ILIAD
the body of Hector.- King Priam did so that
Odysseus and Ajax- sent the message
Patroclus- soften the heart of Achilles
Patroclus- bestfriend of Achilles and he was
the one that was killed by Hector.
Hephaestus- made the 2nd armor of Achilles.
Blacksmith God of the god of fire-
Hephaestus known in Greek Mythology
Hector- Commander in Chief of Trojan Army
Agamemnon - Commander in Chief of Greek
Army
Hector- killed Patroclus
When Achilles heard about the death of his
bestfriend, he challenge Hector for a fight.
King Priam- king of Troy that time (members
of the royal family)
Hecuba- Queen of the Troy
Cassandra- Daughter of Hecuba and King
Priam who had a relationship w/ Apollo
Gift of Prophecy- Gift of Apollo to Cassandra
Cassandra and Apollo had a quarrel
because Apollo wanted to have sex and
Cassandra refused.
He cursed Cassandra, nobody will believe in
her prophecy (reverse will happen)- Apollo
did to the gift of prophecy to Cassandra
Andromache- loving wife of Hector
Astyanax- Son of Hector and Andromache
Hector died- result of the fight of Hector and
Achilles
drag the body with the golden chariot-
Achilles did to the dead body of Hector
He went to Achilles and begged to give back
his son would be given during his burial
The body of Hector was returned to the
father upon the supplication of King Priam
telling Achilles that “I am coming here as a
father and you too had a father and so
perhaps if the situation is reversed your
father would do the same thing as what I
am doing now with my son.”
(ransom) golds equivalent to the weight
body of Hector- King Priam offered to
Achilles in exchange of Hectors body
Hector was given a royal burial.
9 days- truce
10th day- Burial of the deads
They cremate the body. Pile firewood, and
then the dead body is put on top and set the
firewood a blaze. Collect the bones and put
in the jar- Method of both side in disposing
the death
burn the mortality at night and in the
morning the baby fed with ambrosia- Thetis
did to remove the mortality of Achilles
Ambrosia- food of the gods.
Peleus decided to steal Achilles and then
brought the sun under the care of the king.
The young Achilles asked to dress like a
girl- The king did in order to hide Achilles
from the rest
disguise as peddler/merchant. Tray of
jewelry, etc. - Odysseus did so that he will be
able to discover whether Achilles is in the
palace
Myrmidons- Soldiers of Achilles (fiercest
warriors)
BACKGROUND OF ODYSSEUS
Oracle- Prophecy/ a Priest or Priestess who
act as a medium that through whom advices or
prophesize.
Oracle warned Odysseus if he chooses to
join the Trojan War he would return alone
but after 20 years.
Peneloppe- Faithful wife of Odysseus
Thelemecus- Son of Odysseus
Ithaca- Kingdom of Odysseus
Odysseus pretended to be mad and crazy-
Odysseus did so that he would not join the
Greek soldiers going to Troy
he placed Odysseus son, Telemachus in the
path of Odysseus flaw. Agamemnon and
Menelaus discovered that Odysseus was not
mad- Menelaus did to test Odysseus if he’s
really insane
Trojan horse- contributed to the fall of Troy
Odysseus- concede the idea of constructing
the Trojan horse
Sinon- Greek Spy
gift for the gods-Athena- Testimony or
declaration of Sinon
He did not accept the Trojan horse because
it might just be a trap- reaction of Laocoon
died because they were attack by snakes-
happened to the two sons of Laocoon
Palladium- Protective Image
Palladium is a sacred wooden image of
Athena.
Odysseus and Diomedes- Two Greek
warriors who stole the Palladium away
Neyopotelemus- killed King Priam
son of Achilles- Neyopotelemus
Cassandra was raped by Ajax at the outer
of Athena- What happened to Cassandra
Odysseus- claimed Hecuba
Neyopotelemus- Who claimed Andromeda
(wife of Hector)
he was taken away from his nurse and was
thrown from the Trojan wall to the ground-
happened to Astiyanax
he was killed by Aegisthus with
Clytemnestra- happened to Agamemnon
when he return
Agamemnon incidentally killed her first
husband- cause the anger of Clytemnestra
toward Agamemnon
Was Iphigenia killed- Not. She was taken by
Artemis at the moment of sacrifice.
Orestes. The only son. He was bothered by
his 3 spirits- avenge the death of Agamemnon
Paris- killed Achilles
Apollo- guided Achilles
Philoctetes- killed Paris
ODYSSEY
Ithaca- Odysseus kingdom
Penelope- Faithful wife of Odysseus
Thelemecus- Son of Odysseus
Laertes- Old father of Odysseues
Athena- Anger of a certain goddess
Group of people who consume or eat the
flower of lotus and drink the juice of lotus-
Lotus eaters
They forget about their home/
