Proceedings of 2021 1st International Conference on Microwave, Antennas & Circuits (ICMAC),
Islamabad, Pakistan, 21st - 22nd December 2021
6WXG\DQG$QDO\VLVRI&DYLW\5HVRQDQFHVLQ
5)3&%(QFORVXUHV
<XPQD*LOODQL6\HG0XKDPPDG6DUPDG+DPPDG0&KHHPD
5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWHIRU0LFURZDYHDQG0LOOLPHWHU:DYH6WXGLHV 5,006 
1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\RI6FLHQFHVDQG7HFKQRORJ\ 1867 
,VODPDEDG3DNLVWDQ
\JJLODQL#JPDLOFRPV\HGPVDUPDG#\DKRRFRPKDPPDGFKHHPD#ULPPVQXVWHGXSN
$EVWUDFW²5)FLUFXLWVSODFHGLQHQFORVXUHVRIWHQH[SHULHQFH
GHJUDGDWLRQLQSHUIRUPDQFHGXHWRXQZDQWHGFDYLW\UHVRQDQFHV
7KHVH UHVRQDQFHV QHHG WR EH GDPSHG WR PDLQWDLQ WKH GHVLUHG
SHUIRUPDQFHRI5)FLUFXLWV&UHDWLQJGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVDQGXVLQJ
2021 1st International Conference on Microwave, Antennas & Circuits (ICMAC) | 978-1-6654-0086-2/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICMAC54080.2021.9678220
5)DEVRUEHUVDUHWZRRSWLRQVDGRSWHGWRVXSSUHVVWKHXQZDQWHG
UHVRQDQFHV E\ VKLIWLQJ WKHP WR RXW RI WKH GHVLUHG EDQG 7KLV
SDSHUSUHVHQWV DQ DQDO\VLVRQ DFDYLW\RI PP[ PP [
 PP E\ ILUVWO\ SODFLQJ SRUWV DW PD[LPD RI (ILHOG DQG
VHFRQGO\XVLQJDQDEVRUEHU(FFRVRUE%650)6PPWKLFNWR
UHGXFHFDYLW\UHVRQDQFHV$UHGXFWLRQRIG%LVREVHUYHGLQWKH
UHVRQDQFHSHDNDVDQHIIHFWRIWKHDEVRUEHU
,QGH[ 7HUPV²5) DEVRUEHU &DYLW\ 5HVRQDQFH 5)
HQFORVXUH(LJHQPRGHVROYHU'RPLQDQWPRGH
, ,1752'8&7,21
5)FLUFXLWVKRXVHGLQHQFORVXUHVIRUPDFDYLW\DERYHWKH
FLUFXLWERDUG&DYLW\UHVRQDQFHLVDSKHQRPHQRQWKDWRFFXUV
ZKHQVWDQGLQJZDYHVIRUPZKHUHHQHUJ\GRHVQRWSURSDJDWH
EXWRVFLOODWHV7KH(DQG+ILHOGVRIVWDQGLQJZDYHVDUHƒ
RXWRISKDVHZLWKHDFKRWKHUFDXVLQJWKHFDYLW\¶VLPSHGDQFH
WRYDU\7KLVDIIHFWVWKHFLUFXLWKRXVHGLQVLGHWKHHQFORVXUHDQG
UHVXOWV LQ DFWLYH GHYLFHV SURGXFLQJ XQVWDEOH RU XQH[SHFWHG
RXWSXW>@>@+ILHOGLVPD[LPXPDWWKHZDOOVWKDWDIIHFWWKH
VKLHOGLQJ HIIHFWLYHQHVV DW WKH UHVRQDQW IUHTXHQFLHV &DYLW\
UHVRQDQFH LVVXH LV RIWHQ SHUFHLYHG DV D VKLHOGLQJ LVVXH WKDW
VKLIWVDWWHQWLRQWRVKLHOGLQJPDWHULDOV+RZHYHULQUHDOLW\WKH
SUREOHPLVXVXDOO\ZLWKWKHFDYLW\GLPHQVLRQV7KLVLVVXHFDQ
