You are on page 1of 5



6HOI&RQWUROOHG,Q9HKLFOH7UDIILF/LJKW%DVHGRQ
7KHWK*HQHUDWLRQ0RELOH&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
<XQVKXQ=KDQJ 0LQJOHL*DR 5HQFKHQJ=KHQJ
$XWRPRELOH(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK $XWRPRELOH(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK 6FKRRORI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ
,QVWLWXWH-LDQJVX8QLYHUVLW\ ,QVWLWXWH-LDQJVX8QLYHUVLW\ ,QVWLWXWH7LDQMLQ8QLYHUVLW\ 
 =KHQMLDQJ&KLQD =KHQMLDQJ&KLQD 7LDQMLQ&KLQD
,QVWLWXWHRI,QGXVWULDO6FLHQFH  (PDLOPLQJOHL#FRP (PDLOUHQFKHQJ]KHQJ#WMXHGXFQ
7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI7RN\R  
7RN\R-DSDQ  
(PDLO]\VJOXFN#XMVHGXFQ  
  
4LVKXDL;LH <LQJIHQJ&DL 
$XWRPRELOH(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK $XWRPRELOH(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK 
,QVWLWXWH-LDQJVX8QLYHUVLW\ ,QVWLWXWH-LDQJVX8QLYHUVLW\ 
=KHQMLDQJ&KLQD =KHQMLDQJ&KLQD 
2021 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics (ICM) | 978-1-7281-4442-9/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICM46511.2021.9385614

