1

University of Technology

School of Business Administration

Organizational Behavior (MAN1005)

Group:
 2

Table of Content

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….3

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………4

Types of leadership, their differences, emergence among each type and how jamaican leaders

can relate……………………………………………………………….5- 11

References………………………………………………………………………12
 3

Introduction

This assignment is on leadership and it highlighted different types of leadership such as

Charismatic leadership, Transformational leadership and Transactional leader. In this outlet it

is listed that charismatic leaders have the following characteristics in which they are

identified; vision and articulation, they also take personal risk, sensitivity to follower needs

and an unconventional behaviour.

In addition, transformational leaders were listed and discussed with the characteristic which

they are identified; Idealized influence, Inspirational motivation, Intellectual stimulation and

Individual consideration. and also transactional leaders are listed as; contingent reward,

management (passive and active) and Laissez- Faire. This leadership theory was defined and

also discussed in the context of how jamaican leaders can relate to the situation and how

followers are affected.

 4

Acknowledgement

The member of our group are genuinely grateful that we were able to managed and

complete this assignment within the appointed time that was given by our lecture, Mr David

Gordon-Rowe. This assignment would have not been successfully completed without the

cooperation from all the member of the group. We thank our lecture for guiding us

throughout the entire process. We have learnt some much during the entire process and we

are sincerely grateful.

 5

Types of Leadership theory

What is leadership? Robbins defines leadership has the ability to influence a group towards

the achievement of a goal or vision. We will be focusing on three types of leadership theory;

Charismatic leadership, Transformational leadership and Transactional leadership.

According to Robbins (2013), charismatic leadership theory states that followers

make attribution of heroic or leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviours. Max

Weber, an extraordinary sociologist defined charisma ( from the Greek for “gift”) more than

a century ago as “ a century quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he or she

is set apart from ordinary people and tend to be praised for having exceptional powers and

qualities. Robin (2013).

Martin Luther King, John F. Kennedy and Bill Clinton are considered as charismatic leaders.

Martin Luther King inspired millions with his vision sacrificed his personally, strategic use of

nonviolence identical of the struggles of his followers and projecting courage and confidence.

Some key characteristics of a charismatic leadership are; vision and articulation, personal

risk, sensitivity and conventional. It is also said that individuals are born with the traits of a

charismatic leaders, they are likely to be extroverted, self-confident, and achievement

oriented.

Transformational leadership- these are leaders who inspires followers to transcend

their own self-interests and who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on

followers. Transformational leaders are more effective because they are more creative, but

also because they encourage those who follow them to be creative also. They are also able to

increase follower efficiency, giving the group a “can do” spirit. Followers are more likely to

purse ambitious goals, agree on the strategic goals of the organization, and believe the goals

they are pursuing are personally important, also, transactional leadership, some key

characteristics of transformational leaders are; idealized influence, inspirational motivation,

 6

intellectual stimulation and individual consideration. Transactional leadership are a leader

who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role

and task requirement. The key characteristics of transactional leaders are contingent reward,

management by exception (active), management by exception (passive) and laissez- faire.

2. Discuss (i) the conditions which may facilitate the emergence of each of the type of leaders

in Jamaica.

Jamaicans are stereotyped to work better under governance, they will work to be best

of their ability if they have the right leaders to follow. Max Weber (1920) describe

charismatic leaders as an individual with certain quality, by virtue of which he is set apart

from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least

specifically exceptional powers or qualities . Weber also mentioned that one of the reasons

why people obey authority is because we believe the authority is good.

Charismatic leadership is the ability to communicate in ways that reach followers in

an emotional way to inspire and motivate them. Charismatic leaders would achieve goals

through vision, risk taking, environmental sensitivity, unconventional behaviour and

sensitivity to follow needs. A charismatic leader achieves goals by continual assessment and

vision formulating. They normally start with a vision; a vision is a long-term strategy for

attaining a goal.

