1

“A PROPOSED RETREAT CENTER INTEGRATING

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS”

Stephanie Queen H. Geronimo

School of Engineering and Architecture
University of Baguio

ABSTRACT

Human beings have an associate connection with our environment by physical, mental,
emotional and spiritual means. This connection can create a vibrant life that people can
thrive from in every aspect. This thesis intends to provide a design of a retreat center for
meditating with healing spaces. In addition to daily spiritual activities, the reason of such
retreat center is for clients to temporarily leave behind the usual diversion they all face
for a time – long enough to contemplate relaxation and for an inward change to happen.
The built environment implies that physical surroundings have a direct relationship with
how a person reacts and behaves. The built environment and the spaces it creates should
not be seen as only a physical surrounding, but as an interconnection between spirituality,
architecture, and sense of place. This study aims to integrate green building materials to
the retreat center. Data were gathered through an exploration of the research, supported
by documentary analysis from site visits and observation guides. The outcome of the
architectural feature and character was identified that would reflect a retreat center. The
green building materials are carefully filtered out by identifying which are attainable and
which can be integrated. The culmination of all these variables leads to a design of a
proposed retreat center integrating green building materials.

Keywords: Retreat Center, Green Building Materials, Architectural Features/Character,

Green Building, Meditation
 2

INTRODUCTION

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs portrays five different categories of human needs and
is often presented as a pyramid. The bottom levels of the pyramid include the essential
physiological requirement of food, water, sleep, and warmth. The following level
includes safety, love/belonging, personal esteem, and self-actualization – the most
emphasized factor in the said level. Self-actualization is described as a value-based
system when discussing its role in motivation. In this theory, one finds the fullest
realization in giving oneself to something beyond oneself — for example, in altruism or
spirituality. Spirituality is a quest for meaning, unity, and connectedness to nature,
humanity, and the transcendent. For others, spirituality is a non-religious encounter that
varies from individual to individual, and some people connect with their spiritual
wellbeing through long walks, private prayer, yoga, meditation, and calm reflection, or
show faith in the supernatural. In order to attain self-actualization and spirituality, a
retreat is practiced.

According to the Cambridge Dictionary, retreat means a period used to pray and study
quietly or think carefully, away from regular activities and duties. A retreat is a period of
each for a withdrawal of prayer, meditation, study, under a director (Merriam Webster’s
Dictionary, 2018). The retreat activities offer spiritual healing, fitness through meditation,
and counseling. Retreats are periods away from the usual activities to spend time getting
associated with God, to evaluate the priorities of life, and to make concrete and practical
resolutions for improvement. The retreat also offers plenty of different exercises that
extinguish hunger for adventure and exploring the self. The intention of a spiritual retreat,
in addition to daily spiritual activities, is to depart from the usual distractions that
everyone experience for a time, contemplating relaxation and personal change to occur.

A retreat center is one of the facilities that support spiritual needs and religious
assistance of oneself. A retreat allows one to have personal prayer, reflection, petition or
contemplation, and meditation. It can be a period of isolation or an event done in groups,
both seemingly held peacefully. Several conversations contingent upon the accepted
practices may occur.
 3

The proponent of the study is the Immaculate Cor de Maria or Missionary Sisters of
the Immaculate Heart of Mary (ICM), a sister organization of CICM (Congregation of the
Immaculate Heart of Mary) for priests and brotherhoods. The existing ICM House of
Prayer was built in the 1920s, located at Navy Base, Baguio City. It offers meditation
retreats, introductory classes, and monthly-workshop seminars. In an interview with Sr.
Perla Macapinlac, one of the Missionary sisters of the Diocese of Baguio, she affirms that
ICM House of Prayer was formerly a formation house but converted into a retreat house
when the number of missionaries, seminarians, and young novices decreased due to
transfer to other convents and formation houses. The existing retreat house can
accommodate 37 persons at once. One of their programs and mission is to provide a
retreat center that will be used mainly for a retreat. At present, ICM House of Prayer
serves as the accommodation house for those who go into retreats. The ICM House of
Prayer aims to cater a higher number of people, brought by their lack of facilities and
spaces in the existing retreat center (see figure 1-6 Appendix A, page 22). In line with the
ICM missionaries’ plan of establishing a retreat center, the proposed location is at
Tadiangan Tuba, Benguet.

The architectural and spatial arrangement of a retreat center requires in-depth and
multi-method research of two (2) critical aspects: The stages of the development of the
space planning; and the theological-religious component and the symbolism of the sacral
space. The space planning of the spiritual retreat center and the composition of the
required functional groups of facilities determine the number of essential criteria.
According to the analysis, the principle of universality is proposed to make the
architectural arrangement of the center through referencing the multi-use of the
institution meant not only to accommodate a broader range of visitors but also to provide
conditions for comfortable stay of people of different levels of religiosity. Orientation to
the spiritual component allows the use of sacral symbols in the exterior and interior
arrangement of the structure. In this aspect, conventional complexes should be considered
on the territories where the delicate regular monastery gardens with parterre flower
gardens and cozy areas for prayer/quiet times are formed. It is advisable to landscape the
territory of the spiritual retreat center in a similar style using the stylized modern features
of the monastery gardens. Differentiation is essential to take into account the specifics of
 4

the various categories of visitors such as deeply believing pilgrims, practicing

parishioners, tourists, and religious scholars, pursuing exclusively cognitive goals. The
architectural arrangement of the spiritual retreat center by valuable sacral attractions will
ensure the inclusion of attractions in the spiritual and cultural life of the people.

The relationship between the concept of green buildings to the retreat center takes into
account the interconnectedness of nature and the creation of the built environment,
affecting the psychological aspect of spirituality. As defined by the Global Wellness
Institute, green architecture is also the practice of designing built environments with
socially intended order and materials to promote the balance between physical, cognitive,
emotional, and spiritual wellbeing while restoring the natural environment. Green
buildings have similar obligations to the psychological and physical needs of its
inhabitants. In addition to the people who inhabit buildings every day, green buildings
make efforts to promote the positive and alleviate the negative environmental impacts
throughout the entire life cycle of structures. Green building reduces the amount of
pollution which positively affects human wellbeing.

According to an EPA report, the indoor air pollution level is about two to five times
larger contaminants than the outdoor air. The report states that most contaminants and
pollutants are due to materials used in the building construction. Others are volatile
organic compounds that occur naturally. The most common are paints, solvents, carpets,
and cleaning products, so the presence of green architecture will aid to improve and
purify the air of many pollutants. A part of the green architecture is the use of green
building materials that seek to minimize the adverse environmental effect by code-
compliant buildings. Green architecture includes the conservation of energy, reuse, and
recycling of building materials, consideration of minimizing the carbon footprint over the
lifespan of the building and seeking building orientations that are conducive to passive
design practices. Material sustainability administers all issues related to resource
efficiency and material selection and uses with a minimal effect on the environment.
Green building materials can be chosen by evaluating characteristics such as reused and
recycled content, zero or low off-gassing of harmful air emissions, zero or low toxicity,
 5

sustainably and rapidly renewable harvested materials, high recyclability, durability,

longevity, and local production (Cullen, 2010).

The study integrates green building materials to the retreat center as a feature that
would increase the positive effect of the built environment to the user’s psychology and
enhance the sense of a retreat. The connection between man and nature has obtained
incredible significance in man’s social sense, as he end up mindful how human activity
and creation are dynamically damaging the natural environment. The key design
considerations are human health, well-being, and comfort that augment a foundation
rooted in sustainable and regenerative design practices. The study focuses on one of the
sustainable design construction and operation strategies which is the application of green
building material. The green materials are environmentally responsible materials as they
help in reducing environmental impacts. Also, green building materials result in lower
maintenance costs over the life of the building, conserves energy, and improve occupant
health and productivity.