(PDLOD#FRP (PDLOFDLFDL[LDR#FRP 
 

$EVWUDFW²7KH LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ YHKLFOHV DQG URDG LGHQWLILFDWLRQ FRGH RI 8QLYHUVDOO\ 8QLTXH ,GHQWLILHU 88,' 
HTXLSPHQW LV DQ LPSRUWDQW VHFWLRQ RI LQWHOOLJHQW WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ )XUWKHUPRUHEURDGFDVWLQJDOHUWEHWZHHQ$QGURLGSKRQHVLVWKH
ZKLFK FDQ KHOS GULYHUV NQRZ URDG FRQGLWLRQ LQ DGYDQFH WR EHJLQQLQJ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ H[FKDQJH DPRQJ YHKLFOHV 7KH
PDLQWDLQ WUDIILF HIILFLHQF\ DQG VDIHW\ ,QWHUVHFWLRQV HVSHFLDOO\ DSSOLFDWLRQLVUXQQLQJLQWKHEDFNJURXQGXQGHUWKHOHLVXUHWLPH
XQVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV DUH PDLQ UHJLRQV RFFXUULQJ WUDIILF
,QGH[ 7HUPV²6HOI&RQWUROOHG ,Q9HKLFOH 7UDIILF /LJKW
DFFLGHQWV 0DMRU SDUW RI UHDVRQ LV WKDW GULYHUV FDQ QRW IROORZ
5DVSEHUU\ 3L % $QGURLG 3KRQHV * 88,' $GDSWLYH
GLUHFWLRQ LQGLFDWHG E\ WKH WUDIILF OLJKWV WKDW LV WR VD\ ZKLFK
DGMXVWPHQWRIWUDIILFOLJKWV%URDGFDVW
GULYHUV FDQQRW NQRZ WUDIILF OLJKWV LQ DGYDQFH $QG WKH
LQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWUDGLWLRQDOYHKLFOHV DQGVLJQDOOLJKWV PDLQO\ , ,1752'8&7,21
GHSHQGV RQ H\HV RI GULYHUV EXW WKH LQIOXHQFH RI ZHDWKHU IURQW
'XH WR WKH FRQVWDQWO\ UDSLG LQFUHDVH RI WKH QXPEHU RI
ODUJH WUXFN VLJQDO ODPS PDOIXQFWLRQ DQG RWKHU H[WHUQDO IDFWRUV
DXWRPRELOHVRQURDGWKHWUDIILFFRQJHVWLRQSUREOHPDQGWUDIILF
PD\ FDXVH VRPH LQWHUIHUHQFH XQGHU WKH SURFHVV RI WKH
DFFLGHQWV DUH PRUH DQG PRUH IUHTXHQW >@ 7KHUHIRUH
LQIRUPDWLRQ H[FKDQJH 2ZLQJ WR WKLV SUREOHP WKH DXWKRUV
LQYHKLFOH LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV DUH EHLQJ GHYHORSHG WR DVVLVW
SURSRVHDNLQGRIVHOIFRQWUROOHGLQYHKLFOHWUDIILFOLJKWEDVHGRQ
GULYHUVE\SURYLGLQJWUDIILFLQIRUPDWLRQGHOLYHUHGLQVLGHRIWKH
WKH WK *HQHUDWLRQ PRELOH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ *  ZLWK
YHKLFOHV>@7KHFRQFHSWRIWUDIILFOLJKWFRQWUROLVSURSRVHG  
5DVSEHUU\ 3L % 6,0;*+$7 *36%' GRXEOH PRGH
WREDODQFH WUDIILF IORZ >@+RZHYHUWKH IURQW WUDIILF OLJKWV
SRVLWLRQLQJ PRGXOH  FKDQQHO 9 ORZ OHYHO WULJJHU UHOD\ PRGHO
DUH EORFNHG E\ WKH WUXFN OHDYHV RI WUHHV DORQJ WKH URDG DQG
 URDG OLIW WUDIILF OLJKWV DQG $QGURLG SKRQHV 7KURXJK WKH
LQIOXHQFHG ZLWK D KHDY\ UDLQ IRJ HWF RI ORZ YLVLELOLW\
0477 VHUYHU SKRQHV DV WKH YHKLFOH WHUPLQDOV LQWHUDFW ZLWK
ZHDWKHU :KHQ WUDIILF OLJKWV FDQQRW EH QRUPDOO\ GLVSOD\HG DW
WUDIILFOLJKWVWRDFFRPSOLVKLQYHKLFOHWUDIILFOLJKWV7UDIILFOLJKWV
WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQ GULYHUV KDYH QR DELOLW\ WR FOHDUO\ GLVWLQJXLVK
DGMXVW WKHLU WLPLQJ DGDSWLYHO\ DFFRUGLQJ WR QXPEHUV RI YHKLFOHV
WKHWUDIILFOLJKWVLQWLPHZKLFKVHULRXVO\DIIHFWWKHGHFLVLRQRI
ZLWKLQ V WR HDVH WKH WUDIILF SUHVVXUH ZKLFK XWLOL]HV
WKH GULYHUV HYHQ OHDG WR WUDIILF DFFLGHQWV 3UHYLRXV VWXG\

‹,(((

Authorized licensed use limited to: East Carolina University. Downloaded on June 24,2021 at 02:05:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.