forgetfulness- the narcotic effect of the lotus
plant when consume by a person.
Transform anything or any person into
best- Cersei power.
Moly- Medicinal plant
Power of the sirens- They have beautiful
voices that they could lure anyone that could
hear their beautiful voices.
Beeswax- Odysseus did so that his men may
not hear the beautiful voices of sirens.
Calypso- Name of the Nymph
It is a race of giant with one eye at the
middle of their forehead- Description of
Cyclops
polyphemus- One Cyclop that Odysseus meet
Pasturing his sheep- Polyphemus doing
outside.
Nobody- Name that he gave to Polyphemus.
Odysseus offered him a wine so that he will
get drunk- strategy of Odysseus
Red hot stick- Odysseues did when
Polyphemes sleeping soundy
Olive tree- The stick was made of?
Odysseus cunningly told the cyclops,
Polyphemus, that he was named "Nobody".
As a result, when Polyphemus was
screaming in horrible pain after Odysseus
(Nobody) stabbed him with a stake in the
eye, the neighboring cyclopeses yelled to
Polyphemus to see if he needed help.
Polyphemus responded that nobody was
attacking him- Incident when Polyphemus
eye was already stopped with this burning
stick. How was he not save by neighboring
Cyclops.
Nobody is killing me- Polyphemus said.
They were clinging to the bellies of the
monster sheep as they go out- Strategy used
by Odysseus so that his men will be able to go
out. (isang tao sa gitna)
(three sheeps tied together and then there
was one clinging to the belly of the sheep)
When Odysseus grab under the tree of the
sheep belly and they escape- Odysseus did
in able to go out.
(RAM- a male sheep, was biggest, favorite
sheep of Polyphemus) had golden flees
Poseidon- Polyphemus asked for help
Poseidon- Father of Polyphemus
To wreck the ship and drown- Polyphemus
asked to his father.
Tiresias- Blind Prophet who helped Odysseus.
Scylla- Sea monster
Scylla- six-headed monster with tentacles
Charybdis- The other monster
Charybdis- deadly-whirlpool
Aeolus- King of the winds
Aeolus presents Odysseus with a bag
containing all of the winds, and he stirs up a
westerly wind to guide Odysseus and his
crew home- he gave the Aeolus do so that
Odysseus will be able to reach home safely.
(Unfavorable wind- nagboblow sa different
direction)
They open because they thought that it was
a bag of treasure- Ginawa ng mga tauhan ni
Odysseus sa unfavorable wind
King Alcinous- King of the island
Schrecia- Island where Alcinous was the king.
Nausicca- Who was the princess of Schrecia
Odysseus- Narrator of the story
As a beggar- Odysseus disguise
I will give my final answer when I finish this
weaving the Burial shroud of my father in
law Laertes- Which among the suitors would
become her next husband?
Unraveling the shroud- Penelope doing at
night.
Eureclea- Name of the old nurse of Odysseus
Scar in leg- Eureclea discovered when she
was washing Odysseus disguise as a beggar.
String the bow, shoot an arrow to the 12
holes of the ax- The contest that Penelope
asked the suitors to do.
To move the marital bed- test given to
Odysseus to check whether that he is indeed
the right man.
Sophocles- Author of the Oedipus.
Thebes- Setting of the Play
Laius- King of Thebes
Jocasta- Queen of Thebes
The boy will kill his own father and marry
his own mother- Prophecy of the delfit oracle
regarding the baby boy
Brought the baby to the mountain side and
leave the baby there with their feet tied
together- the couple did because they were
horrified with the prophecy.
Shepherd- found the baby.
Polybus and Merope- The King and Queen of
Corinth
Swollen foot- Oedipus meaning
The king was killed by robbers- (anong
sinabi ng servant kay Penelope)
Sphinx- wind monster
Creon- Became the acting king.
Brother- Relationship of Creon to Jacosta
“What walks on four feet in the morning,
two in the afternoon and three at night”-
Riddle
Oedipus answer “Man: as an infant, he
crawls on all fours; as an adult, he walks on
two legs and in old age, he uses a walking
stick” (MAN)
Tiresias- blind prophet
He blinded himself- Oedipus did as a
punishment for himself.
Hanged herself with the bedsheet- Jocasta
did.
Colonus- Oedipus vanished.
Children of Jacosta and Oedipus- Antigone
and Ismene; and two boys, Polynices and
Eteocles
Antigone- Guide of Oedipus in his exile
Eteocles- What did Creon say, who is going to
buried with solemnity?
Unburied so that the boy will be left there
to be eaten by dogs, eagles, and vulture-
Anong gagawin kay Polynices
Put to the death- Decree
Theme analysis:
Fate and free will- Crossroad (Power of
Prophecy)
Blindness
Self-discovery
MEDEA
Euripides- Medea Writer
