June 17, 2004 19:46 Research Publishing: Trim Size: 8.50in x 11.

00in (IEEE proceedings) ieee-emc08:P94

(OHFWULFDQG0DJQHWLF)LHOGVDW9HU\&ORVH5DQJH
IURPD/LJKWQLQJ6WULNHWRD7DOO2EMHFW
$EEDV0RVDGGHJKL'DYLGH3DYDQHOOR)DUKDG5DFKLGL0DUFRV5XELQVWHLQ


(0&*URXS6ZLVV)HGHUDO,QVWRI7HFKQRORJ\(3)/
(3)/67,/5(&+/DXVDQQH6ZLW]HUODQG
1
Abbas.Mosaddeghi@epfl.ch
3
Davide.Pavanello@epfl.ch
Farhad.Rachidi@epfl.ch


,,&78QLYHUVLW\RI$SSOLHG6FLHQFHV
&+<YHUGRQ6ZLW]HUODQG
2
Marcos.Rubinstein@heig-vd.ch

,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH GLVFXVV WKH ZDYHVKDSH RI HOHFWULF DQG
Abstract— We show that the electric field generated by a PDJQHWLFILHOGVDWYHU\FORVHGLVWDQFHZLWKLQWKHWRZHUKHLJKW
lightning return stroke to a tall structure can change WRDWRZHUVWUXFNE\OLJKWQLQJ>@
polarity at very close range, typically at distances of about
one tenth of the height of the struck object. Such an ,, $'237('02'(/$1'&216,'(5('&21),*85$7,216
inversion of polarity is theoretically explained using the ,QWKLVVWXG\ZHPDNHXVHRIWKHHQJLQHHULQJWUDQVPLVVLRQ
equation derived by Baba and Rakov for the case when the
return stroke wave front speed is assumed to be equal to
the speed of light and the reflection coefficient at the top of
the tall structure is zero. A simple equation is derived
which provides an estimate of the critical distance below
which such an inversion of polarity might occur. It is also
shown that the inversion of polarity depends on the value
of the reflection coefficient at the base of the tower and
disappears for reflection coefficients close to 1. In other
words, the inversion of polarity occurs only for poor tower
grounding. Other parameters such as the return stroke
speed, the reflection coefficient at the top of the strike
OLQH7/PRGHOH[WHQGHGWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHSUHVHQFHRI
DQHOHYDWHGVWULNHREMHFW>@7KHWDOOREMHFWLVUHSUHVHQWHGDV
DQ LGHDO XQLIRUP WUDQVPLVVLRQ OLQH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ FXUUHQW
UHIOHFWLRQ FRHIILFLHQWV ȡW DQG ȡJ DVVXPHG WR EH FRQVWDQW DQG
IUHTXHQF\ LQGHSHQGHQW ,Q DGGLWLRQ DQ\ XSZDUG FRQQHFWLQJ
OHDGHUDQGDQ\UHIOHFWLRQVDWWKHUHWXUQVWURNHZDYHIURQW>@
DUHGLVUHJDUGHG
7KH HOHYDWHG VWULNH REMHFW FRQVLGHUHG KHUH FRUUHVSRQGV WR
WKH 7RURQWR &1 7RZHU QDPHO\ D P WDOO WRZHU ZLWK
UHIOHFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWVVHWUHVSHFWLYHO\WRȡW DQGȡJ 
>@,Q>@VLPXODWLRQVIRUDVHFRQGVKRUWHUWRZHUDUHDOVR
SUHVHQWHG
object, and the adopted return stroke model seem not to ,Q RXU FRPSXWDWLRQV WKH VKRUWFLUFXLW FXUUHQW LVFW LV
have an appreciable impact on the inversion of polarity. UHSUHVHQWHG E\ D +HLGOHU¶V IXQFWLRQ DQG FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ D
 ULVHWLPHRIPVDQGDSXOVHGXUDWLRQDWKDOISHDNRIPV
7KHSHDNRIWKHVKRUWFLUFXLWFXUUHQWLVN$WKHSDUDPHWHUV
, ,1752'8&7,21 RIWKHFXUUHQWDUHJLYHQLQ>@