SURSRVHGDQLQYHKLFOHWUDIILFVLJQDOV\VWHPWRDVVLVWGULYHUVDW
4 ( WL ) = $ ( WL ) − ' ( WL )                
VLJQDOL]HGDQGXQVLJDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVRQWKHEDVLVRI9HKLFOH
WR ,QIUDLQVWUXFWXUH 9,  >@ ,Q WKLV UHVHDUFK WKH DXWKRUV
$W WKH OLPLW SRLQW YHKLFOHV DUH UHOHDVHG EDVHG RQ WKH
SURSRVH LQYHKLFOH WUDIILF OLJKWV EDVHG RQ WKH * ZLWK
SULQFLSOHRI)LUVW,Q)LUVW2XW ),)2 7KHQXPEHURIYHKLFOHV
5DVSEHUU\3L%6,0;*+$7*36%'GRXEOHPRGH
DUULYLQJ DW WL PRPHQW LV M DQG WKHQ WKH GHSDUWXUH WLPH RI WKH
SRVLWLRQLQJ PRGXOH  FKDQQHO 9 ORZ OHYHO WULJJHU UHOD\
YHKLFOHFDQEHGHGXFHGLQYHUVHO\IURPWKHDUULYDOFXUYH
PRGHOURDGOLIWWUDIILFOLJKWVDQG$QGURLGSKRQHV7KURXJK
WKH0477VHUYHUSKRQHVDVWKHYHKLFOHWHUPLQDOVLQWHUDFWZLWK W M = ' − ( M )                    
WUDIILF OLJKWV WR DFFRPSOLVK LQYHKLFOH WUDIILF OLJKWV 7UDIILF
OLJKWV DGMXVW WKHLU WLPLQJ DGDSWLYHO\ DFFRUGLQJ WR QXPEHUV RI 7KHQWKHWLPHEHWZHHQWKHDUULYDOWLPHDQGGHSDUWXUHWLPH
YHKLFOHVZLWKLQVHFRQGVZKLFKXWLOL]HVLGHQWLILFDWLRQFRGH RIWKHYHKLFOHLVWKHZDLWLQJWLPH:MDV
RI 8QLYHUVDOO\ 8QLTXH ,GHQWLILHU 88,'  )XUWKHUPRUH
EURDGFDVWLQJDOHUWEHWZHHQ$QGURLGSKRQHVLVWKHEHJLQQLQJRI : M = ' − ( M ) − $− ( M )                 
LQIRUPDWLRQ H[FKDQJH DPRQJ YHKLFOHV 7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ LV
UXQQLQJLQWKHEDFNJURXQGXQGHUWKHOHLVXUHWLPH $W W PRPHQW WKH VORSH RI $ W  FXUYH LV Ȝ W   G$ W   GW
ZKLFKLVWKHLQVWDQWDQHRXVDUULYDOUDWHWKHVORSHRI' W FXUYH
,, 0(7+2'2/2*<
LVȝ W  G' W GWZKLFKLVWKHLQVWDQWDQHRXVGHSDUWXUHUDWH
$ 4XHXLQJDQG'HOD\$QDO\VLV 7KH FDSDFLW\ RI WKH OLPLW SRLQW LV FDOOHG VHUYLFH UDWH ȝ 7KH
$VVKRZQLQ)LJYHKLFOHVDUULYHDWOLPLWSRLQWVDWWDQGW FRUUHVSRQGLQJ UHODWLRQ RI DUULYDO DQG GHSDUWXUH UDWH DUH DV
UHVSHFWLYHO\ DQG WKH FXPXODWLYH QXPEHU RI YHKLFOHV DUULYLQJ IROORZV
FDQ EH H[SUHVVHG DV IXQFWLRQ RI $ W  YHKLFOHV OHDYH WKH OLPLW   $UULYDOUDWHȜ W 'HSDUWXUHUDWHȝ W WKHUHLVQRTXHXLQJ
SRLQWVDWW¶DQGW¶UHVSHFWLYHO\DQGWKHFXPXODWLYHQXPEHURI SKHQRPHQRQ LQ WKH ZDLW DUHD DQG ' W  FXUYH FRLQFLGHV
YHKLFOHVOHDYLQJFDQEHH[SUHVVHGDVIXQFWLRQRI' W   ZLWK$ W FXUYH

