Analysis and Design of Gravity Retaining Structures PDF

Lateral Earth Pressures
N. Sivakugan
SIVA Copyright©2001
Contents
• Geotechnical applications
• K0, active & passive states
• Rankine’s earth pressure theory
From Theory to Practice
• Design of retaining walls
2
Lateral Support
In geotechnical engineering, it is often necessary to
prevent lateral soil movements.
Tie rod
Anchor
Sheet pile
Cantilever Braced excavation Anchored sheet pile 3

retaining wall
Lateral Support
We have to estimate the lateral soil pressures acting on

these structures, to be able to design them.
Gravity Retaining Soil nailing

Reinforced earth wall 4
wall
Soil Nailing
5
Sheet Pile
Sheet piles marked for driving

6
Sheet Pile
Sheet pile wall

7
Sheet Pile
During installation Sheet pile wall
8
Lateral Support
Reinforced earth walls are increasingly becoming popular.
geosynthetics
9
Lateral Support
filled with
Crib walls have been used in Queensland. soil
Good drainage & allow plant growth.
Looks good. Interlocking
stretchers
and headers
10
Earth Pressure at Rest

In a homogeneous natural soil deposit,
GL
v ’
h’
X
the ratio h’/v’ is a constant known as coefficient

of earth pressure at rest (K0).
Importantly, at K0 state, there are no lateral strains.

11
Estimating K0
For normally consolidated clays and granular soils,

K0 = 1 – sin ’
For overconsolidated clays,

K0,overconsolidated = K0,normally consolidated OCR0.5
From elastic analysis,

 Poisson’s
K0 
1 ratio
12
Active/Passive Earth Pressures

- in granular soils
Wall moves
away from soil
Wall moves A
towards soil
B
smooth wall
Let’s look at the soil elements A and B during the

wall movement. 13
Active Earth Pressure

- in granular soils
v’ = z
Initially, there is no lateral movement.
v ’ z
h’ = K0 v’ = K0 z
h’
A
As the wall moves away from the soil,
v’ remains the same; and
h’ decreases till failure occurs.
Active state
14

- in granular soils


Initially (K0 state)

Failure (Active state)
v’ 
active earth
pressure decreasing h’
15

- in granular soils

WJM Rankine
(1820-1872)

[h’]active v’ 
[ h ' ]active  K A v '

Rankine’s coefficient of
1  sin active earth pressure
KA   tan 2 (45   / 2)
1  sin 16

- in granular soils
 Failure plane is at
45 + /2 to horizontal v’
h’
45 + /2 A
 90+
[h’]active v’ 
17

- in granular soils
h’ decreases till failure occurs.
h’ K0 state
v’ z
Active
h’
A state
wall movement
18

- in cohesive soils
Follow the same steps as

for granular soils. Only
difference is that c  0.
[ h ' ]active  K A v '2c K A
Everything else the same

as for granular soils.
19
Passive Earth Pressure

- in granular soils
Initially, soil is in K0 state.
As the wall moves towards the soil,

v’ remains the same, and
v’
h’ increases till failure occurs.
h’
B
Passive state
20

- in granular soils


Initially (K0 state)
Failure (Active state)
passive earth
pressure
v’ 
increasing h’
21

- in granular soils


v’ [h’]passive 
[ h ' ]passive  KP v '

Rankine’s coefficient of
1  sin passive earth pressure
KP   tan 2 (45   / 2)
1  sin 22