7KH HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ILHOGV DUH FRPSXWHG XVLQJ WKH
/LJKWQLQJ LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK WDOO VWUXFWXUHV KDV UHFHQWO\ H[SUHVVLRQVGHULYHGE\8PDQHWDO>@DVVXPLQJDSHUIHFWO\
DWWUDFWHGFRQVLGHUDEOHDWWHQWLRQ([SHULPHQWDOGDWDRQWRZHUV FRQGXFWLQJJURXQG
DV ZHOO DV WKHRUHWLFDO DQDO\VHV HJ > @ KDYH VKRZQ WKDW 

WKH OLJKWQLQJ FXUUHQW DQG FXUUHQWGHULYDWLYH GDWD REWDLQHG E\

,,, 6,08/$7,215(68/76
PHDQV RI LQVWUXPHQWHG WDOO WRZHUV PLJKW EH DIIHFWHG E\
WUDQVLHQW SURFHVVHV RFFXUULQJ DORQJ WKH WRZHU 7KH HIIHFW RI )LJSUHVHQWVUHVXOWVIRUWKHYHUWLFDOHOHFWULFDQGD]LPXWKDO
WKH SUHVHQFH RI D VWULNH REMHFW RQ WKH UDGLDWHG HOHFWULF DQG PDJQHWLFILHOGVFDOFXODWHGDWWKHKRUL]RQWDOGLVWDQFHVRIP
PDJQHWLFILHOGVGHSHQGHVVHQWLDOO\RQWKHKHLJKWDQGVKDSHRI PPPPDQGPIURPWKHVWUXFNWRZHU7KH
WKH VWULNH REMHFW DV ZHOO DV WKH GLVWDQFH WR WKH REVHUYDWLRQ REVHUYDWLRQSRLQWLVDWJURXQGOHYHO
SRLQW,WLVDZHOOHVWDEOLVKHGIDFWWKDWWKHSUHVHQFHRIDWRZHU ,WFDQEHVHHQIURPWKHVLPXODWLRQVWKDWWKHHOHFWULFILHOGDW
PD\ UHVXOW LQ D VXEVWDQWLDO LQFUHDVH RI WKH HOHFWULF DQG YHU\FORVHUDQJHZLWKLQPH[KLELWVDQHJDWLYHSRODULW\$W
PDJQHWLF ILHOG SHDNV DQG WKHLU GHULYDWLYHV HJ >@ IRU WKHGLVWDQFHRIDERXWPWKHILHOGKDVDELSRODUZDYHVKDSH
REVHUYDWLRQSRLQWVORFDWHGDWGLVWDQFHVH[FHHGLQJWKHKHLJKWRI %H\RQGPWKHILHOGEHFRPHVSRVLWLYH7KHPDJQHWLFILHOG
WKH WRZHU 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH HIIHFW RI WKH WRZHU DW LV SRVLWLYH DW DOO WKH FRQVLGHUHG GLVWDQFHV ,W LV ZRUWK QRWLQJ
GLVWDQFHVRIDERXWWKHKHLJKWRUWKHWRZHURUOHVVFRXOGUHVXOW WKDWWKHHOHFWULFILHOGKDVDQLQLWLDOSRVLWLYHH[FXUVLRQZKLFKLV
LQDVLJQLILFDQWGHFUHDVHRIWKHHOHFWULFILHOGHJ>@ QRWFOHDUO\YLVLEOHLQWKHILJXUH>@


2008 Asia-Pacific Sympsoium on Electromagnetic Compatibility &

19th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 19–22 May 2008, Singapore 239
June 17, 2004 19:46 Research Publishing: Trim Size: 8.50in x 11.00in (IEEE proceedings) ieee-emc08:P94

19th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 19–22 May 2008, Singapore

 