  $UULYDO UDWH Ȝ W  ! 'HSDUWXUH UDWH ȝ W  WKHUH LV TXHXLQJ


SKHQRPHQRQ

  $UULYDOUDWHȜ W  'HSDUWXUHUDWHȝ W 7KHTXHXHOHQJWKLV 


WKHPD[LPXP

)URPWKHTXHXHDSSHDUVWRGLVDSSHDUWKHWRWDOZDLWLQJWLPH
RIYHKLFOH
Q

: = ¦ : M                     
M =

  $YHUDJHZDLWLQJWLPHIRUQFDUV
Q
)LJ 'HSDUWXUHDQGDUULYDORIYHKLFOHV
¦:
M =
M

:D =                   
)RU H[DPSOH DW WL PRPHQW LW FDQ EH NQRZQ WKDW WKH Q
FXPXODWLYH DUULYDO QXPEHU LV$ WL IURPWKHDUULYDOFXUYHDQG
7KHWRWDOQXPEHURIYHKLFOHVLQWKHZDLWLQJDUHDGXULQJWKH
WKH FXPXODWLYH GHSDUWXUH QXPEHU LV ' WL  IURP WKH GHSDUWXUH
SHULRG SHULRG 7 FDQDOVREHFDOFXODWHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHDUHD
FXUYH WKHQ WKH TXHXH OHQJWK 4 WL  DW WKDW WLPH FDQ EH
EHWZHHQ' W FXUYHDQG$ W FXUYH
GHWHUPLQHGE\WKHIRUPXODEHORZ

Authorized licensed use limited to: East Carolina University. Downloaded on June 24,2021 at 02:05:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.


7 LI P\VWHSBWLPH  ^
4 = ³ ¬ª $ ( W ) − ' ( W ) ¼ºGW                TBZH LQG9HKLFOH1XPLQG9HKLFOH1XP
 TBQV LQG9HKLFOH1XPLQG9HKLFOH1XP
LI TBQV! TBZH ^
LI  TBQV   FBPD[ ^
7KHDYHUDJHTXHXHOHQJWKSHUXQLWWLPHLQZDLWLQJDUHD HDVWB:HVWB3KDVHB7LPH 
VRXWKB1RUWKB3KDVHB7LPH 
`HOVHLI  TBQV !  FBPD[ 
4   TBQV   FBPD[ ^
4D = ᡆ4D = Q:D  7                 HDVWB:HVWB3KDVHB7LPH 
W VRXWKB1RUWKB3KDVHB7LPH 
`HOVHLI  TBQV !  FBPD[ 
  TBQV    FBPD[ ^
,Q   Q7 FDQ EH LQWHUSUHWHG DV WKH DYHUDJH QXPEHU RI HDVWB:HVWB3KDVHB7LPH 
VRXWKB1RUWKB3KDVHB7LPH 
YHKLFOHVDUULYLQJSHUXQLWWLPH `HOVH ^
HDVWB:HVWB3KDVHB7LPH 
VRXWKB1RUWKB3KDVHB7LPH 
% 7KH$GDSWLYH7UDIILF/LJKWVIRU'LIIHUHQW7UDIILF)ORZ `
`HOVH ^
`
8WLOL]LQJ 9LVVLP  VLPXODWLRQ VRIWZDUH DQG 9LVXDO `

6WXGLR  WKH VHOIFRQWUROOHG WUDIILF OLJKWV IRU GLIIHUHQW
)LJ 7KHMXGJPHQWVWDWHPHQWRIWUDIILFOLJKWV
WUDIILF IORZ LV EXLOW &RQVLGHULQJ XUEDQ URDGV WUDIILF OLJKW
LQWHUVHFWLRQV DQG RWKHU IDFWRUV WKH PD[LPXP FDSDFLW\ RI D
VLQJOHURDGLVVHWDWYHKLFOHVSHUKRXU7UDIILFIORZVHWWLQJV
FRQIRUPWRDQRUPDOGLVWULEXWLRQDVVKRZQLQ)LJUHDFKLQJ
WKHPD[LPXPEHWZHHQDQGVHFRQGV

 

)LJ 7UDIILFIORZVHWWLQJRIQRUPDOGLVWULEXWLRQ

6LQFHWUDIILFOLJKWVFKDQJHWKHWLPLQJGXHWRWKHWUDIILFIORZ
LQDSHULRGWKHF\FOHRIPRQLWRULQJWKHWUDIILFIORZZLOODIIHFW
WKH WLPLQJ DQGWKXV DIIHFW YHKLFOH DFFHVV ,WLVFRQFOXGHGWKDW

