Lateral Earth Pressures at Rest: in A Homogeneous Natural Soil Deposit, '

CIVE.
4310 FOUNDATION & SOIL ENGINEERING

Lateral Earth Pressures
LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES AT REST
In a homogeneous natural soil deposit,
'v
'h A
the ratio 'h/'v is a constant known as

Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest (Ko).
 h
Ko 
 v
Importantly, at Ko state, there are no lateral strains.
Revised 01/2017 Slide 1 of 26
CIVE.4310 FOUNDATION & SOIL ENGINEERING
ESTIMATING Ko
For normally consolidated clays and granular soils,
Ko = 1 – sin ' (Jaky, 1944)

Ko = 0.95 – sin ' (Brooker & Ireland, 1965)
For overconsolidated clays,
Ko,overconsolidated = Ko,normally consolidated OCR0.5

 vm

OCR = Overconsolidation Ratio OCR 
 v
 Poisson’s
From elastic analysis: Ko 
1  ratio
TYPICAL VALUES OF Ko and POISSON’S RATIO FOR SOILS
Table 15. California Trenching and Shoring Manual

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

- in granular soils (No soil slope behind wall)
Wall moves
away from
soil
Wall moves
A
towards soil
Smooth Wall
(i.e. no friction between wall and soil)
Let’s look at the soil elements A and B during the wall movement.

'v = z
'v z Initially, there is no lateral movement.
'h A 'h = Ko 'v = Ko z
As the wall moves away from the soil,
'v remains the same; and

'h decreases till failure occurs.
Active state


As the wall moves away from the soil,


Initially (Ko state)

Failure (Active
state)
Active Earth
'v 
Pressure
decreasing 'h



['h]active 'v 
Rankine’s Coefficient of
Active Earth Pressure [ h ]active  K A v
1  sin  
KA   tan 2 ( 45    / 2)
1  sin  

Failure plane is at
45 + '/2 to horizontal

'v
'h
45 + '/2 A
 90+'


La
'h Ko State
Active State
'v z
'h A
H
Wall Movement
Soil Type La/H

Loose Sand 0.001-0.002
As wall moves away from soil, Dense Sand 0.0005-0.001
'h decreases until failure occurs
Soft Clay 0.02
Stiff Clay 0.01

- in cohesive soils (No soil slope behind wall)
[ h ]active  K A v  2c K A
Only difference from granular soils: Addition of Cohesion (c')

'
c'
PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

Initially, soil is in Ko state.

'v As the wall moves towards the soil,
'h B 'v remains the same, and
'h increases till failure occurs.
Passive state


As the wall moves towards the soil,


Initially (Ko state)
Failure (Passive
state)
Passive Earth
Pressure
'v 
increasing 'h


Rankine’s coefficient of
passive earth pressure
[ h ] passive  K P v

'v ['h]passive 
1  sin  
KP   tan 2 ( 45    / 2)
1  sin  

Failure plane is at
 45 - '/2 to horizontal
'v
45 - '/2 'h B
 90+'


'h Passive state
'v
'h B Ko state
As wall moves towards from soil, Wall Movement

'h decreases until failure occurs
Soil Type Lp/H
Loose Sand 0.01
Dense Sand 0.005
Soft Clay 0.04
Stiff Clay 0.02

- in cohesive soils (No soil slope behind wall)
[ h ] passive  K P v  2c K P
Only difference from granular soils: Addition of Cohesion (c')

'
c'
RANKINE EARTH PRESSURES

What if a Slope Exists?
 = Slope of Backfill
Granular Soils
cos   cos 2   cos2  0.5 

K a  cos     
cos   cos 2   cos 2  0.5 
 
H Pa
 0.5 
cos   cos   cos 
 2 2
K p  cos   
H/3 cos   cos 2   cos2  0.5 
45°+'/2
 
1
For Sloped Backfill: Kp 
Ka
RANKINE EARTH PRESSURES

Table 11.2 Ka vs. Slope Angle  (Das, FGE, 2005)
Table 11.3 Kp vs. Slope Angle  (Das, FGE, 2005)