King Aeetes- father of Medea
Colchis- country where King Aetees was a
ruler
Prince Jason- became the husband of Medea
Argonauts- Group warriors where Jason was a
leader.
Aeson- Father of Jason
Iolchus- Kingdom of Aeson
Pelias- brother of Aeson
Iolchus- Kingdom ruled by Pelias
Pelias did to become the king of Iolchus- He
killed Aeson so that he will become the king.
He was hidden in the mountain of Pelion
wherein he was taken care by a centaur-
Jason was saved.
Kahron- name of the Centaur
Appearance of a Centaur- An animal, which
is half human and half was a body of a horse.
Get the Golden Fleece- task given to Jason to
be accomplished
Jason went to Colchis to get the Golden
Fleece.
Aetees- welcomed him in Colchis
Tasks given by to Jason in order to get the
Golden Fleece:
First - yolk the fire breaking bull.
Second- saw the field with the dragon teeth.
Third- The dragons teeth will sprout into
warriors and he is going to kill all the
warriors.
Medea helped Jason.
Jason have to throw a huge rock and then the
warriors will not know who threw the big
rock. The warriors will have to be fighting
among themselves.
Apsyrtus- Younger brother of Medea
Medea did with the younger brother so that the
fleet of Aetees would not be able to catch up
with them-Dismembered him. Through the
body parts of Apsy, her father stop to gather
all that pieces and gave his son a proper burial.
Phaecia- where Medea and Jason got married.
Creon- King of Corinth
Glauce- Princess of Corinth
He wanted to become a king and for the
financial security not only for him but also
for his family- reason why Jason decided to
marry Glauce.
He senses that Medea is a dangerous
woman. Therefore, if Medea will stay in
Corinth, there is a possibility that she is
going to harm him and the princess- reason
why Creon wanted to vanish Medea.
Giving Glauce a gift that will be composed
of a poison robe and a poison crown- evila
plan of Medea
He wanted to kill Medea and get the
children- Plan of Jason toward Medea.
How did Medea escaped? There was a
golden chariot that arrived which was sent by
her grandfather Helios.
Murdered his two sons and took the body of
the two sons with her- Medea did with the
two boys.
To let Jason suffer- reason behind why
Medea killed her two sons.
Athens- Where Medea was taken
Aegus- King of Athens
Aegeus will give Medea a safe place while
Medea will give Aegeus a feritility- Deal of
Medea with Aegus
He wanted a child that will become his heir-
reason why Aegeus need fertility.
Theme found in Medea:
Passion and Rage
Revenge
Betrayal
Feminity
Symbol in the story
Poison crown
Closed door
Golden Chariot
AENEID
Aeneas- Main character in the Aeneid
Anchises- Father of Aeneas
Venus- Mother of Aeneas
Creusa- Frist wife of Aeneas
Ascanius- Son of Aeneas with Creusa
Italy- Destination of Aeneas in his escape
To build the city of Rome- reason why
Aeneas will go to Italy.
Latinus- king of Latium
Carthage- island where he drifted before he
reached Italy.
Dido- queen of Carthage
Carthage was a favorite city of Juno
She was in love Aeneas but Aeneas left her
through the order of Jupiter- reason why
Dido commits suicide.
Amata- . Queen of Latium
Lavinia- Princess of Latium
Turnus- Was in love in Lavinia
Belt of Pallas- worn by Turnus
Pallas- Son of Evander
Evander- King of Palantium
Aeneas- became the king of Latium
Romulus- Rome was named after him.
Remus- twin brother of Romulus
Lavinium- Name of kingdom of Aeneas
she-wolf- Animal that suckled the twin-
Romulus- became the 1st king of Rome
Cesar Augustus- became the 1st Roman
Emperor
Alba Longa- island
“We have to consider our love for our country
to be the primary objective of our life.”
The Confession
Agustin- author of The Confession
St. Monica- Mother of Agustin
Patricius (Pagan)- father of Agustin
Navigius and Perpetua- siblings of Augustine
St. Augustin- became the main cross of
Monica
-MAIN CROSS MEANS PROBLEM
He engaged in a lot of women. He was even a
thief. He was a mischievous child. Refuse to
go to school- Augustine’s childhood
13 books
In book 1 he admits that as a teenager he
prefer Hedonism in studying.
Hedonism- Pleasure
Manichaean/ Manichaeism- was the religious
cult that Agustin became a victim.
Manichaeism- duality, the good and the evil.
Life in this world is unbearably painful and
radically evil.
23 years old when he gave up on the
Manichaean.
Adeodatus - Child of Augustine
1 year- Adeodaus lived.
Bishop Ambrose- friend of Agustin
Book 8- he describes his conversion in
Christianity.
-He was really seeking a personal happiness.
He had this happiness before but it is