WHVWLQJWKHWUDIILFIORZHYHU\VHFRQGVDUHEHWWHUUHVXOWV$V
0D[PD[LPXPTXHXHOHQJWK>P@ZLWKLQWLPHLQWHUYDO
VHHQ LQ )LJ WKH SDUW RI MXGJPHQW VWDWHPHQW LV WKH EDVLV IRU 6WRSQXPEHURIVWRSV>SFX@ZLWKLQTXHXH
WUDIILF OLJKWV WR FKDQJH ZLWK WKH WUDIILF IORZ $V VKRZQ LQ 7RWDOGHOD\WRWDOGHOD\>V@DWLQWHUVHFWLRQ

)LJDODUJHSURSRUWLRQRILQGH[HVLQFOXGHGPD[LPXPTXHXH
)LJ &RPSDULVRQ RI UHVXOWV EHWZHHQ XQDGMXVWHG DQG DGMXVWDEOH WUDIILF
OHQJWKZLWKLQWLPHLQWHUYDOQXPEHURIVWRSVZLWKLQTXHXHWRWDO
OLJKWV D 7KHFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQXQDGMXVWHGDQGDGMXVWDEOHWUDIILFOLJKWVLQ
GHOD\DWLQWHUVHFWLRQDQGVRRQIURPDGMXVWDEOHWUDIILFOLJKWVDUH
WKH ZHVW URDG E  7KH FRPSDULVRQ RI WRWDO GHOD\ EHWZHHQ XQDGMXVWHG DQG
EHWWHU WKDQ XQDGMXVWHG7KHUHDVRQRI WKH FRQJHVWLRQEHWZHHQ
DGMXVWDEOH
DQGVHFRQGVLVDPDVVRIWUDIILFLQDOOGLUHFWLRQVWKH
DXWKRUWDNHVPHDVXUHWKDWLVQRWDGMXVWWUDIILFOLJKWV 

Authorized licensed use limited to: East Carolina University. Downloaded on June 24,2021 at 02:05:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.


,,, (;3(5,0(17 % ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRILQYHKLFOHWUDIILFOLJKW


$ 5DVSEHUU\ 3L % ZLWK 6,0;*+$7 $QGURLG ,QWKH)LJWUDIILFOLJKWVGLVSOD\LQJLQ5DVSEHUU\3LYLUWXDO
SKRQHV D *36%' GRXEOH PRGH SRVLWLRQLQJ PRGXOH D  PDFKLQH WKH DFWXDO WUDIILF OLJKWV DQG $QGURLG SKRQHV DUH
FKDQQHO 9 ORZ OHYHO WULJJHU UHOD\ DQG PRGHO  URDG OLIW FRLQFLGHQW ZKLFK WKH HDVWZHVW GLUHFWLRQ VKRZLQJ D UHG OLJKW
WUDIILF OLJKWV DUH XWLOL]HG WR FRQVWUXFW WKH HQYLURQPHQW RI DQG VHFRQG FRXQWGRZQ LV FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH $QGURLG
LQYHKLFOHWUDIILFOLJKWEDVHGRQ*DVVHHQLQ)LJ  WHUPLQDOLQ(DVWGLUHFWLRQ

 