The location of the retreat center should be away from city life, aloof, and close to
nature, preferably on hilly areas. Entrance foyer should reflect the whole concept of
retreat. The circulation passages should be easily connecting all the major areas of the
site, and open spaces should be developed as activity zones. There should be segregation
of public, private, and semi-private zones. The site should lie in a peaceful area
considering climate, weather, and season. Natural landscapes are beautiful settings for
retreats, and mountains are one of the most popular choices (Carl Lefever, 2015).

Zen that means meditation is the name of Mahayana Buddhist School of meditation
originating in China and characterized by the practice of meditation in the lotus position.
The space in the Zen Buddhist architecture is linked to the philosophy of Zen Buddhism.

In Japanese architecture, in respect, is the architecture of vistas, of continuity, of

perspective. There is a constant movement of space, a gentle shifting from place to place;
but no matter how far one pursues the movement one never arrives of a conception of a
plastic whole. The space in Japanese architecture is defined as an empty place called
kukan. The first character in this word initially stood for a “hole in the ground,” and later
 6

took on its present meaning of a “hole in the universe,” or “sky.” The idea of
meaningfulness of space that fruitful void or sunyata of the Buddhist was carried over
into the Japanese architecture of the rooms, and the planning of gardens. Japanese Zen
concept was derived with the existing zen center within the ICM house of prayer.

The significance of the study is to serve as a reference for the proponent’s similar
projects, future researches, and for those who seek information related to the research
topic of the retreat center and green building materials. This study deals with the
architectural work contributing to the innovations of integrating green building materials
to a retreat center and to further expound the comprehensive knowledge on the study that
would be used for ICM missionaries of providing a Retreat Center. The research was
conducted to contribute to the needs of the religious leaders, users, staffs, guests,
parishioners, retreaters, and the visitors coming from the different cities and provinces by
providing an architectural design that can be used as a guide for future related projects of
the proponent and the Province of Benguet.

The scope of the study includes the architectural design of a retreat center integrating
green building materials. The study covers construction materials to justify the
integration of green building materials to the retreat center. Architectural design concepts
of a retreat facility, green design, and relevant case studies were considered. Business
structure, venture capital requirements, project cost, and projected business growth were
not covered.

Figure 8 presents the input, process, and output of the research’s variables. The input
and output were presented per problem, and specifically, it includes case studies, review
of related literature, observation and an ocular visit of existing retreat house functional
areas, facilities, and amenities (see Figure 9).

Output

“A PROPOSED
 7

INPUT PROCESS

For problem 1 For problem 1

 Case studies  Classification and

 Review of related synthesis
 Observation and ocular  Library research
visit of existing retreat  Architectural
house
Programming
 Functional areas,
facilities, amenities For problem 2
For problem 2
 Identify, sort,
 SITE FACTORS synthesize, incorporate
-Climatic factors
For problem 3
-Topography
-Vegetation
 Site analysis
-Environmental factors
 Architectural
 Green Building Materials
programming
For problem 3  Architectural design
 Integration of retreat
 Ocular visit of Existing
center and green
Retreat Programs/
Activities and facilities architecture
 Technical Factor
-National Building code
- Municipal and local
ordinances

Figure 8. Paradigm of the Study

The study intends to come up with a design of the proposed retreat center integrating
green building materials. The main objective of the study aims to answer the following,
specifically:

1. To determine architectural features/character that would reflect a retreat center.

2. To incorporate green building materials to the retreat center in the overall design.
3. To come up with an architectural design of a retreat center integrating features/
character of a retreat center and green building materials to the design.

METHODOLOGY
 8

This research includes multiple organization of framework which helped to aid the
step by step process of doing this study. Generally, a descriptive research method was
used for the review of related literature, documentary analysis from the site visits
supported by observation guides. Descriptive research portrayed the attributes of the
study, and thus, it concentrated on the “what” of the research study for the exploration of
the research. It obtained information constructed and structured from the collected data
from different sources of the review of related literature. Moreover, descriptive research
is reflected in qualitative research which included specific methods that provided detailed
descriptions, information, and interpretations from the data collections. Documentary
analysis, site observation, architectural programming, and SWOT analysis were done.

Population and Locale of the Study

As Lama Yeshe (1983) said that the retreat house should be situated in an isolated,
tranquil location, any buildings constructed there should be in harmony with the
surroundings and the intent. In this way, the environment will provide the meditation and
spiritual growth of anybody doing retreat. Wilderness is often a spectacular place to be on
a retreat because it is where one evidently find God’s beauty, creation, and presence
(Coracle, 2013). The location of the study is at Tadiangan, Tuba Benguet, a 1st class
municipality in the province of Benguet, Philippines. Following the objective of the
Province of Benguet to promoting the place as a must-see tourist destination in the
Cordilleras, the research proposes that the retreat be added to the existing tourist spots.

Tadiangan, Tuba, Benguet is situated in a serene mountain – 20 minutes away from the
City of Baguio – consisting of shrines, falls, cascading rivers, museum, resorts which
promotes the place as a tourist destination. Based on 2015 census, it has a number of
47,648 people. It is bordered on the north by Sablan and La Trinidad; east by Baguio and
Itogon, and south by Sison and San Manuel. According to the Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA), the municipality has a land area of 295.97 square kilometers (114.27 sq
mi) constituting 10.69% of the 2,769.08-square-kilometre- (1,069.15 sq mi) total area of
Benguet. The population of the study is the ICM missionaries, an affiliated private
institution, the locality and community of Tadiangan as well.
 9

Figure 10. Vicinity Map

Data Gathering Tools

The data gathering tools that were used were defined explicitly for each different
problem that needs exploration and investigation with critical analysis. Review of related
literature was associated as the primary tool together with building laws, regulation, and
guidelines. Search engines were used in gathering online references as well as the camera
was used in observing the site. The on-site observation was used for the research proposal
and the site analysis.

For problem one (1): determine architectural features/character that would reflect a
retreat center; the specific data gathered are the elements of design, principles of design,
guided with the case studies of existing retreat centers and review of related literature that
would support the necessary information. Observation of similar existing retreat center is
done supported with observation guides for an overview of the essential elements and
principles of a retreat center.
 10

For problem two (2): to incorporate green building materials to the retreat center; the
tools used to identify green building materials are library materials such as books
(unpublished and published), related articles, and review of related literature to collect
and review an example of similar existing building with different trends and concepts of
green building materials. Electronic books and resources were utilized to gather
information on case studies about green building materials while considering the local
and international context.

For problem three (3): to come up with an architectural design of a retreat center
integrating features/character of a retreat center and incorporate green building materials
to the design, design brief, design concepts, and design approach of existing related case
studies were used as tools. Search engines were accessed to find a credible source from
the internet and articles about new trends and requirements for building a retreat center
and green building materials. Design for retreat center considered design standards
mandated by the law, including the National Building Code of the Philippines, Philippine
Green Environmental laws, Green Building Code, and other relevant standards and
guidelines.

Data Gathering Procedures

In order to come up with the architectural design of a retreat center integrating green
building materials, the study procedures were identified by indicating steps per problem.