COULOMB ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURES

Cohesionless Backfill
W = Weight of Soil Wedge

Figure 11.18. Das FGE (2005). F = Resultant of Shear and Normal Forces on
Soil Failure Surface
Pa = Active Force (per unit length of wall) = 0.5KaH²
' = Interfacial Friction Angle
COULOMB PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURES

Cohesionless Backfill
W = Weight of Soil Wedge

F = Resultant of Shear and Normal Forces on
Soil Failure Surface
Pp = Passive Force (per unit length of wall) = 0.5KpH²
COULOMB EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
cos   
2
Ka  2
 sin  
 sin 
   
cos  cos   1
2


 cos   cos     
cos2   
Kp 
 sin  sin   
2
cos  cos   1 

2


 cos   cos     
Where:
' = Effective Soil Friction Angle
 = Wall Angle from Vertical
 = Angle of Sloped Backfill
INTERFACIAL
FRICTION ANGLES
(NAVFAC DM7.02)
NOTE:
⅓' ' < ⅔'

COULOMB EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS

COMMENTS ON RANKINE & COULOMB EARTH PRESSURES
Rankine “State of Stress” Earth Pressure Theory:
• Does not account for wall friction.

• Requires vertical wall.
• Conservative relative to other methods.
• Fixed plane of failure.
• Favored by the transportation agencies (AASHTO and
FHWA) . See AASHTO Standard Specifications for
Highway Bridges.

COMMENTS ON RANKINE & COULOMB EARTH PRESSURES
Coulomb “Wedge Theory”:

• Unique failure angle for each design.
• Used by National Masonry Concrete Association (NCMA)
Design Manual for Segmental Retaining Walls - Second
Edition and USACE TM 5-818-1.
• Inaccurate passive earth pressures w/large wall angles
or friction angle (particularly for ' > ' /2) .
• Decreased accuracy w/ depth.
• Calculates lower active earth pressure than Rankine
for level backslope.

COMMENTS ON COULOMB EARTH PRESSURES

Lateral Earth Pressures at Rest: in A Homogeneous Natural Soil Deposit, '

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CIVE.

4310 FOUNDATION & SOIL ENGINEERING

the ratio 'h/'v is a constant known as

Ko = 1 – sin ' (Jaky, 1944)

For overconsolidated clays,

Ko,overconsolidated = Ko,normally consolidated OCR0.5

Revised 01/2017 Slide 3 of 26

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

Revised 01/2017 Slide 4 of 26

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

- in granular soils (No soil slope behind wall)

'v remains the same; and

Revised 01/2017 Slide 5 of 26

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

As the wall moves away from the soil,

Initially (Ko state)

Revised 01/2017 Slide 6 of 26

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

- in granular soils (No soil slope behind wall)

Revised 01/2017 Slide 8 of 26

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

Soil Type La/H

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

Initially, soil is in Ko state.

Revised 01/2017 Slide 11 of 26

PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

As the wall moves towards the soil,

PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

Revised 01/2017 Slide 14 of 26

PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

'h Passive state

As wall moves towards from soil, Wall Movement

PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURES - RANKINE

RANKINE EARTH PRESSURES

cos   cos 2   cos2  0.5 

RANKINE EARTH PRESSURES

Table 11.3 Kp vs. Slope Angle  (Das, FGE, 2005)

Revised 01/2017 Slide 18 of 26

COULOMB ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURES

W = Weight of Soil Wedge

COULOMB PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURES

W = Weight of Soil Wedge

cos  cos   1 

Revised 01/2017 Slide 22 of 26

Revised 01/2017 Slide 23 of 26

Rankine “State of Stress” Earth Pressure Theory:

• Does not account for wall friction.

Revised 01/2017 Slide 24 of 26

Coulomb “Wedge Theory”:

Revised 01/2017 Slide 25 of 26

Revised 01/2017 Slide 26 of 26

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