)LJ 7UDIILFOLJKWVGLSOD\LQ5DVSEHUU\3LYLUWXDOPDFKLQHDQGWKHDFWXDO

)URPWKH)LJWKH$QGURLGSKRQHLVDSSOLHGDVDYHKLFOH
FOLHQWWRGLVSOD\WKHWUDIILFOLJKWDQGEURDGFDVWPHVVDJH(QWHU
  WKHPDLQLQWHUIDFHWKURXJKWKHORJLQLQWHUIDFHDQGWKHQWXUQRQ
WKH PRQLWRUEXWWRQ WKHWUDIILF OLJKWV ZLOOGLVSOD\ LPPHGLDWHO\
)LJ +DUGZDUHGHYLFHVIRULQYHKLFOHWUDIILFOLJKWV
DFFRUGLQJWRGLUHFWLRQRIWKHYHKLFOH7KHRULHQWDWLRQLVEDVHG
$ 2SHUDWLQJSULQFLSOHRI$QGURLGDQG5DVSEHUU\3L RQ DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH PDJQHWLF ILHOG ZKLOH WKH
5DVSEHUU\3LSXEOLVKHVSRVLWLRQDQGVWDWXVRIWUDIILFOLJKWV 6'.RI$XWR1DYLLVDGRSWHGIRUWKH$QGURLGWHUPLQDOLQRUGHU
LQ 0477 VHUYHU WKHQ WKH $QGURLG WHUPLQDO VXEVFULEHV WZR WRPRUHDFFXUDWHSRVLWLRQLQJ2QFHIDFLQJWKHHPHUJHQF\LWLV
WRSLFV RI ³WUDIILFSRV´ DQG ³WUDIILFOLJKW´ DQG 0477 VHUYHU QHFHVVDU\ WR ZDUQ RWKHU YHKLFOHV WR JLYH DZD\ DQG RWKHU
IHHGV EDFN WKHVH LQIRUPDWLRQ $QG ZKHWKHU WKHLU GLVWDQFH LV $QGURLGSKRQHV FDQ UHFHLYHWKH PHVVDJH VD\LQJ ³7KH VSHFLDO
HIIHFWLYH YDOXH GHWHUPLQHV WR GLVSOD\ LQYHKLFOH WUDIILF OLJKWV YHKLFOH LQ WKH UHDU SOHDVH NHHS RXW WKH ZD\´ 7KH LQYHKLFOH
LQ DGGLWLRQ WKH $QGURLG WHUPLQDO SXEOLVKHV YHKLFOH SDVVLQJ WUDIILFOLJKWVFDQUXQLQWKHEDFNJURXQGLQRUGHUWRUHGXFHWKH
UHFRUGV DQG QRLWLI\ LQ 0477 VHUYHU WKHQ 5DVSEHUU\ 3L DQG SURFHVV EXW RSHQ LW LQ WLPH 'HSHQGLQJ RQ 88,' RI HYHU\
RWKHU $QGURLGV VXEVFULEH WZR WRSLFV RI ³WUDIILFFQW´ DQG SKRQHDQGWKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHSKRQHVDQG5DVSEHUU\3L
³WUDIILFQRWLI\´ UHVSHFWLYHO\ VR WKDW 0477 VHUYHU IHHGV EDFN 5DVSEHUU\3LFRXQWVTXDQWLWLHVRIYHKLFOHVSDVVLQJZLWKLQ
WKHVH LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH LQWHUDFWLRQ DPRQJ 5DVSEHUU\ 3L % VHFRQGVDQGWKHQDGMXVWVWKHGXUDWLRQRIWUDIILFOLJKWVLQWHUPV
0477VHUYHUDQGWKH$QGURLGWHUPLQDOLVVKRZHGLQWKH)LJ RIWKHUXOHVLQ)LJ

 
 
5DVSEHUU\3L 0477 7KH$QGURLG
  WHUPLQDO
% VHUYHU

 6HQGFXUUHQWORQJLWXGHDQGODWLWXGHDQGVWDXV
LQIRUPDWLRQRIWUDIILFOLJKWV
 6XEVFULEHWRSLFVRI³WUDIILFSRW´DQG³WUDIILFOLJKW´
7UDIILFOLJKWV  7UDQVSRQGWKHORQJLWXGHDQGODWLWXGHDQGVWDWXV
LQIRUPDWLRQRIWUDIILF
 6HQGYHKLFOHSDVVLQJUHFRUGV
 6XEVFULEHWRSLFRI³WUDIILFFQW´
 7UDQVSRQGWUDIILFIORZLQIRUPDWLRQ
 6HQGDQGWUDQVSRQGWRSLFRI³WUDIILFQRWLI\´
 

)LJ 7KH,QWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQ$QGURLGDQG5DVSEHUU\3L% )LJ 7UDIILFOLJKWVGLVSOD\LQWKH$QGURLGWHUPLQDOV

Authorized licensed use limited to: East Carolina University. Downloaded on June 24,2021 at 02:05:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.