For problem one (1), the first thing that was done was to use the collected data and
review the information from the case studies with its different elements and principles of
design. Then sort and study the different design concept and approach, fabricate the
analysis and related review of literature that included studies where to get concepts and
factors that were considered in the proposal. The second was to sort all the data gathered
and synthesized a solution for the indicated focus of the study.

For problem two (2), the data gathering tools were used and reinforced with intensive
research on the classification of green building materials, listing, and data mining,
sorting, and identifying materials were performed and were studied to be filtered out on
what is to be applied to the architectural design of the retreat center.
 11

For problem three (3), Architectural programming, site analysis, and architectural
design process were done by synthesizing the gathered data from the previous problems,
supported by a review of related literature which served as design guidelines and as a
reference to study.

Treatment of Data
The data collected and other relevant data were combined in order to establish a
unified solution for the design of integrating green building materials to the retreat center.
All the identified effects after gathering data helped in constructing the research and
arrived with solutions.

In problem one (1), the treatment of data subjects to translate the data gathered by
sorting, classifying, and applying them into the design. The gathered data for objective
one was extracted from the related architectural feature and character of existing retreat
centers.

For problem two (2), gathered data were selected, analyzed and utilized for the
guidelines in the integration of green building materials into the retreat center. Site
observation helped in analyzing existing site conditions and features that were considered
integral in the design of the retreat center.

For problem three (3), the data gathered from the objective one (1) and two (2) were
synthesized and applied to the design process.

Ethical Considerations
Research ethics is considered in the planning and conduct of the study. The gathered
data are treated confidential and used for research purposes only. Proper citation and
quotations are considered from the roots of information and data from books, online
sources, and other references. The research ethics serves as the guide to be fair and
reasonable to all relationship towards the population of the study.
 12

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this part, data gathered for each problem of this study are presented, analyzed and
interpreted focusing on the data on the architectural features and character to reflect a
retreat center and integrate green building materials. The data findings add an
architectural solution to be able to come up with a design of a retreat center; there are
vital points to consider. One is the architectural feature and character (see table 1-A) of a
retreat center, with the components, elements, and principles of design, and the functional
spaces and areas (see table 1-A, appendix B, page 28) that would reflect the sense of
retreat. The necessary data, description, and remarks of different concepts about the study
are presented below.

Architectural Features and Character

Architectural features and elements represent and define the character of a structure:
adds to the visual interest, creates a definition of specific building styles and types, and
often exhibits superior craftsmanship and architectural design. The architectural feature is
related to its character, style and integrity, and design concept. A design style is depicted
by the features that make a building or other structure prominent and genuinely
recognizable. A style may incorporate such components as form, the technique for
development, building materials, and national character. Most architecture can be
delegated as a sequence of styles which changes after some time reflecting evolving
designs, convictions, and religions, or the rise of new thoughts, innovation, or materials
which make new styles conceivable. Table 1-A shows the different architectural features
and character of different retreat center, along with its elements and principles.
 13

Table 1-A
Architectural Features/ Character of a Retreat Center
Retreat Center Features/Character Elements and Principles
1. Gaia, Retreat Center -The grand entrance opens up -Asymmetric
Bali, Indonesia to marble and teak wood -Simple geometric forms
-Landscaped rice terraces -high ceiling
-Pool with view decks
- semi open dining to Bali rice
terraces view
- soft hot tub Jacuzzi
-wood construction

2. Meditation Center at - vertical cedar supports - dark-stained oak flooring

Standford University -thick dividers made of soil and slatted wooden
with rammed earth walls from the building site ceilings.
- heavy walls contrasted with - skylights with motorized
massive expanses of cedar- louvers enable natural light
strip glass and screens
manufactured from
- a series of galleries, flanked
on one end by a reflecting pool
3. Sunnylands garden and -dramatic desert landscape -simplicity in design
retreat center - character of the Desert -symmetrical
demonstrating a new -open plan
ecological aesthetic for
landscapes
-rebuilt desert habitat
-high-efficiency capillary
irrigation system
-soil moisture monitoring
-on-site storm water retention

4. Vajrasana Buddhist -victorian tiles and patterned - plywood and painted

Retreat flooring unearthed in the blockwork
original farmhouse - pitched roofs for sense of
 14

-maximum isolation from the space and light

public zone -simply-calm
-peaceful
-security without losing the
idea of openness and
connection.

Table 1-B
Effects of Elements and Principles of Architecture
Elements Discussion
Line Vertical Lines- ascends the eye, mind, and spirit.
Horizontal Lines- depicts a strong, harmonious association with the earth,
and offer a feeling of serenity
Curve lines- dynamic, energetic, unbounded
Shape Circle -associates with cycles, everlasting time, and agelessness.
-depicts unity and completeness.
Triangle -visually portrays “the pinnacle of achievement.” 
Texture • Water Texture -generates smooth effects, reflect light.
Permits viewers • Forms of clouds -express change, air, extending skyline, clearness, hope,
see or envision and happiness
how the structure • Ground Texture -additional volume that turns out to be progressive in the
can make a pattern visual work.
or rhythm, create • Grainy Texture -gives balanced surface through rounded and little shapes.
disposition, add
visual interest and - expresses strength, stillness, consistency
characterize shape -gives certainty a warm, close and substantial character,
or space solid and sturdy at the same time.
• Natural and abstract shapes- show expression, direction and developing
forms
-express opportunity, life, extension and bounty
-clamor scattering, fixation and fuss.
• Stains, attached forms- express surprise, generate attention
• Metallic textures- express lavishness, bounty, quality, power, vitality and
a lot of individual feelings.
 15

Others

Air Elements -component of knowledge, creativity, and beginnings.

-intangible and without permanent structure dynamic, masculine and stellar
than the components of water and earth.
Fire Elements -related with strength, action, blood, and life-energy.
-observed as highly filtering and protective, expending impurities and driving
back the haziness.
-seen as the most tenous and spiritual of the physical components because of
its masculine properties.
-needed additional physical presence, delivers light, has a transformative
power when it is interacted with an increasingly physical material
Water Elements - the element of feeling and the unconscious, as opposed to the cognizant
intellectualism of air. Depicts cleansing and purity.
-one of two components that have a physical presence that can connect with
all of the physical senses.
-viewed as less material to earth because it has more movement and activity
than earth.
Light -affects the quality characteristics of elements and also their specifications
depend on light.
-symbol for excellence, soaring, perfection, growth, self-confidence

Green Building Materials

The second objective of the proposed project is to come up with the architectural
design of a retreat center incorporating green building materials. Green building materials
materials produce in low environmental effect. It has to be durable, reusable or
recyclable, incorporate recyclable materials in their composition and taken from
resources of the zones where the building construction will be used. These materials
likewise must be natural but must not be easily spoilt by warm, cold or humid
temperature. Table 2-A shows different green building materials used. These green
building materials qualified the analysis of the properties for each material (see table
Appendix B, page 48).
 16

Table 2-A
Green Building Materials
Green Building Materials Description Remarks

Straw bale
Straw bale is a low impact, low carbon Not Applicable
building material that has gained more - considering the
mainstream acceptance by the climate and
public. However, areas with extreme humidity level of
humidity and high rainfall may not the locality.
appropriate the choice for straw bale It is a fire resistant
construction. due to inability of
air to flow through
the straw bales
Also known as “Sustainable Urban
Grass Crete Drainage”, Grass Crete is a green
alternative to standard concrete surfaces for Applicable
parking lots, driveway and other access -it can be used as
roads giving drainage benefits and bio swales
improving storm water absorption. Grass (to be used in
Crete is beneficial for businesses and courtyard/garden)
developers because it drains at about the
same rate (90%) as would an ordinary lawn
in the same location. With 47% concrete and
53% holes filled with grass, it will help to
form a natural bio-filter to significantly
remove pollutants.
Hemp Crete
Made using the woody, balsa-like interior of Not-Applicable
the Cannabis sativa plant combined with Considering the
lime and water, Hemp Crete material climate and
provides a natural airtight yet breathable and humidity level of
flexible insulation. Hemp Crete is also mold the locality.
 17

free and pest resistant as well as nearly

fireproof. Considered as a sustainable
building material, hemp can be grown and
replenished relatively quick.