 U   K
h = 553m ( ] U  W  L VF K W  
F
SH R F U   K 
3

2  K U
 L VF K W   
SH R FU F F
1
 K U
Vertical electric field [kV/m]

 U J L VF K W     
0 SH R FU F F
r = 60m r = 100m

-1
r = 50m

r = 40m
 U   K
-2 + M U  W  L VF K W  
r = 30m SU F
-3  K U
 L VF K W   
SU F F
-4
 K U
U J L VF K W     
r = 20m

-5 SU F F
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time [us] 
 ,W FDQ EH VHHQ E\ H[DPLQLQJ  DQG  WKDW WKH PDJQHWLF
D
 ILHOGKDVDOZD\VDSRVLWLYHSRODULW\UHJDUGOHVVRIWKHYDOXHIRU
h = 553m
WKH UHIOHFWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW DQG WKH GLVWDQFH WR WKH REVHUYDWLRQ
0.2 SRLQW 7KH LQLWLDO HOHFWULF ILHOG H[FXUVLRQ GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH
0.18 r = 20m ILUVWWHUPRIEHIRUHWKHVHFRQGDQGWKLUGWHUPVVWDUWJLYLQJ
WKHLU FRQWULEXWLRQV LV SRVLWLYH UHJDUGOHVV RI WKH GLVWDQFH WR
0.16
WKH REVHUYDWLRQ SRLQW +RZHYHU DW YHU\ FORVH GLVWDQFHV VXFK
0.14 r = 30m WKDWUKWKHHOHFWULFILHOGFRXOGH[KLELWDFKDQJHRISRODULW\
Magnetic field [kA/m]

0.12 r = 40m LQ WKH IRUP RI D QHJDWLYH H[FXUVLRQ IROORZLQJ WKH LQLWLDO
r = 50m r = 60m SRVLWLYH H[FXUVLRQ ZKHQ WKH UHIOHFWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW ȡJ   )RU
0.1
r = 100m WKHLGHDOFDVH ZKHQ ȡJ WKH VHFRQG DQGWKLUG WHUPV LQ 
0.08 FDQFHOHDFKRWKHUDQGWKHHOHFWULFILHOGZRXOGEHFRPHSRVLWLYH
0.06
DQGXQLSRODU
$ URXJK HVWLPDWLRQ RI WKH FULWLFDO GLVWDQFH UF XS WR ZKLFK
0.04
WKHHOHFWULFILHOGH[KLELWVDFKDQJHRISRODULW\KDVEHHQGHULYHG
0.02 LQ>@ZKLFKUHDGV
0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
K
Time [us]
UF   U J   
 
E

 )RUWKHFRQVLGHUHGPWDOOWRZHUWKHHVWLPDWHGYDOXHIRU
)LJ±(OHFWULFDDQGPDJQHWLFILHOGEDWGLIIHUHQWGLVWDQFHVIURPWKH UF LV  P FRUUHVSRQGLQJ ZHOO WR WKH VLPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV
PWDOOVWUXFNWRZHUȡW DQGȡJ Y ÂPV SUHVHQWHGLQWKHSUHYLRXV6HFWLRQ
 ,Q >@ WKH DXWKRUV SURYLGH DQRWKHU WKHRUHWLFDO MXVWLILFDWLRQ
EDVHGRQWKHGHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHILHOGLQWRWKHHOHFWURVWDWLF
,9 7+(25(7,&$/(;3/$1$7,21 LQGXFWLRQDQGUDGLDWLRQWHUPV
1RWH ILQDOO\ WKDW DV GLVFXVVHG LQ >@ WKHUH LV DQ DSSDUHQW
$ WKHRUHWLFDO H[SODQDWLRQ RI WKH LQYHUVLRQ RI WKH SRODULW\
LQFRQVLVWHQF\ RI HQJLQHHULQJ PRGHOV LQ ZKLFK RQ WKH RQH
FDQ EH SURYLGHG XVLQJ WKH HTXDWLRQ E\ %DED DQG 5DNRY >@
KDQG WKH JURXQG UHIOHFWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW FDQ EH VHW WR D YDOXH
ZKR GHFRPSRVHG WKH WRWDO HOHFWULF ILHOG GXH WR D OLJKWQLQJ
LQIHULRUWRFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRDQLPSHUIHFWJURXQGDQGRQWKH
VWULNH WR D WRZHU LQWR LWV LQFLGHQW DQG UHIOHFWHGZDYH
RWKHUKDQGWKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFILHOGVDUHJHQHUDOO\FRPSXWHG
FRPSRQHQWV'RLQJVRDQGEDVHGRQWKHWKHRU\GHYHORSHGE\
EDVHGRQDSHUIHFWJURXQGDVVXPSWLRQ,QGHHGDYDOXHIRUWKH
7KRWWDSSLOOLOHWDO>@WKH\GHULYHGDQDO\WLFDOH[SUHVVLRQVIRU
JURXQG UHIOHFWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW RI DERXW  WR  ZRXOG
WKHHOHFWULFDQGPDJQHWLFILHOGVIRUWKHVSHFLDOFDVHRIDUHWXUQ
FRUUHVSRQG WR D JURXQG FRQGXFWLYLW\ RI  6P IRU WKH &1
VWURNH VSHHG Y  F DQG ȡW   LQIHUHQFHV EHORZ DUH QRW
7RZHU DQG LWV JURXQGLQJ JHRPHWU\ DV LQIHUUHG E\ 3HWUDFKH
VLJQLILFDQWO\LQIOXHQFHGE\WKHVHVLPSOLI\LQJDVVXPSWLRQVDWD
HWDO>@ZKRXVHGDZLUHPRGHOWRUHSUHVHQWWKHWRZHUDQG
KRUL]RQWDO GLVWDQFH U IURP WKH WRZHU EDVH 7KHVH HTXDWLRQV
DSSOLHGLQWKHLUDQDO\VLVWKH1XPHULFDO(OHFWURPDJQHWLFV&RGH
UHDG>@
1(&