EHUHVROYHGLQVHYHUDOZD\V6RPHWLPHVEUHDNLQJDFDYLW\LQWR
SDUWV DORQJ LWV GLPHQVLRQ VKLIWV UHVRQDQW IUHTXHQF\ DQG
VRPHWLPHVWKLVLVGRQHHLWKHUE\FKDQJLQJWKHGLPHQVLRQRI
WKHFDYLW\RULQVHUWLQJZDOOVLQVLGHWKHFDYLW\>@$WWLPHVMXVW
WKH GRPLQDQW PRGH QHHGV WR EH GDPSHG GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH
IUHTXHQF\ RI RSHUDWLRQ )RU 5) FLUFXLWV WKDW GR QRW DOORZ
FKDQJLQJFDYLW\¶VGLPHQVLRQDQDEVRUEHUPDWHULDOWKDWKDVWKH
SURSHUW\RIDEVRUELQJ5)LVXVHG7KHVHDEVRUEHUVQHHGWREH
SXWLQDWVSHFLILFDOO\VHOHFWHGORFDWLRQVLQZD\VWRFKRNHRII
UHVRQDQFHV ZLWKRXW DIIHFWLQJ FLUFXLW EHKDYLRU >@  $Q
HQFORVXUHKDYLQJ3&%VZLWKKLJKFRPSRQHQWGHQVLW\XVXDOO\
GRHVQRWDOORZEUHDNLQJWKHFDYLW\XVLQJZDOOV
2QHZD\WRILQGFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\LQYROYHVDIRUPXOD>@
DQG WKH RWKHU LV WKURXJK VLPXODWLRQ XVLQJ &RPSXWHU
6LPXODWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ &67  RU +LJK)UHTXHQF\ 6WUXFWXUH
6LPXODWRU +)66 7KHDQDO\WLFDODSSURDFKRQO\GHWHUPLQHV
WKH ORZHVW UHVRQDQW IUHTXHQF\ ZKHUHDV WKH VLPXODWLRQ DOVR
DOORZVIRUWKHDQDO\VLVRI(DQG+ILHOGDQGSRZHUOHYHORI
UHVRQDQFHIUHTXHQFLHV7KLVKHOSVLQLGHQWLI\LQJWKHORFDWLRQ
ZKHUHWKHDEVRUEHUVDQGGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVVKRXOGEHSODFHGIRU
RSWLPXP UHVXOWV 7KHUHIRUH W\SLFDO DQDO\VLV RI DQ 5) 3&%
HQFORVXUH VWDUWV ZLWK WKH DQDO\WLFDO PHWKRG IROORZHG E\
VLPXODWLRQ WKDW EHVLGHV YHULI\LQJ DQDO\WLFDO UHVXOWV DOVR
TXDQWLILHVWKHUHVRQDQWIUHTXHQFLHV
 0$7+(0$7,&$/$1$/<6,6
7KHFDYLW\UHVRQDQFHVFDQEHDQDO\]HGE\WUHDWLQJWKH5)
FLUFXLWERDUG¶VHQFORVXUH DVD ZDYHJXLGH7KLV ZDYHJXLGH¶V
‹,(((
Authorized licensed use limited to: TU Ilmenau. Downloaded on April 25,2024 at 10:02:05 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
FDYLW\GLPHQVLRQLQFOXGHVVSDFHDERYHWKHFLUFXLWERDUG7KH
HTXDWLRQIRUWKHORZHVWWKHGRPLQDQWUHVRQDQWIUHTXHQF\RID
UHFWDQJXODUFDYLW\ZLWKGLPHQVLRQVDEFZLWKDEFILOOHG
ZLWKDKRPRJHQHRXVPDWHULDOLV>@
ͳ ݉ ଶ ݊ ଶ ‫ ݌‬ଶ
ሺ݂ሻ௡௠௣ ൌ ඨቀ ቁ ൅ ቀ ቁ ൅ ቀ ቁ
ʹξߝߤ ܽ ܾ ܿ
ZKHUH İ LV WKH PDWHULDO SHUPLWWLYLW\ DQG ȝ LV WKH PDWHULDO