- in granular soils
 Failure plane is at
45 - /2 to horizontal v’
45 - /2 h’
A
 90+

v’ [h’]passive
23

- in granular soils

h’ increases till failure occurs.
h’ Passive state

v’
h’
B
K0 state
wall movement
24

- in cohesive soils
Follow the same steps as

for granular soils. Only
difference is that c  0.
[ h ' ] passive  K P v '2c K P
Everything else the same

as for granular soils.
25
Earth Pressure Distribution

- in granular soils
[h’]active
PA and PP are the
resultant active and
passive thrusts on
the wall
[h’]passive H
PA=0.5 KAH2
h PP=0.5 KPh2
26
KPh KAH
h’
Passive state
Active state
K0 state
Wall movement
(not to scale)
Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory
[ h ' ]active  K A v '2c K A
[ h ' ] passive  K P v '2c K P
 Assumes smooth wall
 Applicable only on vertical walls
28
Retaining Walls - Applications
Road
Train
29
highway
30
High-rise building
basement wall
31
Gravity Retaining Walls
cement mortar
plain concrete or
stone masonry
cobbles
They rely on their self weight to

support the backfill
32
Cantilever Retaining Walls
Reinforced;
smaller section
than gravity
walls
They act like vertical cantilever,

fixed to the ground 33
Design of Retaining Wall

- in granular soils
2 2
Block no.
3 3
1
1
toe
toe
Wi = weight of block i
Analyse the stability of this rigid body with
xi = horizontal distance of centroid of block i from toe
vertical walls (Rankine theory valid) 34
Safety against sliding along the base
PP  {Wi }. tan 
soil-concrete friction
angle  0.5 – 0.7 
Fsliding 
PA
to be greater
than 1.5
2 2
PA H
3 3 PA
1
PP 1
S h PP
toe S
R
toe
y R
y
PP= 0.5 KPh2 PA= 0.5 KAH2

Safety against overturning about toe
PP h / 3  {Wi xi }
Foverturning 
PA H/3
to be greater
than 2.0
2 2
PA H
3 3 PA
1
PP 1
S h PP
toe S
R
toe
y R
y
Points to Ponder
How does the key help in improving the stability

against sliding?
Shouldn’t we design retaining walls to resist at-rest

(than active) earth pressures since the thrust on the
wall is greater in K0 state (K0 > KA)?
37

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Lateral Earth Pressures

From Theory to Practice

• Design of retaining walls

Cantilever Braced excavation Anchored sheet pile 3

We have to estimate the lateral soil pressures acting on

Gravity Retaining Soil nailing

Sheet piles marked for driving

Sheet pile wall

During installation Sheet pile wall

Reinforced earth walls are increasingly becoming popular.

Earth Pressure at Rest

the ratio h’/v’ is a constant known as coefficient

Importantly, at K0 state, there are no lateral strains.

For normally consolidated clays and granular soils,

For overconsolidated clays,

From elastic analysis,

Active/Passive Earth Pressures

Let’s look at the soil elements A and B during the

Active Earth Pressure

Active Earth Pressure

As the wall moves away from the soil,

Initially (K0 state)

Active Earth Pressure

[ h ' ]active  K A v '

Active Earth Pressure

Active Earth Pressure

As the wall moves away from the soil,

h’ decreases till failure occurs.

Active Earth Pressure

Follow the same steps as

[ h ' ]active  K A v '2c K A

Everything else the same

Passive Earth Pressure

Initially, soil is in K0 state.

As the wall moves towards the soil,

Passive Earth Pressure

As the wall moves towards the soil,

Passive Earth Pressure

[ h ' ]passive  KP v '

Passive Earth Pressure

Passive Earth Pressure

As the wall moves towards the soil,

h’ Passive state

Passive Earth Pressure

Follow the same steps as

[ h ' ] passive  K P v '2c K P

Everything else the same

Earth Pressure Distribution

Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory

[ h ' ]active  K A v '2c K A

[ h ' ] passive  K P v '2c K P

 Assumes smooth wall

 Applicable only on vertical walls

Retaining Walls - Applications

Retaining Walls - Applications

Retaining Walls - Applications

Gravity Retaining Walls

They rely on their self weight to

Cantilever Retaining Walls

They act like vertical cantilever,

Design of Retaining Wall

PP= 0.5 KPh2 PA= 0.5 KAH2

How does the key help in improving the stability