difference from the true happiness he was
seeking. (spiritual happiness)
He started to read the bible- In order to be
enlightened.
Book of Genesis- book that he examined in
detail.
In the book of genesis, he states that God
works to bring happiness. Who are those? To
those who are Holy
Holy man- who follow 10 commandments.
Book 13- He decided to become a religious
person. He embraced Christianity.
Hippo- Place where he became a bishop
The purpose of Confession is to reconcile
man to God. The confession tells us about how
he became a Christian. Sinner, he repented,
ask for forgiveness, and followed the way to
salvation.
Rhetoric- subject of St. Agustin
Rhetoric- The art of effective or persuasive
speaking
ABS- Alak, Babae, Sugal
SERMON OF THE MOUNT
Matthew, chapter 5-7- Gospel where we can
see the sermon of the mount
Beatitudes- Sermon of the mount
8- beatitudes
Jesus- delivered the 8 Beatitudes
On the mount near the sea of Galilee- Where
they delivered the 8 beatitudes
To restore the sinners to God so they may
have eternal life forever with him in His
kingdom- end goal of beatitude
Teachings of Jesus- sermon of the mount
consists of.
-It emphasizes His moral teaching.
Meaning of metamorphose- A change in
form, in appearance. Transformation
Ovid - Author of Metamorphose
-He is a Roman poet and his popular work is
Metamorphose.
15 books- books are there in metamorphoses
-Collections of mythological and legendary
stories
250- myths are under metamorphoses
Four ages of man- Golden age, SIlver age,
Bronze age and Iron Age
Golden age of man- Age of Trust, age of
moral goodness and faithfulness
Silver age- People work for a living
Bronze Age- They were inclined to arms.
War-like
Iron Age- They were war-like, greedy, and
impious. They fight already leading to blood
shield and nothing is sacred to them.
Importance of Ovid Metamorphoses- The
change can be good or be bad, it’s up to us to
discern which one should be followed, which
one to be discarded.
Essential theme in metamorphoses? Passion
Passion- is a feeling of intense enthusiasm
towards or compelling desire for someone or
something.
What happened to the sister and mother of
Phaethon? Turned into a poplar tree and thier
tears becomes amber
What happened to Phaeton? He died
because he uses the golden chariot. He died
because of his intense desire to show to the
people that his father was the Son of God.
BEOWULF
Scandinavia- setting of the epic.
Denmark and Sweden- current Scandinavia
Beowulf- hero of the epic Beowulf
King Hygelac- King where Beowulf pledge
allegiance to.
King Hrothgar- King of Denmark
To kill Grendel- It is why Beowulf came to
Denmark.
12 years- years were the murderous behavior
of Grendel remained uncheck.
- Beowulf came to Denmark in order to
Hrothgar with his problem about Grendel.
-Before Beowulf started his attack with
Grendel, he told Hrothgar to send something to
Hygelac in case is killed by Grendel.
Breast plate- What it is should be send back
to Hygelac.
By wrenching of his arms from it sockets-
Beowulf did defeat Grendel.
Beowulf just allowed Grendel to escape-
After his defeat, Beowulf did towards
Grendel?
Grendel’s mother- tried to take revenge over
the death of Grendel?
-After the problem with Grendel the son,
Hrothgar had another problem with Grendel’s
mother. Mother came and slaughtered.
The blood of Grendel’s mother was so hot
that any sword that he would use would
melt- the problem that Beowulf encountered in
the battle in attacking the mother of Grendel?
-However he was successful in tapping the
head of Grendel’s mother.
Heorot- festival and merrymaking was held in
the royal court of Hrothgar.
Naegling- Name of the sword of Beowulf
hrunting - The sword given to Beowulf by
unferth, it is the sword of unferth
Monks- Who copied the epic patiently
-After Beowulf had a fight with Grendel, he
returned to kingdom of Hygelac.
Dragon (fire breathing dragon)- Monster that
turned out to be the problem of his people.
Dragon is guarding a hoard of treasures
and a thief came into the cave and stole one
of his precious cup. Reason why the dragon
started breathing fire in the city.
-Beowulf had his men with him.
They run away- incident that happened when
he was already fighting with his dragon.
Wiglaf- left to fight the dragon
The result of the battle- Beowulf dies, the
dragon also died and his body was even
thrown in the Clift.
-He was able kill the dragon the help of young
lad.
A golden collar, necklace, ring and helmet- he will pledge allegiance to Charlemagne-
Beowulf gave to wiglaf before he died. What does king Marsilla tell to Charlemagne?