SHUPHDELOLW\*HQHUDOO\LIWKHIUHTXHQF\EDQGRIRSHUDWLRQLV
EHORZWKHFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\RIWKHFDYLW\FRQVHTXHQWO\WKHUH
ZLOOEHQRFDYLW\UHVRQDQFHDVQRVWDQGLQJZDYHVZLOOH[LVW
,Q WKH SURSRVHG VWXG\ FDYLW\ VL]H ZDV GHWHUPLQHG DIWHU
SODFLQJ WKH 5) 3&% LQVLGH WKH HQFORVXUH 7KH FDYLW\
GLPHQVLRQPHDVXUHGXVLQJD9HUQLHUFDOLSHUZDV /[:[+ 
 PP [  PP [ PP )RU WKLV FDYLW\ WKH ORZHVW
UHVRQDQWIUHTXHQF\FDOFXODWHGXVLQJWKHDERYHHTXDWLRQWXUQV
RXW WR EH  *+] 7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ FLUFXLW¶V IUHTXHQF\ RI
RSHUDWLRQLV;EDQG *+] $IWHUILQGLQJWKHUHVRQDQW
IUHTXHQF\IURPWKHDERYHHTXDWLRQLWVGHVWUXFWLYHHIIHFWQHHGV
WREHTXDQWLILHG
,, 6,08/$7,21
D (,*(102'(62/9(5
,QIUHHVSDFHWUDYHOLQJZDYHVFDQH[LVWIRUDQ\IUHTXHQF\
$VWDQGLQJZDYHLQGHSHQGHQWRIIUHTXHQF\LVIRUPHGZKHQD
SODQH ZDYH LV UHIOHFWHG RII D SHUIHFWO\ HOHFWULF RU PDJQHWLF
ZDOO7KHVWDQGLQJZDYHRIWKLVFORVHGVWUXFWXUHLVFDOOHGDQ
HLJHQPRGH$VWKHVL]HRIWKHFDYLW\JHWVVPDOOHUWKHUHVRQDQW
IUHTXHQF\ JHWV KLJKHU 0DQ\ PRGHV FDQ SURSDJDWH DORQJ D
ZDYHJXLGHDQGSRVVLEOHPRGHVIRUDJLYHQVL]HRIZDYHJXLGH
LQFUHDVHZLWKIUHTXHQF\7KHUHLVRQO\RQHSRVVLEOHPRGHWKDW
FDQEHWUDQVPLWWHGIRUWKHORZHVWIUHTXHQF\DQGLVFDOOHGWKH
GRPLQDQW PRGH 7R REVHUYH WKLV WUHQG HLJHQPRGH VROYHU LV
XVHG ,W FDOFXODWHV ILQLWH ILHOG GLVWULEXWLRQV LQ D PRGH RI D
FORVHGGHYLFH>@
$'UHFWDQJXODUFDYLW\RIGLPHQVLRQV[[
PPLVGUDZQLQ&67DQGVLPXODWHGZLWK(LJHQPRGHVROYHU
VKRZQ LQ )LJ  ,Q WKLV VLPXODWLRQ KH[DKHGUDO PHVK ZLWK
-'0 -DFREL'DYLGVRQ0HWKRG LVXVHGEHFDXVHRQO\DIHZ
PRGHV DUH UHTXLUHG WR EH DQDO\]HG LQ IUHTXHQF\ EDQG 
*+]  DQG ORVV\ PDWHULDOV DEVRUEHUV  DUH FRQVLGHUHG >@
0RGHLVWKH7(PRGHRISURSDJDWLRQZKLFKLVWKHORZHVW
PRGHWKDWLVVXSSRUWHG)LJVKRZVDOOWKHPRGHVZKLFKDUH
SRVVLEOHLQWKLVIUHTXHQF\UDQJH*+]
7KH FXWRII IUHTXHQF\ IURP WKH (LJHQPRGH VROYHU LV
GHWHUPLQHGWREH*+]ZKLFKLVWKHVDPHDVFDOFXODWHG
IURPWKHHTXDWLRQ)URPWKHHLJHQPRGHVROYHU(ILHOGFDQEH
DQDO\]HG IRU HDFK PRGH )RU H[DPSOH DW  *+] ZKLOH
DQDO\]LQJ(0ILHOGGLVWULEXWLRQLWZDVREVHUYHGWKDW(ILHOG
HQHUJ\LVDWDSHDNLQWKHFHQWHURIWKHFDYLW\ZKLFKLVHYLGHQW
LQVLPXODWLRQ)LJ
1
 