$FFRUGLQJ WR URDG FRQGLWLRQ WKH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WUDIILF   WKH 1DWXUDO 6FLHQFH )RXQGDWLRQ RI -LDQJVX
OLJKWV DQG YHKLFOH LV DGMXVWHG EXW YHKLFOH FOLHQW DOVR FDQ 3URYLQFH *UDQW 1R %.  WKH 1DWXUDO 6FLHQFH
UHFHLYH WUDIILF OLJKWV DFFXUDWHO\ DQG WLPHO\ $V VHHQ LQ )LJ )RXQGDWLRQRIWKH-LDQJVX+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ,QVWLWXWLRQV *UDQW
PXOWLSOH$QGURLGSKRQHVFDQUHFHLYHWUDIILFOLJKWVDWWKHVDPH 1R .-%  WKH 6HQLRU 7DOHQW )RXQGDWLRQ *UDQW 1R
WLPHHYHQIDUDZD\ -'* DVZHOODVWKH<RXWK7DOHQW'HYHORSPHQW3URJUDP
RI -LDQJVX 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG WKH &KLQD 3RVWGRFWRUDO 6FLHQFH
)RXQGDWLRQ *UDQW1R0 

5()(5(1&(6
>@ 05-DEEDUSRXU$-DORROL(6KDJKDJKL501RRU/5RWKNUDQW]
5+.KRNKDUDQG1%$QXDU  $QWEDVHGYHKLFOHFRQJHVWLRQ
DYRLGDQFH V\VWHP XVLQJ YHKLFXODU QHWZRUNV (QJLQHHULQJ $SSOLFDWLRQV
RI$UWLILFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH  SS 
>@ - 3DQ 0 $ .KDQ , 6 3RSD . =HLWRXQL DQG & %RUFHD  
3URDFWLYH 9HKLFOH 5HURXWLQJ 6WUDWHJLHV IRU &RQJHVWLRQ $YRLGDQFH
,(((WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ'LVWULEXWHG&RPSXWLQJLQ6HQVRU
6\VWHPV+DQJ]KRXSS
>@ - 3DQ , 6 3RSD DQG & %RUFHD   ',9(57 $ 'LVWULEXWHG
9HKLFXODU7UDIILF5H5RXWLQJ6\VWHPIRU&RQJHVWLRQ$YRLGDQFH,(((
 7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ0RELOH&RPSXWLQJ  SS
>@ 1 % +RXQVHOO % 3 6KUHVWKD - 3LDR DQG 0 0FGRQDOG  
)LJ 0XOWLSOH$QGURLGSKRQHVFDQUHFHLYHWUDIILFOLJKWVDWWKHVDPHWLPH 5HYLHZ RI XUEDQ WUDIILF PDQDJHPHQW DQG WKH LPSDFWV RI QHZ YHKLFOH
SUHFLVHO\ WHFKQRORJLHV,HW,QWHOOLJHQW7UDQVSRUW6\VWHPV  SS
>@ * 9DVKLW] ' 6KLQDU DQG < %OXP   ,QYHKLFOH LQIRUPDWLRQ
V\VWHPV WR LPSURYH WUDIILF VDIHW\ LQ URDG WXQQHOV 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
,9 &21&/86,21 5HVHDUFK3DUW)7UDIILF3V\FKRORJ\ %HKDYLRXU  SS
>@ 6$%LUUHOO0)RZNHVDQG3$-HQQLQJV  (IIHFWRIXVLQJDQ
7KLVUHVHDUFKSURSRVHGDPHWKRGWRGLVSOD\WUDIILFOLJKWVLQ LQYHKLFOH VPDUW GULYLQJ DLG RQ UHDOZRUOG GULYHU SHUIRUPDQFH ,(((
7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ ,QWHOOLJHQW 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 6\VWHPV    SS
WKH YHKLFOH 8WLOL]LQJ WKH 9LVVLP VLPXODWLRQ VRIWZDUH 
LQYHKLFOH WUDIILF OLJKWV KHOSHG GULYHUV WR FURVV WKH FURVVURDG >@ ; /L DQG - 4 6XQ   6LJQDO PXOWLREMHFWLYH RSWLPL]DWLRQ IRU
XUEDQ WUDIILF QHWZRUN ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ ,QWHOOLJHQW 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
DQGWKHDXWKRUVHWXSWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQVFHQHZKHUHWKHGXUDWLRQ 6\VWHPV
RI WUDIILF OLJKWV YDULHV ZLWK WKH WUDIILF IORZ WR HDVH WKH WUDIILF >@ ' 0FNHQQH\ DQG 7 :KLWH   'LVWULEXWHG DQG DGDSWLYH WUDIILF
VLJQDO FRQWURO ZLWKLQ D UHDOLVWLF WUDIILF VLPXODWLRQ (QJLQHHULQJ
SUHVVXUH 5DVSEHUU\ 3L % 6,0;*+$7 *36%' $SSOLFDWLRQVRI$UWLILFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH  SS
>@ % <DQJ 5 =KHQJ < <LQ 6 <DPDEH DQG . 1DNDQR  
GRXEOH PRGH SRVLWLRQLQJ PRGXOH  FKDQQHO 9 ORZ OHYHO $QDO\VLVRILQIOXHQFHRQGULYHUEHKDYLRXUZKLOHXVLQJLQYHKLFOHWUDIILF
WULJJHU UHOD\ PRGHO  URDG OLIW WUDIILF OLJKWV DQG $QGURLG OLJKWV ZLWK DSSOLFDWLRQ RI KHDGXS GLVSOD\ ,(7 ,QWHOOLJHQW 7UDQVSRUW
6\VWHPV  SS
SKRQH ZHUH FRQVWUXFWHG WR DFKLHYH LQYHKLFOH WUDIILF OLJKW >@ % <DQJ 5 =KHQJ . 6KLPRQR 7 .DL]XND DQG . 1DNDQR  
EDVHG RQ ** RYHUFRPH WKH GHILFLHQFLHV RI /RFDO $UHD (YDOXDWLRQ RI WKH HIIHFWV RI LQYHKLFOH WUDIILF OLJKWV RQ GULYLQJ
SHUIRUPDQFHV IRU XQVLJQDOLVHG LQWHUVHFWLRQV ,(7 ,QWHOOLJHQW 7UDQVSRUW
1HWZRUN /$1 ZKLFKZDVUHVWULFWLRQRIGLVWDQFHDQGPXOWLSOH 6\VWHPV  SS