Bamboo
Bamboo produces more oxygen and absorbs Applicable
more carbon dioxide, which is very ideal in -manufactured
combating global climate change. Apart bamboo as
from that, Bamboo is easily grown and construction
harvested, making it one of the most cost- material
effective construction materials to date. (balustrade, floor
Bamboo is also highly sustainable and gives roof truss)
an aesthetic appeal in construction for
housing.

Recycled Plastic
Plastics are one of the most energy-efficient
materials over their entire life-cycle. The
fact being that the typical lifespan of plastic
Not-Applicable
applications in building and construction is
-manufactured
up to 30 to 50 years.
recycled plastics as
construction
material
(doors,
countertops,
furniture, fixtures)
 18

Wood
Wood is a historic, classic and durable green Applicable
building material that has a longevity, -it has low carbon
aesthetics and flair to buildings for impact and low
thousands of years. Using wood as a embodied energy
material in building construction can have (exterior finishing,

significant environmental benefits. where it helps  to

Manufacturing wood for construction is less regulate people’s

energy intensive than other materials, levels of stress )

including concrete, steel, cement or glass

production with some percentage of recycled
material. The finished product also has
lower embodied energy.

Rammed Earth Rammed earth provides several advantages - Applicable

such as superior thermal mass, temperature - as strong and
and noise control, strength and durability, durable as concrete
low maintenance, fire proofing, load bearing and its source can
and pest deterrence. In terms of aesthetics, be
Rammed earth offers a natural and eco- at the prompt site.
friendly environmental ambience because of It has 90% less
its natural color made by aggregated earth embodied energy
substances. than concrete.
(walls)

Mycelium
Mycelium, a concrete which is capable of -Not Applicable
organic self-healing, reduces the need for -Could be used as
high price repairs. It is an eco-friendly acoustic wall for
insulation material that outperforms insulation.
traditional fiberglass. Mycelium will be a -Concrete on its
major step for biomass green building own maintains a
materials. compressive
strength of
 19

concrete 4000
psi (28 MPa), up
to 10,000 psi (70
MPa) depending on
the requirements.
Comparatively, the
mushroom bricks
can only
withstand 30
Psi, or 0.2 MPa.
Precast Concrete Slab The outer layers often envelop a Applicable
lightweight filler, like foam insulation. -resources are near
Other versions are made entirely of the site where it
concrete but have large, hollow air spaces, would lessen the
like concrete blocks. Precast concrete carbon footprint of
slabs commonly are used for walls and delivery of
building façades because they hold up material.
well to all kinds of weather, but certain (floor slab)
types can be used for floors and flat roofs,
especially roof decks. Precast concrete
slabs’ sustainability factor is even higher
than many traditional poured concrete
options because the slabs often take much
less energy to produce and assemble. Plus,
recasting concrete provides the
opportunity to properly cure the material
in a controlled environment, instead of
potentially exposing it to a variety of
unfavorable conditions while curing it at a
construction site.

Steel structures can last for hundreds of Applicable

Steel
years, making them cost-effective as well as -more durable,
 20

sustainable. Steel is dimensionally stable and cost-effective

will not warp, split or creep. Steel framing choice for reliable,
provides a significantly greater strength-to- strong, sustainable
weight ratio than wood. It does not expand and efficient
or contract with moisture content, and is not construction
vulnerable to termites. Since steel is often (reinforcing steel
fabricated off-site, it can reduce on-site bars)
labor, cycle time and construction waste.

Steel is a resilient material, with reserve

strength and ductility that provide significant
advantages in natural disasters such as
hurricanes and earthquakes and in other
extreme events like fire and blast. Steel is
noncombustible and won’t contribute to the
spread of a fire, reducing fire risk to
occupants, fire-fighters and
property/business owners.

http://www.asiagreenbuildings.com/14221/green
-building-material/

Materials are defined as green as long as it has one positive effect on the environment.
It is assessed with the evaluation criteria of green building material that has a point
system. Evaluation criteria identify the local availability of materials, embodied energy of
materials, percentage of recycled/waste materials used, rapidly renewable materials,
contribution in energy efficiency of buildings, recyclability of materials, durability,
environmental impact ( see appendix B page 48).

Table 3-A
Japanese Zen Architecture
Japanese Garden
Elements Description Example
 21

Karesansui Japanese rock gardens or

zen gardens, for
meditation where white
sand replaces water

https://aboutmauinui.com/2011/01/18/karesansui-
rocks-into-water/

Roji simple, rustic gardens

with teahouses where the
Japanese tea ceremony is
conducted

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/74520568810270435/?
lp=true
Kaiyū-shiki- promenade or stroll
teien gardens, where the visitor
follows a path around the
garden to see carefully
composed landscapes;
https://www.giardininelmondo.it/giardini-giapponesi-
kaiyu-shiki-teien.html
Tsubo-Niwa small courtyard garden

Https://jpni
nfo.com/53307
Zen Garden
 22

Ishi Rocks, or ishi, are foundational items in

Japanese gardens. They typically represent
mountains, but may also symbolize the figure of
Buddha, or a gesture of strength and power. At
many gardens, the entries are marked by a large
stone, as a sign of welcome. Stones figure into
the water elements and are sometimes used in
https://sbseasons.com/ishi-doro-of-
forming paths. When water is not available, sand lotuslandm-copy/
or small white pebbles are substituted to
symbolize the space often held by water
Mizu A vital element to life, mizu, or the water
element, is found as ponds, streams, and
waterfalls. Sometimes a small fountain
designates the water element. Water is for
purification and cleansing. When peering at or
walking beside a pond in a Zen garden, the
stillness and empty space are important for
https://4rcc.com/japanese-garden/
reflection in a literal sense. Meditation is the
literal meaning of the word Zen, and water is a
superb conduit for such practice. Falls have
several symbolic overtures, and dripping
indicates the passage of time
Tenkeibuts Lanterns are used as symbols of enlightenment.
u They are one form of tenkeibutsu, or
ornamentation. Others might include frogs,
basins and gates.

http://www.valleygardenlandscape
s.com.au/blog/index.php/create-
zen-garden/
 23

Shakkei To support the interconnectedness of all in

existence, shakkei, or borrowing pre-existing
scenery and blend with the near, far, high and
low surroundings proportionately and
gracefully.