A charismatic leader will set a vision so that followers can see where the organization

is going and they must believe the vision is challenging yet attainable. The build on followers

self-esteem and confidence with high performance expectation and belief that followers and

attained them. In Jamaica if we had more charismatic leader in organization, followers

(employees) would focus more on achieving the organization goals, there will also be a

decrease in staff turnover, staff will be more satisfied with their job and this will help the

organization to be more effective and productive. Michael Manley was a charismatic leader
 7

and his defence of independence of ex-colonial countries made him an important

international figure. Michael Manley establish a minimum wages for workers, he started free

education from the primary level onto the tertiary level and started voted as early as 18 years

old. The people of Jamaica were amazed by his action which led him to be re-elected.

Transformational leaders are leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own

self-interests and are capable of having profound and extraordinary effects on followers.

These leaders are more effective because they are more creative, but they also encourage

their followers to be creative, but they also encourage their followers to be creative too.

A transformational leader would remind their followers of their purpose for work ,

also a transformational leader know that they are role model for their followers so they

practice integrity in working relationships at all times, they set high expectation and walk the

walk of high standards of what to expect. They should operate especially well in close

supervisory relationships, compared with more distant relationships, and closer supervision is

often more typical in mental health settings. This close relationship may be typical of a

supervisor-supervisee (employee) relationship and is also captured in the notion of first-level

leaders, who are thought to be important because of their functional proximity to supervisees

(employees) in an organizational setting.

Our Jamaican Transformational leaders are should have the capacities to increase

their employees intrinsic motivation through the expression of the value and importance of

the leader’s goals. James (1985) defines transformational leaders as leaders and their

followers raise one another to high level of morality and motivation. James classified

transformational leaders as; model of integrity and fairness, they have a clear goal, they

encourage their followers, they support and inspire people to reach their goal.
 8

Transformational leaders are made up of 5 elements which include; idealized

influence provides vision and sense of mission, additional, Inspirational motivation, this is to

inspire others to achieve their full potentials by sharing enthusiasm and providing meaning

and challenge, also, Intellectual stimulation is about encouraging creativity and fostering the

atmosphere where people can think about old problems into new ones, and finally there is

individual consideration this is the element that deals with mentoring and coaching. In

Jamaica, Senator Ruel Reid s encouraging middle managers to become transformational

leaders within their organisations by supporting their entities’ ultimate vision. These leaders

will tell their followers what they want to hear.

In a Sunday gleaner article on transformational leadership by Baines (2017), Samuels

state that "We feel that for Jamaica to grow, for Jamaica to progress and experience true

prosperity, there has to be transformation. That transformation must begin at the top, at the

head of the stream, at the helm of our society. Transformational leadership is what is required

to take us to the next level. Jamaica, as it is, cannot experience the growth and development

that we all long for. If we are going to see this nation rise to new altitudes, we must change

and challenge both Church and State to do that change."

Transactional leaders are leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the

direction of established goals by clarifying role and ask requirements. According to cherry

(n.d.) this leadership style focuses on the role of supervisions, organization and group

performance. Leadership styles choosing (n.d.), state that this is rooted in the idea that

workers are paid for their work it is said that if a worker does not perform, the leader has the

right to punish team members if their work does not meet on appropriate standard.

An effective transactional leader is able to recognize and reward follower’s

accomplishments in a timely manner. According to Aarons (2006), “An effective

transactional leader is able to recognize and reward followers accomplishments in a timely

 9

way”. this leadership style relies more on short term objectives than long term objective. for

example, employee retention and employee satisfaction, therefore if the supply of employees

is high, then this kind of leadership works, because who cause if employee A is happy if there

are 50 more people who want his spot. This may be “OK” thinking for low wage, low skill

blue collar jobs where employees are many and turnover is common. For example; there is a

particular organization that I was a part, the management attitude towards staff was very

poor, manager would give employe other task that was not related to their department

function. this employees are underpaid and they are unhappy with the leader decision. the

employee do not have a voice, staff turnover is very high. A Jamaican leader has to show the

characteristics of a practicality which means giving rewards, through positive reinforcement,

are given for doing what is required; rewards are withheld when the employee does not reach

the expected level of performance. To be an effective transactional leader, leaders within the

