de English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2-Module 3WHAT I NEED TO KNOW For the learners Congratulations for completing the previous modules! You are now more prepared to begin with the new lesson on writing a position paper. This will help you become more aware of the issues confronting our society and our world in general. You will begin to uncover most of your thoughts and opinions that may or may not affect you directly with the current problems and challenges we are facing, There are current issues that beset us and as a member of an enlightened sector of the society, you cannot help but make a stand on these issues. This module will help you gain a better understanding and a perspective of an issue and will guide you on writing a position paper by presenting your argument and thereby convincing your target audience to be on your side by being objective or impartial. Also, by doing such, you would back up your claim with sound evidences. Good luck! Module Content: In this section of the module, you will learn to objectively and critically evaluate issues, present factual evidence and a definite stand or position through a well-crafted position paper. So, embrace the challenges and have an enjoyable journey by tapping your writing prowess. Page 2 of 22Learning Competencies: . Gathers manifestos and analyzes the arguments used by the writer/s (CS_EN11/12A- EAPP-iia-d-3) Defends a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by properly cited factual evidences (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-iia-d-5) General Instructions: For better comprehension of this module, perform the following: 1. Read the selected readings in the lesson carefully. 2. Understand the issue and do some research on it. Assert your argument or claim by supporting it with facts and reasonable evidence. Follow directions and ask questions for the points that confuse you 5. Have fun as you learn. LESSON 1 WHAT IS AN ARGUMENT AND A MANIFESTO? OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, you will be able to: . define what argument and manifesto are about; Page 3 of 22gather manifestos and analyze the arguments used by the writer/s; present a stand or a position on an issue and back it up with reasonable WHAT | KNOW Pre-Assessment Test I. TRUE OR FALSE Instructions: Read the following statements carefully. Write True if the statement is correct and False if otherwise. Write your answers in your notebook. 1. A manifesto is a published declaration of the intentions, motives or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party or government. 2. Arguments are claims backed by reasons that are supported by evidence. 3. Position paper reflects a series of statements for or against something that involve logic, research evidence and assertion to make persuasion. 4. Evidence in an argument is useless. 5. Two claims whether for or against are needed in presenting a stand on a particular issue. 6. An argument is a discussion or debate in which a number of people put forward different or opposing opinions. 7. Supporting evidence is normally found on the body of an essay. 8. There is no need for an introduction when presenting an argument. Page 4 of 229. Social issues are not meant to be solved for as long as we are happy: 10. The students are considered as the enlightened sector of our society. WHAT'S NEW What I KNOW about Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters to form words. Clue: These are pressing issues and problems of today and what the lesson is about. MESA EXS RRIAGEMA. AGE EENT NANPREGCY. VORCEDI. OBALG MINGWAR. YBERC ULLYINGB. GUMENTAR FESTOMANI. PERPA SITIONPO. PNOHXRYON SB What can you say about the activity? Stay focused and good luck! Page § of 22WHAT IS IT Arguments are everywhere You may be surprised to hear the word “argument.” It does not have to be written in your assignment for it to be an important part of your task. In fact, making an argument — expressing a point of view on a subject and supporting it with evidence — is often the aim of academic writing. Evidence Do not stop with having a point. You have to back up your point with evidence. The strength of your evidence, and your use of it, can make or break your argument. Counterargument One way to strengthen your argument and show you have a deep understanding of the issue you are discussing is to anticipate and address counter arguments or objections. By considering what someone who disagrees with your position might have to say about your argument, you show that you have thought things through, and you dispose of some reasons your audience might have for not accepting your argument. You can generate counterarguments by asking yourself how someone who disagrees with you might respond to each of the points you have made or your position as a whole. Once you have thought up some counter arguments, consider how you will respond to them- will you concede that your opponent has a point but explain what your Page 6 of 22audience should nonetheless accept your argument? Will you reject the counterargument and explain why it is mistaken? Either way, you will want to leave your reader with a sense that your argument is stronger than opposing arguments ARGUMENT: The Basics Some people think that “engaging in argument” means being mad at someone. That's one use of the word “argument.” In debate we use a far different meaning of the term. In some ways though, making an argument in debate is the opposite of being mad at someone. It means making claims based on logical reasoning and proof. There are three parts to an argument in debate: the claim, the data, and the warrant. These terms seem kind of formal, and they are. But whether you know it or not, solid arguments that you make every day are based on these concepts. Claims without reasoning are very weak arguments. Some might say it isn’t even an argument at all. The more warrants, or reasoning, that a claim has the stronger itis generally