)LJXUH6XSSUHVVLRQRIWKHUHVRQDQFHGXHWRSRVLWLRQRISRUWV


)LJXUH&DYLW\VLPXODWHGLQ(LJHQPRGHVROYHU&67

 



)LJXUH(ILHOGDWDFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\
E  7,0('20$,162/9(5
$WLPHGRPDLQWUDQVLHQWVROYHULVXVHGZKHQZDYHJXLGHV
DQGFRQQHFWRUVDUHLQYROYHGLQWKHVLPXODWLRQ>@%DVHGRQ
PXOWLSOH VLPXODWLRQ LWHUDWLRQV LW ZDV GHWHUPLQHG WKDW WKH
SODFHPHQWRIWKHSRUWVFRQWULEXWHVWRGDPSHQLQJUHVRQDQFH
3RUWVDFWDVEUHDNVLQWKHFDYLW\%\FKDQJLQJWKHSRVLWLRQRI
WKHVH SRUWV UHVRQDQFH DW GLIIHUHQW IUHTXHQFLHV FDQ EH
VXSSUHVVHGDQDO\]HGE\SDUDPHWHU6
 LVXVHGDVLWLVHIIHFWLYHIRU[EDQG$VDVWDUWDQDEVRUEHULV
 

)LJXUH6XSSUHVVLRQRIWKHUHVRQDQFHGXHWRSRVLWLRQRISRUWV
,WLVHYLGHQWIURP)LJDQGWKDWZKHQSRUWV EUHDNV
LQWKHFDYLW\ DUHSODFHGDORQJZLWKWKHZLGWKV ZDOOV RIWKH
FDYLW\ QR VLJQLILFDQW UHVRQDQFHV DUH SUHVHQW LQ WKH ZKROH
EDQG
2WKHUWKDQGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVLQWKHFDYLW\UHVRQDQWPRGHV
LQ WKH UHFWDQJXODU SDFNDJH FDQ DOVR EH GDPSHG E\ XVLQJ
GLHOHFWULF VXEVWUDWHV FRDWHG ZLWK WKLQ UHVLVWLYH ILOPV FDOOHG
DEVRUEHUV >@ 0LFURZDYH DEVRUELQJ PDWHULDOV KDYH KLJK
YDOXHVIRUSHUPLWWLYLW\DQGSHUPHDELOLW\DVZHOODVKLJKORVV
WDQJHQWYDOXHV(FFRVRUE%650)6E\/DLUGPPWKLFN>@
SODFHG DW WKH FHQWHU WKHQ LWV SRVLWLRQ ZDV RSWLPL]HG DQG
SODFHG RQ WKH ZDOOV )LJ  ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH ILHOG LV DW D
PD[LPXPDWWKHPLGSRLQWRIWKHFDYLW\7RVXSSUHVVVHFRQG
RUGHUPRGHIUHTXHQF\DVLWLVQHDUWR*+] ZKLFKLVFORVH
WR*+] 5HVRQDQFHVIURPWR*+]DUHGDPSHGZLWK
WKLVORFDWLRQRIDQDEVRUEHU


 
)LJXUH6XSSUHVVLRQRIWKHUHVRQDQFHGXHWRSRVLWLRQRISRUWV
)LJXUH2SWLPXPSODFHPHQWRISRUWVDQGDEVRUEHU

Authorized licensed use limited to: TU Ilmenau. Downloaded on April 25,2024 at 10:02:05 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 


)LJXUH&RPSDULVRQRIVLPXODWHGDQGPHDVXUHGUHVXOWV

)LJXUH6XSSUHVVLRQRIFRXSOLQJSHDNVGXHWRDEVRUEHU 6LPXODWHG UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW UHVRQDQFH SHDNV DUH
EHORZ G% LQ WKH ZKROH [EDQG ZKLFK LV ZK\ UHVRQDQFH
 7R VHH WKH HIIHFW RI WKH DEVRUEHU¶V ORFDWLRQ DQG ZLOOQRWEHDQLVVXHZKLOHRSHUDWLQJLQWKLVEDQGZLWKWKHVH
SRVLWLRQ DQ DEVRUEHU LV SODFHG DORQJ WKH IXOO OHQJWK RI WKH FDYLW\GLPHQVLRQV7RYHULI\WKHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVDFDYLW\
FDYLW\DQGFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHHPSW\FDYLW\)LJ ZDV PDQXIDFWXUHG KDYLQJ WKH VDPH FDYLW\ GLPHQVLRQV DV
 XVHGGXULQJWKHDQDO\VLVDQGVLPXODWLRQDQGSORWWHGRQWKH
VDPH JUDSK VKRZQ LQ )LJ  $IWHU PDNLQJ HQFORVXUHV
³DQHFKRLF´ LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR LQWHUFRQQHFW ZLWK H[WHUQDO
IHHGLQJOLQHV,WLVREWDLQHGE\FRQQHFWLQJWKHRXWHUFRQGXFWRU
RI WKH FRD[LDO FDEOH WR WKH PHWDOOLF SDFNDJH DQG WKH LQQHU
FRQGXFWRUWRWKHFLUFXLW+HUHDOXPLQLXPPDGHHQFORVXUHZDV
LQWHUIDFHG ZLWK WKH WZR SRUWV RI 9HFWRU 1HWZRUN $QDO\]HU
 91$ IRU6SDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQW
,,, 0($685('5(68/76