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2
010/08/29/travel/garden-
dualities/#.XLH4wugzZPY

Hashi Hashi, or bridges, are constructed in the Zen

garden to symbolize a person’s journey between
the planes of existence, the inner and outer, the
multiple dimensions beyond and the place that
lies between worlds. Man’s unity with nature
can be symbolized by his simple walking across
a bridge to move from the world of humans into https://www.houzz.co.uk/photos/ga

the wider world of all forms and beings. rden-bridge-traditional-garden-

san-francisco-phvw-vp~2361427

The Japanese Zen Garden

https://www.academia.edu/19847212/The_Japanese_Zen_Garden

Architectural Analysis

Design brief
In this part, for problem number one which to determine architectural features and
character that would reflect a retreat center, incorporate green building materials and
come up with an architectural design, the following are the results of what is significant
solution to the design.
 24

Table 3-B
Design Brief

Description Findings Solution

Features and Sculptures
Character for Water Features -Japanese Zen
a retreat Open Spaces Architecture
center

-Strawbale -Bamboo
Green -Bamboo -Precast Concrete slab
Building -Precast Concrete slab -Wood
Materials -Mycelium -Grasscrete
-Rammed earth -Recycled Plastic
-Wood -Steel
-Grasscrete
-Recycled Plastic

-Green building materials Karesansui

Architectural -Japanese Zen Garden Roji
Programming Kaiyū-shiki-teien
and Analysis Tsubo-Niwa
Ishi
Mizu
Tenkeibutsu
Shakkei
Hashi

Site Analysis
Site analysis is a preliminary phase of architectural and urban design processes
dedicated to the study of the climatic, geographical, historical, legal, and infrastructural
 25

context of the site (see Figure 22). The table below explains the existing site conditions
and implications.

Table 3-C
Site Analysis

Variables Conditions Implications

-The proposed retreat center -Alongside of Asin road
is located at Tadiangan Tuba, -Accessible by public and
Benguet. private vehicles.
-Adjacent lot use is
residential/agricultural
-Total lot area is 2591 sq.m.

--Tropical monsoon climate -existing trees would act as

-Above 18 °C in every month buffers for prevailing hot
of the year winds and
- has 2 seasons - wet and dry.
The dry season starts in
November and lasts until April
while the wet season lasts
from May to October
 26

-existing structure -cleared out

-unwanted weeds will be

-Relatively flat removed
-trees will be preserved
-ideal location of building
-good mountainous view -buildings fenestration/
outdoor space should be
facing the vista.

Table 3-D
Architectural Programming

Space Allocation/Computation

Area Computation Result

Total Lot Area 8771 sq. m 8771 sq. m
Maximum Allowable 55% of TLA 4824.05 sq.m
Percentage of Site
Occupancy (PSO)
Maximum Allowable 30% of TLA 2631.3 sq.m
Impervious Surface Area
(ISA)
Minimun Unpaved Surface 15% of TLA 1315.65 sq.m
 27

Area (USA)
Open Space within Lot 45% of TLA 3946.95 sq.m
(OSL) (ISA+USA)

Table 1-1
Space Programming
Functional Description Space requirement Application
Space per person
Area ( Min)
Meditation for contemplation and spiritual 1.70x 0.60 m/yoga Max of 50
exercises person= 76 sq. m
Studio mat with 0.50m in
between
Multi-functional multi-functional spiritual 1.40 sq. m Max of 50
Spaces retreat centers, as an addition to person= 70 sq. m

the standard liturgical capacity,

have various new social
functions intended to provide
recreational, relaxation,
charitable, instructive and
educational activities
Administration Office responsible for Single office= 10 Max of 5 staff
Office managing reservations, sq.m. 17 sq.m.
inquiries and transactions
Conference Room provided for individual events Meeting room= 1.5 Max of 10
such as business meetings and sq.m 15 sq.m.
gatherings
Lounge a room, as in a hotel, theater, or 33%-45% of gross 25 sq. m
club, for rest and recreation area
Lobby is a central hall near entrance 3 sq.ft/person 18 sq. m
or a large waiting area 30% seating area

Dining Area particularly the room in which 10-50 sq. ft/ seat Max. Capacity=
the formal meals are served. 56 person = 120
sq. m
Kitchen needs to be open for more than 30% of dining ratio 38 sq. m
one group of concurrent users
 28

Sanctuary to increase the sense of 1.40 sq. m Max of 50

participation and togetherness person= 70 sq. m
Contemplation
sanctuary should be
emphasized
Space
Outdoor Space in landscaping, worth to use 1.40 sq. m 320 sq. m
iconic symbols, sculptures,
small architectural forms

 1 m2 = 10.764 ft2 

 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2 

Interelationship/Matrix Diagram
Figure 11 shows the interrelationship diagram of public space, semi-public space,
private space, quiet zones, noisy zones and common spaces and facilities of a retreat
center. The diagram identifies the various arrangements of the link and the typical
relationship between related areas and adjacency of each area.
 29

Figure 11. Matrix Diagram

Bubble Diagram
Figure 12 shows the diagrammatic presentation of the relationship of spaces,
arrangements of areas, Zoning of public space, private space and common spaces and
facilities of a retreat center. This shows that the planning phase of the space. It is
necessary to analyze these relationships for the process of design is based on these
factors.
 30

Figure 12. Bubble Diagram

Conceptual Massing
The massing, as shown in Figure 23 on page 69 affects the Zoning of space by the
openings, the enclosures and the interior and exterior form of the building considering the
views, the orientation of the sun, the wind, the accessibility of each spaces and the natural
terrain of the site. The massing of the building exterior is applied with materials and the
finishing considering its properties; the emphasis of the building, harmony and the
rhythm depicts the sense of space where the specific area is complementary to the
adjacent. The Holy Eight Fold Path is one significant part of accomplishing
enlightenment and can be inferred into the fundamental idea of temple and pagoda. The
lotus symbolism demonstrates the further importance of the Pagoda plan depicts in the
 31

ritual. In Japanese sanctuary, this concept can be viewed as a basic form of the octagonal
arrangement or plan.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In determining the architectural features/character that would reflect a retreat center,

the elements and principle of design are karesansui, roji, Kaiyū-Shiki-teien, tsubo-Niwa,
Ishi, Mizu, tenkeibutsu, shakei, and hashi, while Japanese zen architecture and its design
principles are applied.

For the incorporation of green building materials to the retreat center in the overall
design, the green building materials to be used in the overall design are steel, precast
concrete slab, grass Crete, manufactured bamboo, wood, and rammed earth. The
fundamental forms of the building’s distinctive style promote the traditional construction
but incorporate the green building materials to the design.

Lastly, in coming up with an architectural design of a retreat center integrating

features/ character of a retreat center and incorporating green building materials the
principles and elements of Japanese zen architecture is applied to promote the essence of
meditation while green building materials controls the harmony of the natural
environment to the built environment. Should readers and other researchers be inclined to
design projects with a similar scope or even areas that the study has touched, the
researcher has recommended a few suggestions. In determining the Architectural
character, case studies that have been identified not applicable to the study may be used
depending on the context of other projects. Such is also similar to the condition of green
building materials. Those who have not been identified applicable to the project may be
applied to other structures, depending on their cases.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It is with immense gratitude that I acknowledge the support and help of my Adviser,
Ar. Emilandro G. Tadeo for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and honorable
knowledge for the study. I want to raise my gratefulness to the Panel Members, Ar. Elvis
C. Palicdon, Ar. John Glenn L. Abela and Ar. Jergen L. Patol for their encouragement,
 32

insightful comments, and questions to the study. This thesis would not have been possible
without the guidance of my Professor, Ar. Divina B. Rillera that helped me all the time of
research and writing of this thesis, and to Our Father in heaven who strengthens me
throughout.