speaking. Sometimes the data might be statistics sometimes it might be an expert opinion. For example, the argument “I saw that movie got ‘two thumbs up’ so we should go and e¢ it” uses the expert opinion as the data for the claim. The claim is that we should go see the movie. The warrant is that movies that receive two thumbs up are worth seeing. The data would be that the movie did, in fact, receive a review of “two thumbs up.” This reasoning is based on an appeal to the expertise of the reviewers, and little more. So, that’s an argument. Claim-Warrant-Data. Debate is based on competing arguments. Each team offers arguments that they defend, and they attack the arguments of their opponents. Research provides the data Page 7 of 22and warrants for defending and attacking arguments. Here is an example of an argument: “Team X will win the basketball game against Team Y because Team X has taller players than Team Y.” The “claim” is the bottom line conclusion of the argument — What is the claim for the above argument? The “warrant” is the reasoning behind the claim. What is the reasoning or warrant for the above claim? The “data” are the facts used to support the warrant. What is the data for the above warrant? __ There are many ways to attack an argument. You could challenge the factual basis of the claim. In the first example, perhaps Team Y was in fact taller than Team X. In the second example you could prove that there has never been an innocent person executed in the U.S. Another way to go would be to attack the reasoning/warrant. You could point out that the taller team does not always win basketball games. You could find examples of games that were not won by the taller team. You could say that other factors such as shooting ability, experience, effort and coaching might be equally or more important factors in winning ADDITIONAL INFORMATION What are arguments? Arguments are claims backed by reasons that are supported by evidence. Why Argue? ‘An argument is a statement or a set of statements that you use in order to try to convince people that your opinion about something is correct. An argument is a Page 8 of 22discussion or debate in which a number of people put forward different or opposing opinions, What are the types of support for an argument? . REASON ~ a general statement that supports the claim . EVIDENCE — consists of facts, statistics, experiences, comparisons, and examples that show why the claim is valid. . EMOTIONAL APPEALS- ideas that are targeted toward needs or values that readers are likely to care about, Do not forget the following: Defending a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by factual evidence. Parts of an Argument Issue- problem or controversy about which people disagree Claim — the position on the issue Support ~ reasons and evidences that the claim is reasonable and should be accepted Refutation — opposing viewpoints Claims without reasoning are very weak arguments Page 9 of 22What is a manifesto? Manifesto is @ published declaration of intentions, motives or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party, or government. (Wikipedia) Manifesto is @ document publicly dectaring the position of an issuer. A manifesto advances a set of ideas, opinions or views. What about Manifesto as a form of writing? Manifesto is a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer. A manifesto advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views, but it can also lay out a plan of action. While it can address any topic, it most often concerns art, literature, or politics. Manifestos are generally written in the name of a group sharing a common perspective, ideology, or purpose rather than in the name of a single individual. It combines a sometimes violent societal critique with an inaugural and inspirational declaration of change. Although manifestos can claim to speak for the majority, they are often authored by social activists and usually linked to new ideas(httos://www.britannica.com/topic/manifesto). How is the new information that you have encountered? Are you ready to discover the basic parts of an argument? WHAT’S MORE Page 10 of 22ACTIVITY 1. ENUMERATE Read the essay below. Examine the parts of the argument that it contains: (issue, claim, support, and refutation or claim, warrant, and data) Let's see how you fare in applying what you have just learned from the discussion. Write the answers in your notebook, Importance of Education? Essay on Education By: Priyanka Nagrale Countless words are written daily about the importance of education. Indubitably, education is the only valuable asset humans can achieve. Human evolution over eons is a result of education both formal and informal. Further, education is the sole basis on which the future of the human race depends. Our quest for knowledge is unending and will continue till planet Earth exists. How did you find the new information you have learned? | hope that you now pay attention to the basic elements of a position paper. Prepare to examine one in the next activities. Good Luck! Everyone speaks about education and its importance. Hence, let us understand what defines education. Briefly, education means acquiring knowledge: In broader terms, education means acquiring various skills in diverse fields that are vital to our life and very existence. These skills can be acquired by classroom training and during the course of our life. Classroom education is generally deemed as formal education. Whatever we learn and imbibe during our lifespan is informal education. Furthermore, knowledge and the innate human capability to learn continually distinguish us from other living creatures that inhabit this planet. age 11 of 22https://surejob.in/importance-of-education.html ACTIVITY 2. ENUMERATE Copy and answer the following sample manifestos made by students. Read and analyze what arguments are posted by the writers. List it on the blank lines before the reading passages. Use your notebook