 
)LJXUH6XSSUHVVLRQRIFRXSOLQJSHDNVZLWKDEVRUEHUDORQJWKHIXOOOHQJWK

,W LV HYLGHQW IURP WKH VLPXODWLRQ WKDW SODFLQJ DQ

DEVRUEHUDORQJWKHIXOOOHQJWKRIWKHFDYLW\RIWKLVGLPHQVLRQ
JLYHVSURPLVLQJVXSSUHVVLRQRIUHVRQDQFHVLQWKHZKROHEDQG
7RUHGXFHRXWVLGHLQWHUIHUHQFHDQGWRKDYHSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVW
FRQWDPLQDWLRQ  HQYLURQPHQW KD]DUGV DQG VWUHVVHV HWF
HQFORVXUHV DUH XVHG >@  $V D ILQDO VWHS WKH 3&% OD\RXW LV
SODFHG LQVLGH WKH FDYLW\ DQG QRZ VLPXODWHG ZLWK KRXVLQJ
HQFORVXUH 7RDQDO\]HUHVRQDQFHSRUWVZHUHSODFHGH[DFWO\
DVWKH\ZHUHPRXQWHGLQDUHDODSSOLFDWLRQHQFORVXUHOLNHLQ
)LJ  6030 FRQQHFWRU LV PRGHOHG LQ &67 WR KDYH D
FRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHDFWXDOPHDVXUHPHQWV)LJ

)LJXUH0HDVXUHPHQWVHWXS
 7KHLQSXWSRZHUWRWKHFDYLW\ZDVVZHSWEHWZHHQG%P
WR  G%P WR DQDO\]H LI WKLV FKDQJHV WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI
UHVRQDQWIUHTXHQFLHVEXWQRFKDQJHZDVREVHUYHG0RUHRYHU
VLPXODWHGDQGPHDVXUHGUHVXOWVVKRZDJRRGFRUUHODWLRQ:LWK
WKHSRZHUOHYHORIUHVRQDQWIUHTXHQFLHVEHORZG%PWKHLU
HIIHFWLVDQWLFLSDWHGWREHLQVLJQLILFDQWRQWKHFLUFXLW


,9 &21&/86,21
:LWKWKHGHFUHDVLQJVL]HRIWKHFLUFXLWVWKHLVVXHRI
FDYLW\UHVRQDQFHLVEHFRPLQJDQLVVXH,QWKLVZRUNDFDYLW\
 RI  PP [  PP [  PP LV VLPXODWHG XVLQJ
(LJHQPRGHDQGDWLPHGRPDLQVROYHUWRILQGWKHUHVRQDQFH
IUHTXHQF\ $Q DQDO\VLV LV GRQH E\ EUHDNLQJ WKH FDYLW\ LQWR
SDUWV SODFLQJ WKH EUHDNV SRUWV  DW GLIIHUHQW SRVLWLRQV DQG
 SODFLQJ DQ DEVRUEHU (FFRVRUE %650)6 PP WKLFN  ZLWK
FKDQJLQJ SRZHU OHYHOV DUH SUHVHQWHG 7KLV FDYLW\ ZLWK
HQFORVXUH 3&%/D\RXWFLUFXLWDQGKRXVLQJ LVWKHQPHDVXUHG
ZLWK 91$ DQG VSHFWUXP DQDO\]HU LQGLFDWLQJ D UHDVRQDEOH
PDWFKZLWKVLPXODWLRQV
 

)LJXUH5)3&%HQFORVXUH 

3
Authorized licensed use limited to: TU Ilmenau. Downloaded on April 25,2024 at 10:02:05 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 

5()(5(1&(6

>@ ³&DYLW\ 5HVRQDQFH´ (QF\FO 0LFURIOXLG >@ :2ZDQG62YHUYLHZ³&67Š678',268,7(Š
1DQRIOXLGLFVSS± ´
>@ 3 'L[RQ ³'DPSHQLQJ FDYLW\ UHVRQDQFH XVLQJ >@ & 6 7 6 6XLWH ³&67 0LFURZDYH 6WXGLR  
DEVRUEHUPDWHULDO´0LFURZ7HFKQRO0D\QR0D\ $GYHUWLVHPHQW´,(((0LFURZ0DJYROQR
SS± SS±
>@ 03DFNDJH³6KRUWSDSHUV´YROQRSS± >@ (%650IV+/RVV0/RDGHG(0$EVRUEHU
 DQG + ( $EVRUEHU ³+\EULG 7KHUPDO  (0,
>@ 3 0H]]DQRWWH 0 0RQJLDUGR / 5RVHOOL 5 $EVRUEHU´
6RUUHQWLQRDQG:+HLQULFK³$QDO\VLVRI3DFNDJHG 
0LFURZDYH,QWHJUDWHG&LUFXLWVE\)'7'´
 




























Authorized licensed use limited to: TU Ilmenau. Downloaded on April 25,2024 at 10:02:05 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.