$QGURLGSKRQHVFDQUHFHLYHWUDIILFOLJKWVDWWKHVDPHWLPHHYHQ
IDUDZD\ $QGURLG SKRQHV GHSHQGHG RQ WKHLU DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG
JHRPDJQHWLFILHOGVHQVRUVDFTXLULQJGLUHFWLRQWRGLVSOD\WUDIILF
OLJKWV DXWRQRPRXV DQG WKH\ FRXOG EURDGFDVW DOHUWV WR RWKHUV
5DVSEHUU\3LLGHQWLILHG88,'RI$QGURLGSKRQHVWRDGMXVWWKH
WLPLQJ RI WUDIILF OLJKWV HYHU\ V ,Q VXP VHOIFRQWUROOHG
LQYHKLFOHWUDIILFOLJKWVHIIHFWLYHO\LPSURYHGGULYLQJVDIHW\DQG
HIILFLHQF\WRDX[LOLDU\GULYHUVFURVVLQWHUVHFWLRQV

$&.12:/('*0(17
,W LV YHU\ JUDWHIXO IRU WKH IXQGLQJ VXSSRUWV IURP WKH
1DWLRQDO 1DWXUDO 6FLHQFH )RXQGDWLRQ RI &KLQD *UDQW 1R

Authorized licensed use limited to: East Carolina University. Downloaded on June 24,2021 at 02:05:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

You might also like