Beowulf body- His body was cremated, -As long as you withdraw the Franks in Spain.
including his treasures that he earned when he (These are the Germanic tribes of
had a fight with Grendel Charlemagne).

Good vs. Evil- The major theme of Beowulf Ganelon- Who was made as enboy? that the
offer was accepted?
Beowulf- symbolizes good
Stepfather- What is the relationship of
The monsters- symbolizes evil ganelon and Roland?
Cowardice and Disloyalty- traits that shown The king likes Roland more. He is the
when the warriors ran away. favorite nephew of Charlemagne- Why is
ganelon jealous with Roland?
between 700-750 AD - era did Beowulf
composed He tells marsillia the leader of Saracens
how they could ambush the rear guard of
SONG OF ROLAND
Charlemagne's army, they should ambush-
France- The song of Roland is an epic of what How Ganelon betrayed the rear guards?
country?
Roncesvalles- Tell me where is the specific
Early of the 12th century- In what century spot where the battle took place?
does the song of Roland was composed?
20, 000- In Roncesvalles, the rear guar of
Olivier- Who was Roland’s closest Roland were ambushed by Saracens, how
companion? many men were with him?

Saragossa- What was the last sitting spain to Durendal- the magic sword of Roland?
hold out against Sharmaine?
Oliphant- the magic horn of Roland?
King Marsilla- King of Saragossa.
Veilantif- The gallant horse of Roland?
King of Christian Franks, Emperor of the
Turpin- resolves the quarrel between Roland
Holy Roman Empire- Who is Charlemagne?
and Oliver in blowing the horn Oliphant?
-Charles the Great (Charlemagne is a
St. Gabriel- Who interpose between
German word)
Charlemagne and god?
Christian Crusade- What kind of crusade
The treachery of Ganelon, the Roncesvalles,
where Charlemagne is the leader?
the Reprisals- The three parts of the song of
Muslims in Spain- Who are those who was Roland
converted in Christianity?
Charlemagne- Who does the actions of the
-Except Saragossa which was under the reprisals?
leadership of Marsilla
The battle of Ebro river- What is the battle
He promised that he will be converted to of reprisal called?
Christianity, he will offered treasure, and
The right hand of Marsilla was chopped off-
What was the injury of marsillia in the battle
of Roncesvalles?

His body was torn to 4 pieces (his arms, legs

were tied to 4 horses and driven away)-
What was the punishment given to ganelon?

He offers his glove to God- What was

Roland’s last action before he died?

St. Gabriel- Who took the gloves to the god?

Michael, Gabriel and Querubin- Who

brought up to heaven?

Rocamadour- the sword of Roland was kept

where?