein
19 Fredrick Meischer Swiss Biochemist Discovered Nucleic acid - Named as Nuclein
20 Watson-Crick Double Helix structure B-DNA - 1953 Nobel Prize - 1962
21 H. Fraenkel Conrat RNA genetic material in TMV
22 William Kunhe Coined term Biochemistry, Coined Enzymes while working on yeast
23 J. B. Sumner Isolated Urease in pure crystalline form from jack bean extract - 1926
24 Leonar Michaelis and Mand Michaelis-Menten constant (1913)
25 Bloor Termed Lipid
26 Kari Nageli New cells from division of pre-existing
27 Strasburger New nuclei from division of pre-existing
28 Carl Alexander Neuberg FATHER OF BIOCHEMISTRY

UNIT 4
1 E. Munch Movement of water pathway, Mass flow hypothesis
2 Joseph Priestley Root Pressure, Bell Jar experiment for Photosynthesis
3 Boehm Capillarity theory
4 Dixon and Jolly Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull theory
5 Renner and Bode Under normal conditions, no air bubbles in xylem even in last stage of
6 Levitt Proton transport theory
7 Steward Starch sugar hypothesis, transpiration - unavoidable evil
8 Curtis Transpiration - necessary evil
9 Stephen Hales Plants require Sunlight for nutrition
10 Gerick Named 'Hydroponics'(1860), Relation between photosynthesis,
11 Jan Ingenhousz Bell jar experiment of Priestly - only during daytime in green part of
12 Jan Senebier Green plants take CO2 and release O2
13 Nicolas de Saussure Water important for photosynthesis
14 Dutrochet Green pigment chlorophyll important for plants
15 Liebig CO2 is main source of carbon for plants
16 Julius von Sachs Hydroponics (1860), first visible product of photosynthesis is starch
17 Stokes Purified and separated chl-a and chl-b, demonstrated presence of chl-c
18 Englemann Action spectrum of photosynthesis using prism and Cladophora expt.
19 Van Neil Related with chemosynthesis and that O2 comes from water (1930)
20 Robert Hill Hill's Photolysis of water (1937), Proposed z-scheme and two
21 Ruben, Hassid and Kamen Confirmed Hill's reaction (1941) using radioactive O18
22 Dr. Arnon Found Hydrogen acceptor in plants NADP (1954), Existence of light and
23 Emerson Existence of light and dark reactions
24 Bandall Proposed z-scheme and two photosystems
25 Dr. Peter Mitchell Chemiosmotic Hypothesis (1978) Nobel Prize Chemistry (1978)
26 Blackman Dark reaction of Photosynthesis, Law of limiting factors
27 H.P. Kortshak Reported alternative C4 pathway, demonstrated presence of C4
28 M.D. Hatch Entire series of reactions of C4 pathway
29 C.R. Slack
30 Embden, Mayerhoff, Glycolytic Pathway
31 Sir Hans Krebs Krebs/ Citric acid cycle (1937) Nobel Prize Biochemistry (1953)
32 Charles Darwin Phototropism in canary grass - tip of coleoptiles site of transmittable
33 Francis Darwin influence
34 Cousins Release of volatile substance from ripened oranges hastened ripening
35 F.W. Went Isolated auxins from oat seedling coleoptiles, Avena curvature test
36 Kurosawa Discovered Gibberellins (Japan, 1928) in rice pl. infected by Gibberella
37 Yabuta and Sumiki Isolated Gibberellin
38 Skoog Discovered kinetin, Gave name kinetin
39 Miller Discovered kinetin
40 Garner & Allard Photoperiodism in Maryland Mammoth (1920)
41 Cajlachjan Named Florigen (1935)
42 Klippart Discovered Vernalisation (1857)
43 Lysenko Russian Geneticist Gave term Vernalisation (1928)
44 Melchers Suggested hormone Vernalin

UNIT 5
1 Dr. Casimir Funk Discovered and named Vitamins
2 Bohr Bohr's effect
3 Root Root effect
4 Hamburger Chloride Shift/ Hamburger's phenomenon
5 Haldane Haldane effect
6 William Harvey Discovered Closed circulatory system (1628)
7 Landsteiner ABO Blood Group System (1900), Rh factor discovery in Rhesus monkey
8 Decastello & Sturli AB Blood Group System (1902)
9 Weiner Rh factor discovery in Rhesus monkey
10 Duffy Various blood systems
11 Kidd
12 Lewis
13 Macferlane Cascade theory for blood clotting
14 Lennec Invented stethoscope
15 Einthoven Invented ECG (1903) FATHER OF
16 Friedrich Gustav Jakob German Anatomist Discovered Henle's loop
17 Andrew Huxley, Sliding Filament theory
18 Hodgkin and Huxley English Neurophysio- Membrane or Ionic Theory of Nerve Impulse
19 Sir Charles Sherrington First time used the term 'synapse'
20 Pavlov First demonstrated conditioned reflex
21 Starling Coined term hormone, discovered Secretin (1902)
22 Bayliss discovered Secretin (1902)
23 Kimball and Murlin Discovered Glucagon
24 Frederick G. Banting Canadian Scientist Purified insulin from dog's pancreas, studied diabetes at University of Nobel Prize
25 Charles H. Best Purified insulin from dog's pancreas, assisted Banting
26 A.F. Sanger Gave molecular structure of insulin (using cow's insulin), Gave the term
27 Tsan First crystallized human insulin