240
June 17, 2004 19:46 Research Publishing: Trim Size: 8.50in x 11.00in (IEEE proceedings) ieee-emc08:P94

2008 Asia-Pacific Sympsoium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 19–22 May 2008, Singapore

6LQFH WKH YHUWLFDO HOHFWULF DQG D]LPXWKDO PDJQHWLF ILHOG ,W FDQ EH VHHQ WKDW WKH HOHFWULF ILHOG SHDN DW GLVWDQFHV
FRPSRQHQWVDUHYHU\ZHDNO\DIIHFWHGE\DILQLWHFRQGXFWLYLW\ EH\RQG WKH KHLJKW RI WKH WRZHU RU VR H[KLELWV WKH W\SLFDO U
RI  6P HVSHFLDOO\ DW WKH FRQVLGHUHG YHU\ FORVH GLVWDQFH GHSHQGHQFH $W FORVHU GLVWDQFHV WKH (ILHOG SHDN VKRZV D
UDQJHV >@ FRQVLGHULQJ D SHUIHFW JURXQG ZKHQ FDOFXODWLQJ VDWXUDWLRQ DV DOUHDG\ GLVFXVVHG LQ >@ :KHQ WKH JURXQG
HOHFWURPDJQHWLFILHOGVDSSHDUVWREHDUHDVRQDEOHDVVXPSWLRQ UHIOHFWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW LV DERXW  RU ORZHU WKH PD[LPXP (
 ILHOGSHDNDWYHU\FORVHGLVWDQFHUDQJHLVRIQHJDWLYHSRODULW\
2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH PDJQHWLF ILHOG SHDN LV LQYHUVHO\
9 %(+$9,2852)7+(),(/'(/(&75,&$1'0$*1(7,&),(/' SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH KRUL]RQWDO GLVWDQFH DQG GRHV QRW GHSHQG
3($.6$7&/26(',67$1&(5$1*( VLJQLILFDQWO\RQWKHYDOXHRIWKHJURXQGUHIOHFWLRQFRHIILFLHQW
 
)LJVKRZVWKHYDULDWLRQRIWKHHOHFWULFILHOGDQGPDJQHWLF
ILHOG SHDNV DV D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH KRUL]RQWDO GLVWDQFH WR WKH 9, &21&/86,216
REVHUYDWLRQ SRLQW 7ZR FDVHV KDYH EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG L WKH :H KDYH SUHVHQWHG VLPXODWLRQV IRU WKH HOHFWULF DQG
VDPHFRQILJXUDWLRQDQGSDUDPHWHUVGHVFULEHGLQ6HFW,,DQG PDJQHWLF ILHOGV DW YHU\ FORVH UDQJH WR D WRZHU VWUXFN E\
LLVDPHDVLEXWFRQVLGHULQJDSHUIHFWWRZHUJURXQGLQJȡJ  OLJKWQLQJ7KHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVZHUHSHUIRUPHGDGRSWLQJWKH
 7/PRGHOH[WHQGHGWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHSUHVHQFHRIDWDOO
 VWUXFNREMHFW:HKDYHVKRZQWKDWWKHHOHFWULFILHOGJHQHUDWHG
h = 553m E\ D OLJKWQLQJ UHWXUQ VWURNH WR D WDOO VWUXFWXUH FDQ FKDQJH
4
rg = 1.0 SRODULW\ DW YHU\ FORVH GLVWDQFH UDQJH 7KLV FKDQJH LQ WKH
3 rg = 0.8 SRODULW\VHHPVWREHDVSHFLILFVLJQDWXUHRIYHU\FORVHYHUWLFDO
2
HOHFWULFILHOGV7KHLQYHUVLRQRISRODULW\GHSHQGVRQWKHYDOXH
IRU WKH UHIOHFWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW DW WKH EDVH RI WKH WRZHU DQG
Vertical Electric Field (kV/m)

