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INDEX

Figures are indicated by f; tables are indicated by t.

accelerations, 9, 15, 25–27, 61, AISC 360-16; Chapter C, 17

74–75, 78; criteria, 26f; dynamic along-wind response, 9, 29–30, 73
swing, 25–26; frequency- ANSI A58.1, 3
dependent, 26; limits, 27; ANSI/AISC 360-16, 19
low-amplitude, 27; peak, 25–27; Architectural Institute of Japan
static actions, 25; sustained action, (AIJ), 26
25; targets, choice of, 27 AS/NZA 1170.2:2011, 30
acceptance criteria, 13–27; ASCE 7, 14, 17, 24, 36
establishing, 10; building ASCE 7-05, 3
displacements, 20–23; global ASCE 7-10, 3
stability, 13; mean recurrence ASCE 7-16, 2, 3, 14, 20, 29, 47, 49, 62;
intervals, 13–15; nonstructural Appendix C, 15; Appendix CC, 15;
elements, 23–25; occupant C26.5.3, 40; Chapter 27, 52; Seismic
comfort, 25–27; project-specific Design Requirements, 19
performance, 27; stability, 16–19; ASCE 49-12, 47
strength evaluation of the lateral ASCE 7-88, 3
force-resisting system, 19–20 ASCE 7-95, 3
ACI (American Concrete Institute), 3; atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), 9
Committee 375, 70; SP-240-5, 70 auditory disturbances, 27
ACI 301-16, 65 axial effects, 16
ACI 318-14, 17, 19, 65, 68
ACI 363R-10, 65 base movement response, 50f
acoustical disturbances, 2 bending effects, 16
aerodynamic design, 10, 71 Branson equation, 69
aerodynamic modification, 10, building: displacements, 20–23;
71–72, 73f; approximate drift-sensitive, 15; flexure, 21;
effectiveness of, 74t geometry, 10, 78; height, 78;