REFERENCES
Books
Ching, D.K. (1996) Theory of Arhitecture
Chiara, J. Time Saver Standards
Foz, V. (2015) The National Building Code of the Philippines with its revised
implementing rules and regulations

Electronic Sources
Kumar, L. (2011). The design of a meditation centre for Chatsworth. Retrieved on
August 4, 2018 from https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/8619
Holubchak, K. (2017). Principles of Architectural planning arrangements of spiritual
retreat centres. DOI: 10.21005/pif.2017.31.B-03
Weber, R. (June 15, 2017). 10 of the world's best meditation retreats. Retrieved on
August 4, 2018 from https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/best-meditation-
retreats/index.html
Jansen, E. & Lang, C. (2011).Transforming the Self and Healing the Body Through the
Use of Testimonies in a Divine Retreat center, Kerala. DOI 10.1007/s10943-011-
9564-7
Edginton, B. (2017). The design of moral Architecture at the York retreat. Retrieved on
August 4, 2018 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1316269
Ronnes, H. (2004). A solitary place of retreat: Renaissance privacy and Irish
Architecture. Https://www.academia.edu/30891350/_A_Solitary_Place_of_Ret
reat_Renaissance_Privacy_and_Irish_A rchitecture

Images
https://www.vagabondtemple.com/7-spiritual-symbols-deepen-yoga-meditation-practice/
http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/symbols
 33

http://www.architecture-student.com/architecture/architectural-characters-of-a-building/
https://www.archdaily.com/907628/the-waterfront-retreat-koichi-takada-architects?
ad_medium=gallery
https://www.archdaily.com/798645/vajrasana-buddhist-retreat-walters-and-cohen-
architects
https://www.archdaily.com/868202/u-retreat-heesoo-kwak-and-idmm-architects
 34

APPENDIX A
Existing Facilities
 35

Figure 1. Meditation Studio

Figure 2. Contemplation Space

 36

Figure 3. Counselling Room

Figure 4. Laundry area

Figure 4. Laundry area

 37

Figure 5. Common Toilet

Figure 6. Zen Meditation Studio

 38

APPENDIX B
 39

APPENDIX B
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE STANDARDS

Design Standards and Requirements as per National Building Code

of the Philippines

Table B-3
Classification and general requirements of all Buildings by Use or Occupancy.

Section 701.

Group B. Residentials, Hotels and Apartments

Occupancy Classified
Group B occupancies shall be multiple dwelling units
including boarding or lodging houses, hotels, apartment
buildings, row houses, convents, monasteries and other
similar building each of which accommodates more
than 10 persons.

Table B-4
Schedule of Principal, accessory and Conditional Use/Occupancy of Buildings/Structure

U S E
General Principal Accessory Conditional
Classification of
Use/Occupancy of
Buildings/Structure

Division B-1 1. All uses 1. All 1. All

permitted in customary conditional
Divisions A-1 accessory uses in R-1 and
and A-2 (or useds R-2 with
for R-1 class allowed in appropriate
 40

and R-2 class) Divisions A- regulations

buildings/struc 1 and A-2
ture (or for R-1
2. Boarding and class and R-
lodging houses 2 class)
buildings/str
ucture
Section 703. Mixed Occupancy

1. General requirements
When a building is of mixed-occupancy or used for more than one occupancy, the
whole building shall be subject to the most restrictive requirement pertaining to
any type of occupancy found therein except in the following:
a. When a one-storey building houses more than one occupancy, each
portion of the building shall conform to the requirement of the
particular occupancy housed therein and;
b. Where minor accessory uses do not occupy more than 10% of the area
of any floor or a building, nor more than 10% of the basic area
permitted I the occupancy requirements, in which case, the major use
of the building shall determine the occupancy classification.

Table B-5

Minimum Required Off-Street (Off-RROW) cum On-Site Parking Slot, Parking Area and
Loading/Unloading Space Requirements by Allowed Use of Occupancy.

Specific Uses or of Reference Uses or Character Minimun Required Parking

Occupancy of Occupancies or Type of Slot, Parking Area and
Buildings/Structures Loading Space
Requirements

Group B Residential hotels and One (1) car slot for every
Apartels five (5) units or a fraction
thereof; and one (1) bus
 41

parking slot for every sixty

(60) rooms/units or a
fraction thereof

Reference Table of Floor to Lot Area (FLAR) Designation/Rights

Type of Use or Occupancy Type of building/structure FLAR Designation/Rights

Residential Residential 2 (R-2)
a. Basic R-2 1.30 up to 1.50
at a 3-storey or 10.00 m BHL

2.10 up to 3.00
b. Maximum R-2 at a 5 storey or 15.00 m BHL

Table B-6
Reference Table of Maximum Allowable PSO, Maximum Allowable ISA, the MACA, the
Minimum USA and the TOSL by type of Land Use Zoning per Lot

% of Total Lot Area(TLA)

Building/ Duly-Approved Maximum Maximum Minimum TOSL
Structure Use or Zoning Allowable Allowable USA (ISA+USA)
Occupancy (or PSO ISA (Unpaved
Land Use) (Paved Open
open Spaces)
spaces)
Residential Basic residential 55e 30 15 45
2 (R-2)/
Medium Density
Housing [single
family dwelling
unit with a
Building Height
Limit (BHL) of
10.00 meters] 60f 30% 10 40
 42

Maximum R-2/ 60e 30 10 40

Medium Density
Housing
(multiple family
dwelling units
within one
building/structur 70f 20 10 30
e with a BHLA
of 15.00 meters
e- no firewall
f- with firewall

Lot Type/Location
 43

Table. B-7
Minimum Setbacks for Residential Buildings/Structures

Type of residential
use/occupancy

R-2
YARD Basic (meters) Maximum (meters)
Front 3.00 8.00
Side 2.00 2.00
Rear 2.00 2.00

Total Space Requirements on Lots by Use/Occupancy, Type/Location and Suggested

Minimun Lot sizes, Lot Dimensions and Types by Use/Occupancy

Table. 1-H
Minimum TOSL Requirements by Lot Type/Location

Lot Type/ Location MINIMUM PERCENTAGE OF MINIMUM

OPEN SPACE BY OCCUPANCY PERCENTAGE OF OPEN
TYPE** SPACE BY OCCUPANCY
(for Proposed Developments without TYPE**
Firewalls or Abutments) (for Proposed
Developments with
Permitted Firewalls or
Allowed Abutments)
A&B A&B
(Residential or Institutional) & C, D, (Residential or
E-2 and H (Institutional) Institutional) & C, D, E-2
and H (Institutional)
Corner through lots 40%
or cornet lots (for R-1 use or occupancy only)
abutting three (3) or 25%
more public open 30% (for R-2)
 44

spaces such as (for R-2 use or occupancy only)

streets, alleys,
easements of 30%
lake/sea- (for other residential uses or
shores,rivers, occupancy)
esteros,

Table. B-8
Suggested Minimum Lot Sizes, Lot Dimensions and Types by Use or Occupancy

Use or Occupancy (preferably based on Lot Location/Type

Duly-Approved Local Zoning Ordinance)
Corner through lots or cornet lots abutting
three (3) or more public open spaces such
as streets, alleys, easements of lake/sea-
shores,rivers, esteros,
Basic Residential 2 (R-2) medium Density 96.00 sq. meters
Housing ( single family dwelling unit with
a BHL of 10.00 meters 9.60 meters
(w)
x 10.00 meters
Maximum R-2/ Medium Density Housing 261.00 sq. meters
(multiple family dwelling units within one
building/structure with a BHLA of 15.00
meters 14.50 meters
(w)
x 18.00 meters (d)

AREA ALLOCATION AS PER NBC AS COMPUTED

TOTAL LOT AREA

 45

=8771 sq. m

Maximum Allowable 4824.05 sq.m 1518 sq. m

Percentage of Site
Occupancy (PSO)