1
GLVDSSHDUVIRUUHIOHFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWVFORVHWR
0 
-1
$&.12:/('*0(17
-2
7KLV ZRUN KDV EHHQ ILQDQFLDOO\ VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH 6ZLVV
-3 6WDWH 6HFUHWDULDW IRU (GXFDWLRQ DQG 5HVHDUFK *UDQW 1R
-4
& $UPDVXLVVH 6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ DQG WKH
(XURSHDQ&267$FWLRQ3µ7KH3K\VLFVRI/LJKWQLQJ)ODVK
-5
DQG,WV(IIHFWV¶
-6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Distance from the tower (Km)
 5()(5(1&(6
D
h = 553m 
0.25 >@ 9 $ 5DNRY 7UDQVLHQW UHVSRQVH RI D WDOO REMHFW WR OLJKWQLQJ ,(((
rg = 1.0
rg = 0.8
7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ (OHFWURPDJQHWLF &RPSDWLELOLW\ YRO  SS 

0.2 >@ ) 5DFKLGL 0RGHOLQJ /LJKWQLQJ 5HWXUQ 6WURNHV WR 7DOO 6WUXFWXUHV $
5HYLHZ-RXUQDORI/LJKWQLQJ5HVHDUFKYROSS
Azimuthal Magnetic Field (kA/m)

>@ )5DFKLGL:-DQLVFKHZVN\M$0+XVVHLQ&$1XFFL6*XHUULHUL
%.RUGLDQG-6&KDQJ&XUUHQWDQGHOHFWURPDJQHWLFILHOGDVVRFLDWHG
0.15
ZLWK OLJKWQLQJ UHWXUQ VWURNHV WR WDOO WRZHUV ,((( 7UDQV RQ
(OHFWURPDJQHWLF&RPSDWLELOLW\YRO
>@ - / %HUPXGH] ) 5DFKLGL : -DQLVFKHZVN\M 9 6KRVWDN 0
0.1 5XELQVWHLQ'3DYDQHOOR$0+XVVHLQ-6&KDQJ&$1XFFLDQG
03DRORQH)DUILHOGFXUUHQWUHODWLRQVKLSEDVHGRQWKH7/PRGHOIRU
OLJKWQLQJ UHWXUQ VWURNHV WR HOHYDWHG VWULNH REMHFWV ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV
0.05 RQ(OHFWURPDJQHWLF&RPSDWLELOLW\YROSS
>@ < %DED DQG 9 $ 5DNRY /LJKWQLQJ HOHFWURPDJQHWLF HQYLURQPHQW LQ
WKH SUHVHQFH RI D WDOO JURXQGHG VWULNH REMHFW -RXUQDO RI *HRSK\VLFDO
5HVHDUFKYRO
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 >@ ' 3DYDQHOOR ) 5DFKLGL 0 5XELQVWHLQ 1 7KHHWKD\L DQG 5
Distance from the tower (Km)
7KRWWDSSLOOLO(OHFWURPDJQHWLFHQYLURQPHQWLQWKHLPPHGLDWHYLFLQLW\RI
 DWRZHUVWUXFNE\OLJKWQLQJSUHVHQWHGDW(852(0¶0DJGHEXUJ
E
*HUPDQ\