Jamaican organization must be able to recognize and reward employees’ accomplishments, as

effective transactional leader is able to recognize and reward follower’s accomplishments in a

timely manner. In Aarons (2006) it is important because an ineffective transactional leader

may be less likely to anticipate problems and intervene before problems occur. Also, Laissez-

faire was listed among the characteristics of a transactional leader. Organization will have a

low turnout if Jamaicans leaders where more Laissez faire, the leader will avoid making

decisions and will not take up certain responsibility

Charismatic Leadership

Michael Manley was a charismatic leader and his defence of independence of ex-

colonial countries made him an important international figure. Michael Manley establish a

minimum wages for workers, he started free education from the primary level onto the

tertiary level and started voted as early as 18 years and an equal pay for women was

introduced. However, his reforms proved to be financially disastrous, which lead to his defeat
 10

in the elections in 1980, preceded by several years of violence and numerous killings among

the civil population.

Transformational Leadership

Margaret Thatcher expressed that “when one is transformational one does not have to

consistently speak about it”. She further states that Sir Edward Seaga is one who won the

Jamaica election in 1980, buried democratic socialism, hence rescuing us from communism,

he also created approximately 179,000 new jobs for Jamaica. Thatcher further state that he

did not speak about being a transformation leader he lived it. Also, Mr Audley Shaw is

considered as a transformational leader. In an article, let’s talk about transformational

leadership by Damion Heslop. He declares that in 1980 Shaw was in charge of investments at

JAMPRO. In a debate between Mr Shaw and Omar Davis, he promises to usher in a period of

low interest rates, which Omar said was impossible, he did it. He also managed the economy

so well that we could have tuition-free education and abolish user fees at public hospitals and

he did this during the worse global recession in the 80 years.

Our current Prime Minister, Andrew Holness has shown in numerous ways how he will play

the role as a Transformational Leader due to the fact that our countries have been under

transactional leadership for a while. In doing so he has shown some level of sensitivity by

modelling the behaviour he expects from the other leaders.

Transactional Leadership

This form of leadership is basically what is happening in our country. Our elections

are generally run by buying votes in exchange for cash and promises made. Taking

responsibility and carrying out the duties was not their first priority. It is just “what can I do

for you for you in exchange for what I want you to do for me” mentality.
 11

These leaders are leaders who get the work done by rewarding or punishing following. In a

call centre industry, supervisors and managers will give an award to the most outstanding

customer service representatives and also for companies that have sales representatives for

the sales managers to motivates staff or encouraging them to meet the monthly budget they

would normally set a target for sales representatives to meet and the most outstanding will

receive staff for the month. This way the leaders can get the job done as they want it. For

example, I am a part of a distribution company where I am a part of customer service

department where we would check and invoice customer order, if we do not check the

invoice correctly and print free goods on the invoice we would have to pay for these

particular items. This is a way of punishing team.

References

Aarons, G.A. (2006). Transformational and Transactional leadership: Association with

attitude toward evidence practice. Psychiatric Services, 5(8)doi:10.1176/appi.ps.57.8.

Burns, J.M. (1978). Leadership. New York, NY: Harper & Raw. Retrieved from:

https://books.google.com/books?id=1hrPs_s7EawC&printsec=frontcover&dq=burnsleadershi

p197&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qu5eUuuV#45k9As_4IDODA&ved.=OcDwQ6aEwAA.

Cherry, K. (n.d.). What is transactional leadership? Retrieved from http://

psychology.about.com/od/leadership/f/transactional-leadership.htm.
 12

Robbins, S. P.,Judge, T. A. ( 2013). Organizational Behavior (15th ed). Boston, United states

of America: Pearson/Prentice Hall.