2532 sq. m
Maximum Allowable 2631.3 sq.m
Impervious Surface Area
(ISA)

4721 sq.m
Minimum Unpaved Surface 1315.65 sq.m
Area (USA)

7253 sq.m
Open Space within Lot 3946.95 sq.m
(OSL)

Table B-9
Area Allocation as computed

Table B-10
Potential Number of Guest

Retreat Center Max no. Tranport Service Max.

of seating
accommo capacity
dation
Franciscan Missionaries of 40 Public Utility Bus 58
Mary, Kennon Road, Public Utility Jeepney 32
Baguio City
HnBricks Retreat 50 Public Utility Mini Bus 49
ICM House of Prayer 37
Betania Retreat Center 45
Average No. 46
Average No. 43
 46

http://ltfrb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DO-97-1097.pdf

Evaluation Criteria for Green Building Material

Local availability of materials
The possible locally accessible or available materials are to be favored to limit the
energy consumed in transporting the building materials. Energy expended in
transportation should be considered as total energy consumed on transporting materials
beginning from the place of assembly. Contingent on separation from the place of
assembling of material, points for R1 rating can be apportioned to the materials based on
the following guidelines (https://www.nbmcw.com/tech-articles/tall-construction/17838-
evaluation-criteria-for-green-materials.html).

Table 1: Rating R1 for Local Availability of Materials

Distance from place of manufacturing R1
0-20 km 10
21-50 km 08
51-100 km 05
101-200km 02
>200km 00

Embodied Energy of Materials

Embodied energy is an assessment of the energy required to manufacture any building
material. This includes energy required to extract raw materials from nature, energy used
to transport raw materials to manufacturing unit and the energy used in manufacturing
activities to provide a finished product. Every building is a complex combination of many
processed materials, each of which contributes to the building’s total embodied energy.
Embodied energy is a reasonable indicator of the overall environmental impact of
building materials, assemblies or systems. Embodied energy of some building materials
is represented in Table 2.

Table 2: Embodied Energy of Different Construction Materials

Sr no. Materials Embodied Energy (MJ/Kg)
1 Cement 5.85
2 Mild Steel 26.37
3 Steel 32.00
 47

4 Aggregate 0.10
5 Stones 0.79
6 Burnt Bricks 2.50
7 Concrete Blocks 0.94
8 Normal Concrete 1.30
9 Precast Concrete 2.00
10 Clear Glass 15.90
11 Aluminium 227.00
12 Aluminium (Recycled) 8.10
13 Steel (Recycled) 8.90
14 Timber Planks 2.50
15 Particle Board 8.00
16 Asphalt 9.00
17 Mosaic Tiles 8.10
18 Plywood 10.40
19 Fiber Glass (Insulation) 30.30
20 Copper 70.60
21 Zinc 51.00
22 Brass 62.00
23 PVC 70.00
24 Paint 93.30

Table 3: Rating R1 for Embodied Energy

Value of Embodied Energy of Materials R1
0-2 MJ/Kg 20
2.1-5 MJ/Kg 18
5.1-10 MJ/Kg 15
10.1-25 MJ/Kg 10
25.1-40 MJ/Kg 5
40.1-100 MJ/Kg 2
>100 MJ/Kg 0
Percentage of recycled/waste materials used
Building materials can be manufactured using recycled materials or using waste
materials. Use of recycled materials helps the environment and the economy in several
ways. A significant effect is that of lessening the need for manufacture with virgin, non-
renewable resources, which saves precious resources, energy and cost. Waste materials
that would have ended in landfills after their useful life, instead can be re-processed for
use in other products.
 48

Table 4: Rating R1 for % of Recycled Waste Materials Used

% of Recycled Waste Materials Used R1
91-100% 20
51-90% 15
21-50% 10
1-20% 5
No. use of recycled/waste materials 0

Use of Renewable Resources

Materials manufactured with resources that are renewable (i.e. wood or solar power)
rather than non-renewable (i.e. fossil fuels) shall be preferred. Depletion of the earth’s
resources is occurring at an alarming rate. Entire ecosystem is affected due to continuous
extraction of raw materials from the earth. As stock of fossil fuel is limited, it may get
exhausted very soon. By utilizing renewable energies, such as wind, solar, tidal, as well
as renewable materials, such as wood (certain certified species which are rapidly
renewable), grasses or sand, impact on biodiversity and ecosystems can be lessen.

Table 5: Rating R1 for use of renewable resources

Use of renewable resources R1
Use of renewable energy or materials by 10
>50% of the total requirement
Use of renewable energy or materials by 5
<50% of the total requirement
No. use of renewable energy or materials 0

Contribution in Energy Efficiency of buildings

With proper orientation of building regarding the solar radiation to receive maximum
day lighting, operable windows for natural cross-ventilation, use of passive cooling
techniques, (eliminating or lessening the need for air conditioning), walling unit with
lower U-values, roof insulation, water-saving devices and more efficient appliances can
all work to lessen energy needs.
 49

Recyclability of Materials
The recyclability of the materials can be judged from quantity of materials recovered
for re-use after the useful life of materials/products or after demolition of the building.
Table - 7 specifies guidelines for rating R6 for this criterion.
Table 7: Rating R6 for use of recyclability of materials
% of recyclable material recovered R6
>50 5
<50 3
Not recyclable materials 0

Durability
The durability of construction materials and construction systems depends on the
building type, design, use, installation, and maintenance, thus being difficult to evaluate,
assess and predict. Nevertheless, there are several aspects to consider as follows: a)
Disposal frequency – the anticipated shelf life of a system or product before it must be
removed and replaced – estimation can be based on the manufacturer’s warranty period.
b) Durability base d on maintenance – some products may have a short life span if not
maintained or may have a very long life if properly maintained (e.g. wood products). c)
Durability based on interdependency of systems – depends on the relationship between
the various parts of a system to make the whole system function as designed. Selecting
durable materials besides cost savings to the building owners also reduces waste going to
landfill, and reduces the raw materials and energy consumption needed for production of
materials.

Environmental Impact
All materials used for construction of buildings must not harm the environment,
pollute air or water, or cause damage to the earth, its inhabitants and its ecosystems
during manufacturing process, and also during use or disposal after end of life. Material
should be non-toxic and contribute to good indoor air quality. Worldwide industrial
production uses billions of tons of raw materials every year. Pollution caused in
excavation, manufacturing, use or disposal of a product, can have far reaching
consequences on the Earth’s ecosystem. Poor indoor air quality caused by VOC emission
costs billions in medical bills and lost productivity to companies every year. The
 50

manufacturing, use and disposal of PVC pose substantial and unique environmental and
human health hazards because of its uniquely wide and potential range of chemical
emissions throughout its life cycle. It is virtually the only material that requires phthalate
plasticizers, frequently includes heavy metals and emits large numbers of VOCs. In
addition, during manufacture it is responsible for the production of a large number of
highly toxic chemicals including dioxins (the most potential carcinogens measured by
man), vinyl chloride, ethylene dichloride, etc. When burned at the end of life, whether in
an incinerator, structural fire or landfill fire, it releases hydrochloric acid and more
dioxins. Products made with PVC may be avoided as far as possible.

Table 2-10
Comparison between Conventional Building Material and Green Building Material

Conventional Building Material

Concrete/ Brick Pavement
Advantage Disadvantage

• Low maintenance costs • High initial costs

•Long life with extreme durability • Joints required for contraction and expansion

• High value as a base for future resurfacing • Generally rough riding quality
with asphalt
•Load distribution over a wide area, • High repair costs
decreasing base and sub grade requirements
•Ability to be placed directly on poor soils
•No damage from oils and greases.