>@ 6 0L\D]DNL DQG 0 ,VKLL ,QIOXHQFH RI HOHYDWHG VWULFNHQ REMHFW RQ
)LJ±(OHFWULFDDQGPDJQHWLFILHOGESHDNVDWGLIIHUHQWGLVWDQFHVIURP OLJKWQLQJ UHWXUQVWURNH FXUUHQW DQG DVVRFLDWHG ILHOGV SUHVHQWHG DW
WKHPWDOOVWUXFNWRZHUȡW Y ÂPV7ZRGLIIHUHQW ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ /LJKWQLQJ 3URWHFWLRQ ,&/3 $YLJQRQ
YDOXHVIRUWKHJURXQGUHIOHFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWDUHFRQVLGHUHG )UDQFH
ȡJ DQGȡJ  >@ $ 0RVDGGHJKL ' 3DYDQHOOR ) 5DFKLGL DQG $ 5XELQVWHLQ 2Q WKH
,QYHUVLRQRI3RODULW\RIWKH (OHFWULF )LHOG DW9HU\ &ORVH 5DQJH IURP D

241
June 17, 2004 19:46 Research Publishing: Trim Size: 8.50in x 11.00in (IEEE proceedings)
19th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 19–22 May 2008, Singapore
7RZHU6WUXFNE\/LJKWQLQJ-RXUQDORI*HRSK\VLFDO5HVHDUFKYRO

>@ )5DFKLGL9$5DNRY&$1XFFLDQG-/%HUPXGH]7KH(IIHFW
RI 9HUWLFDOO\([WHQGHG 6WULNH 2EMHFW RQ WKH 'LVWULEXWLRQ RI &XUUHQW
$ORQJ WKH /LJKWQLQJ &KDQQHO -RXUQDO RI *HRSK\VLFDO 5HVHDUFK YRO
SS
>@ 9 6KRVWDN : -DQLVFKHZVN\M $ +XVVHLQ DQG % .RUGL
(OHFWURPDJQHWLFILHOGVRIOLJKWQLQJVWULNHVWRDWDOOWRZHUDPRGHOWKDW
DFFRXQWV IRU XSZDUGFRQQHFWLQJ GLVFKDUJHV SUHVHQWHG DW WK ,&/3
ieee-emc08:P94
>@ 0 $ 8PDQ ' . 0F/DLQ DQG ( 3 .ULGHU 7KH HOHFWURPDJQHWLF
UDGLDWLRQIURP DILQLWH DQWHQQD $PHULFDQ -RXUQDORI3K\VLFV YRO
SS
>@ 5 7KRWWDSSLOOLO - 6FKRHQH DQG 0 $ 8PDQ 5HWXUQ VWURNH
WUDQVPLVVLRQ OLQH PRGHO IRU VWURNH VSHHG QHDU DQG HTXDO WKDW RI OLJKW
*HRSK\VLFDO5HVHDUFK/HWWHUVYROSS
>@ (3HWUDFKH)5DFKLGL'3DYDQHOOR:-DQLVFKHZVN\M05XELQVWHLQ
: $ &KLVKROP $ 0 +XVVHLQ 9 6KRVWDN DQG - 6 &KDQJ
,QIOXHQFHRIWKHILQLWHJURXQGFRQGXFWLYLW\RQWKHWUDQVLHQWUHVSRQVHWR
,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ /LJKWQLQJ 3URWHFWLRQ 5KRGHV *UHHFH OLJKWQLQJ RI D WRZHU DQG LWV JURXQGLQJ SUHVHQWHG DW WK *HQHUDO
 $VVHPEO\RI,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLRQRI5DGLR6FLHQFH856,1HZ'HOKL
>@:-DQLVFKHZVN\M96KRVWDN-%DUUDWW$0+XVVHLQ,5XVDQDQG- ,QGLD
6 &KDQJ &ROOHFWLRQ DQG XVH RI OLJKWQLQJ UHWXUQ VWURNH SDUDPHWHUV >@ $ =HGGDP DQG 3 'HJDXTXH &XUUHQW DQG 9ROWDJH ,QGXFHG RQ
WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH VWUXFN REMHFW SUHVHQWHG DW 7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV &DEOH E\ D OLJKWQLQJ UHWXUQ VWURNH LQ /LJKWQLQJ
UG,&/3,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ/LJKWQLQJ3URWHFWLRQ)ORUHQFH (OHFWURPDJQHWLFV5/*DUGQHU(G1HZ<RUN+HPLVSKHUHSS
,WDO\ 




242