in answering this activity. The first column is for Sofia Gabriel and the second column is for Katie Sipiora. Page 12 of 22Sofia Gabriel | believe that creating @ cohesive, vibrant community that unites both the young and the old is important to nurturing the growth of individuals. | believe that community artworks are the anchors of this community, creating and maintaining this sense of community. Therefore, | believe that works of art, visual and otherwise, should be created and supported by members of a community as important reminders and symbols of a cohesive community. Katie Sipiora | believe that every child has potential. Regardless of race, socioeconomic class, or IQ, every child has the ability to contribute to our world. It can be intellectual-- the next brilliant math or physics theorem, the next great poem of our time— it can be athletic representing fair play and competition it can be artistic a song, a dance, a play. Every child has potential. No child is confined by where they live, who their parents are, what society expects of them. Every child can contribute something beautiful to our world. It can be a smile, a laugh, one good thought. That is all it takes to change someone's life: Congratulations on completing the activi own manifesto to the sampled work of Sofia Gabriel and Katie Sipiora. | Now, you can pattern your Reflective Questions: Write your answers in your notebook. 4. Why do you think it is important to be familiarized with the arguments of the writer/s in their manifestos? Page 13 of 222. Now that you have learned the basics of argument and its parts, what do you think should you develop more to be able to write a manifesto? 3. What do you think should you develop more in presenting reasons and factual evidence in defending your stand on an issue? WHAT I HAVE LEARNED Page 14 of 22Remember and ponder these key points: An argument is a claim backed by reasons that are supported by factual evidence. Three parts of an argument Claim Warrant Data OR Issue Claim Support Refutation Types of support for an argument Reason Evidence Emotional appeals Manifesto- a document publicly declaring the position of an issuer. All these would pave the way in writing and defending sound arguments in an essay and in a manifesto. WHAT I CAN DO Page 15 of 22ACTIVITY 3. SOCIETY IN FOCUS Make a table like this on your notebook and list at least 5 issues that you can identify in the society and your community right now. Identify particular information that you would like to deal with in your paper. ISSUES WHAT | WANT TO FOCUS ON Example: Cyberbullying Effects among young people What should the government do to. address cybercrimes? ACTIVITY 4. MY MANIFESTO Page 16 of 22Choose (1) one among the issues that you have written on Activity 3 and write your own manifesto on your Study notebook for a printed module and soft copy to be submitted in our google classroom for students using the digital mode. TITLE Refer to this rubric for your guidance. EVALUATING MANIFESTO (Rubrics Scoring Guide) Page 17 of 225432 The criteria are used consecutively by grading 5 as the highest, followed by 4, 3, and 2 as the lowest. The criterion Content is used to show the scoring guide and its description. Content The manifesto contains many, ample facts. 5 The manifesto contains several facts. 4 The facts used are limited. 3 There are only few facts used.2 Organization There is logical presentation of ideas. The presentation of ideas is smooth. The presentation of ideas is not so logical The ideas are not well presented. Language The language used is formal. Vocabulary is appropriate for the target audience. The language used is formal and there is no jargon or slang indicated. The language is informal and some words are not appropriate for the target audience. The language is very informal and several words are difficult for the target audience. Mechanics There is no error in terms of grammar, spelling, and punctuation. The sentences make clear sense. There is no error in terms of grammar, spelling, and punctuation. There are few errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation. There are several errors in grammar, spelling and punctuation. Presentation Manifesto is creatively presented which makes it catchy, attractive and interesting Manifesto is creatively presented but some details are not prominent. Manifesto is creatively presented but many details are not presented. Manifesto is creatively presented but important details are not presented POST ASSESSMENT Page 18 of 22Identify the following statements and write the answer on the space provided. Use a ‘Study Notebook 1 is a published declaration of the intentions, motives or views of an issuer. 2 are claims backed by reasons that are supported by evidence. 3: a general statement that supports the claim 4. consists of facts, statistics, experiences, comparisons, and examples that show why a claim is valid ch ideas that are targeted toward needs or values that readers are likely to care about 6. is the bottom line conclusion of the argument. 7 is the reasoning behind the claim. 8. are the facts used to support the warrant. 9 problem or controversy about which people disagree. 10. the position on the issue. 11 reasons and evidence that the claim is reasonable and should be accepted. 12, opposing viewpoints. 13, complete name of your subject. 14, name and surname of your teacher. 15, What the lesson is about? REFERENCES Page 19 of 22Digital sources writingcenter.unc.edultips-and-tools/argument philosopy.hk.hk/think/arg/arg.php comm. pitt.edu/argument/basics www.collinsdictionary.com=dictionary>argument www. britannica.com/topic/manifesto iti > > slideshare.neV/instructorperry/evaluatingargumentslesson2-13081 1080249phpappO2? httpsi/youtube/OCEnick06801 Printed Abatayo, Marife A. English for Academic and Professional Purposes Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2- Module 3: Writing a Position Paper First Edition 2020 Page 20 of 22