•Strong edges

Site Poured Concrete

• Strength The primary benefit of cast-in-place • Requires excavation and on site forms to be
concrete is its high level of strength. Cast-in- created and placed
place concrete is appropriate for basement
walls and home foundations. It is also • Unexpected weather condition may delay
relatively resistant to structural damage in the progress.
event of an earthquake, flood or other natural
disaster. Builders can make cast-in-place • Variables factor into the final product.
concrete even stronger by using steel Temperature, wind, humidity, etc can impact
reinforcement bars, or rebar, which is inserted final strength.
in the form before the concrete is poured in.
• Concrete is subject to outside variables and
• cast-in-place concrete is the high degree of changing conditions , all testing must be
insulation performed on-site
 51

Green Building Material

Grass Crete

• Guarantee load bearing capability • 30-percent more expensive

• Able to react consistently in differing

settlement condition

• Grass Crete self-drains extremely well, so

well in fact that drainage rates can be as high
as 90% of that of normal grass

• Delaying the effect of rainfall being

discharged into the natural environment.

• Permeable pavement allows storm water to

infiltrate into the ground
Bamboo
• Bamboo is easy to cut, handle, repair, • Requires preservation
reposition and maintain, without the need for
sophisticated tools or equipment. • Bamboo shrinks much greater than any other
• Bamboo has higher tensile strength than type of timber especially when it loses water.
steel
because its fibers run axially.
• Fire Resistance: Capability of bamboo 1. Durability: Bamboo should be
to resist fire is very high and it can sufficiently treated against insect or fungus
withstand temperature up to 4000 C. This attack before being utilized for building
is due to the presence of high value of
silicate acid and water. purposes.
• it can be used in combination with other 2. Jointing: Despite prevalence of
types of construction materials
various techniques of jointing

Wood
• High Tensile Strength •Shrinkage and swelling of wood
•Electrical and heat resistance • Biotic Deteriration of wood
• Sound Absorption
•Renewable
•Emits lower volatile organic compound

Rammed Earth
•Rammed earth has excellent thermal • requires insulation in colder climates. Similar
qualities. It heats up slowly during the day to brick and concrete buildings.
and releases heat during the evening

•The thickness and density of the walls lends

itself naturally to soundproofing.

•Economically viable

Pre-cast concrete
• Saves Construction Time: Precast Concrete
construction saves time, the risk of project
delay is also less. The precast concrete casting machines are necessary which requires high
can be carried on simultaneously with other
works on site such as earthwork, survey etc.
and thus saves time.
• Quality Assurance: The key factors which
regulate the quality of construction such as
curing, temperature, mix design, formwork
etc. can be monitored for Precast Concrete.
So, improved quality construction can be
performed.
• Usage of Prestressed Concrete: By using
pre-stressed precast, structural materials of
high strength and load-bearing capacity can be
achieved, which can result in greater clear
span, reduced size of cross section of
structural members etc.
• Cost-effective: The simplified construction
process reduces the time, increases the
productivity, quality and safety and thus the
cost is reduced.
• Durability: Precast Concrete structure has
longer service time period and minimal
maintenance. The high-density Precast
Concrete is more durable to acid attack,
corrosion, impact, reduces surface voids and
resists accumulation of dust.
• Aesthetics: As the structures are
prefabricated in a controlled factory
environment, several combinations of colors
and textures can be used. A wide range of
shapes and sizes are available to choose from
with smooth finishing and thus the aesthetical
value of products are increased.
• Safe Construction Platform: No raw
materials have to be stocked in site for Precast
Concrete construction. It reduces the
requirement of traditional formworks and
props, wastage, workers etc. and thus provides
a safe working platform.
• Steel is a highly durable metal
• Steel structures have a good load carrying
capacity unlike concrete structures, which
52
• High Initial Investment: For installing a
Precast Concrete plant, heavy and sophisticated
initial investment. A large scale of precast
construction projects must be available to ensure
sufficient profit.
•Transportation Issue: The construction site can
be at a distant location from the Precast
Concrete plant. In that case, the precast
members must be carried to the site using
trailers. In many cases, the reduced costs of
Precast Concrete is compensated by the
transportation cost.
•Handling Difficulties: Proper care and
precaution have to be taken for handling precast
concrete. Usually, precast members are heavy
and large which makes it difficult to handle
without damage. Generally, portable or tower
cranes are used to handle the precast members.
•Modification: Limitation In case of precast
structures, it is difficult to modify the structure..
•Sensitive Connection Works: Assembling of
the precast members is one of the key points for
ensuring strong structural behavior. Connections
between several structural members must be
supervised and done properly to ensure the
intended behavior of the connection such as
simple, semi-rigid or rigid connections.
Steel
• susceptible to corrosion.
• extensive fireproofing costs involved as steel is
not fireproof
 53

have a low load carrying capacity. • Buckling

• Steel structures can be easily fabricated and
mass produced.
 54

APPENDIX C
Documents
55
 56

Figure 12. The lot

 57

Figure 13. Tax Declaration of Real Property

58
 59

Figure 14. Original Certificate of Title

Figure 15. Authorization Letter of the Proponen

 60

Figure 16. Interview and Observation Guide

 61

Figure 17. Request Letter to the Proponent

 62

Figure 18. Request Letter

 63

Figure 19. Authorization Letter

 64

Figure 20. Request Letter for Data Collection

 65

Figure 21. Cadastral Map

 66

APPENDIX D
Architectural Drawings
 67

Figure 22. Site Analysis

 68
THE EIGHT FOLD PATH

\
 69

Figure 23. Conceptual Planning & Massing

70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
 83

GERONIMO, STEPHANIE QUEEN H.

#83-A Nacnac St. Palma,

Baguio City

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth January 10, 1998

Place of Birth Tondo, Manila
Citizenship Filipino
Civil Status Single

EDUCATION

Tertiary Bachelor of Science in

Architecture
University of Baguio
May 2019
Secondary Baguio City National High School
March 2014
Elementary Baguio Central School
March 2010

ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS

Commissioner on Internal Affairs- University of

Architecture Collegiate Society Baguio, Sept 2017

Invaluable Service and Exemplary University of

 84

Contribution for “HANDOG NG PANAGBENGA Baguio, February 2017

SA PAMILYA BAGUIO 2017”

Invaluable Service for 2016 “UB University of

HUNGER GAMES SUPREME STUDENT COUNCIL/ Baguio, Sept 2016

STUDENT BODY SUPREME STUDENT GOVERNMENT

OATH TAKING & INAUGURATION CEREMONIES”

3rd year Representative of University of

Architecture Collegiate Society Baguio, Sept 2016

2nd year Representative of University of

Architecture Collegiate Society Baguio, Nov 2015

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS

“Form Follows Function” April 29, 2018

“Concordis 3.0” October 14, 2018

“Design Concepts: A Revitalized February 8, 2018

Approach to Design”

“Concordis 2.0” September 10, 2018

“2nd National Student Summit September 5, 2017

 85

On Hospitals Safe from

Disasters”

“10 Steps to Sustainability” October 5, 2015

ORGANIZATIONAL MEMBERSHIP

Member United Architects of the Philippines Student

Auxiliary December 2017-2018

Commissioner on Internal Affairs Architecture Collegiate Society- University of

Baguio August 2016-2017

3rd year representative Architecture Collegiate Society- University of

Baguio August 2015-2016

2nd year representative Architecture Collegiate Society- University of

Baguio August 2014-2015