85

Design and Performance of Tall Buildings for Wind

 86
lean under self-weight, 6; mass,
estimating, 31, 32; orientation, 10,
71–72; porosity, 10; stability, 13;
sway, 27
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building codes, 1, 2, 4, 13–14, 19;
life-safety requirements, 13;
performance objectives, 2,
13–27; regional, 3; unusual
structural dynamic properties, 42
building performance: building
periods, 32–33; estimation of,
30–33; mode shapes, 31, 32–33;
preliminary structural analysis,
31–32; strength checks, 32
building risk category, 14
building services, 1
building vertical transportation
systems, 1, 4
cantilever behavior, 18
cladding, 23, 24, 61; damage to, 22;
materials, 24; panel sizes, 23;
precast concrete, 63
commercial occupancy; 1-year return
period, 26; guidelines, 27
computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
techniques, 47
computational wind engineering
(CWE), 47, 79
concrete: cracking, 20, 31–32, 66,
68–70; cracking, tensile, 65;
expected strength, 65–66;
force-displacement, 66; heavily-
reinforced, 61; mix, 65; modulus of
elasticity, 65–66; reduction factors
for reinforced concrete elements,
68t; reinforcement, 32; shear, 31,
69–73; stiffness modifiers, 31,
66–70; stiffness reduction factors,
60, 66; strength, 65, 70;
stress-strain curve, 70
controlled inelastic response, 19
crosswind: direction, 46; loading, 42;
response, 9, 54, 74; vibrations, 30
Design and Performance of Tall Buildings for Wind
INDEX
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban
Habitat (CTBUH), 47
damping, 2, 53–58; active mass
damper, 58f; aerodynamic, 45–46,
53, 54; aerodynamic, estimates of,
54; for composite systems, 54;
compound tank damper, 58f;
direct, 55; for hybrid systems, 54;
indirect, 56–58; inherent, 53–54,
79; pendulum damper, 57;
piston-style fluid damping device,
55f; provided by a structural
system, 53; ratios, 31;
recommended critical damping
ratios, 54t; supplemental, 10, 53,
54–58; supplemental, strength and
serviceability, 58; tuned liquid
column damper, 56f, tuned mass
damper, 57f; tuned sloshing tank
damper, 56f; viscous devices, 55;
wall coupling/link beam polymer-
joint damping device, 55; for wind
induced response, 53–54
database-enabled design (DED)
tools, 30
Davenport, Alan G., 35–36
Davenport wind-loading chain,
35–36, 71
deflections, 18, 74; building, 20–23;
first-order, 17; second-order, 17, 19
deformations, 13, 21; flexural, 21;
panel zone, 32, 60, 64; permanent,
1; racking, 22, 24; second-order, 16;
shear, 21, 24, 64; static, 14
design load parameters; tabulated, 3
design process, 7–11; comparison of
results to acceptance criteria, 10;
establish performance objectives,
7–8, 13–27; final design, 10–11;
overview, 8f; preliminary structural
design, 8; structural modeling and
analysis, 10; wind climate
assessment, 8–9; wind-induced
 INDEX
loads and responses, 9–10; wind
optimization program, 10
design validation, 77
diaphragms, 10, 62–63; axial forces,
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63; belt truss levels, 63; flexible, 62;
ground level floors, 63; large
openings, 54; large reentrant
corners, 63; modeling
assumptions, 63; outrigger, 63;
rigid, 62; semirigid, 62–63;
setbacks, 63; transfers, 63
differential shortening, 6
displacement, 14–15; first-order, 19;
limits, 14; second-order, 19;
vertical, 22f
drift, 31; criteria, 3, 13–15, 23;
horizontal, 24; limits, 25, 27, 32;
nonstructural elements, 23;
performance objective, 31–32;
story, 18, 20–22, 24; story ratio,
21f, 22
drift damage index (DDI), 24
drift measurement index (DMI),
20–23; recommended, 23
dynamic: effects, 71; mode shapes,
19; properties, 59; response, 4,
10, 72
elevators, 4; shaft alignment, 25; shaft
sizes, 23; temporary shutdowns, 25
ESDU (formerly Engineering Science
Data Unit), 38
extreme value analysis, 39–40; annual
maxima, 39; method of
independent storms, 39; monthly
maxima, 39
façade, 24
FEMA P-58, 25
final design, 10–11; peer review, 11
finite-element models, 64
floor: diaphragms, 60; mechanical, 62;
plate, 20
Design and Performance of Tall Buildings for Wind
87
foundation: flexibility, 60, 63;
modeling, 63; pinned bases, 63
gravity: actions, 19; elements, 31;
in-plane relative movements, 24;
load, 17, 19, 31, 62; load-resisting
elements, 60
height and slenderness ratio, 42
holistic optimization, 73–75
irregular plan forms, 42
ISO 6897, 15, 26, 27
ISO 10137, 15, 26
Krawinkler joint model, 64
lateral system, 29, 32; deflections, 1;
direct load path, 55; linear buckling
analysis, 18; load, 10, 64;
load-resisting, 56, 61–63; mass, 10;
movement, 16; stiffness, 10, 16, 31;
story stiffness, 17
linked tower structures, 42
live load (LL), 61; code-prescribed, 61;
in-service, 62
main wind force resisting systems
(MWFRS), 42, 51
mass, 61–62; assumptions, 61
mean recurrence interval (MRI), 2, 5,
13–15, 39, 46; ∼0.1-year, 25; 1-year,
15, 25–26, 60; 5-year, 15; 10-year,
14–15, 23f, 25–26, 60; 25-year, 3,
15, 60; 50-year, 3, 15, 26, 60;
100-year, 3, 15; 300-year, 3;
400-year, 23f; 700-year, 3;
1700-year, 3; accelerations and
motion perception, 15; drift and
displacement, 14–15; DMI criteria
for, recommended, 23f;
foundation and lateral system, 14;
large, 24; risk categories, 14f;
 88
ultimate, 3 member end
releases, 61
meteorological data sets, 8
modeling assumptions, 3
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modulus of elasticity (MOE), 65–66;
concrete, 65–66
modulus of rupture, 68t
moment frames, 18
monitoring, 78–79
Monte Carlo method, 37
motion predictors, 15
NatHaz Aerodynamic Load Database
(NALD), 30
natural design analysis, 7
nonparticipating elements, 60–61
nonstructural elements, 1, 23–25;
acceptable drifts for, 23;
components and cladding, 24;
damage to, 8; façade, 24; interior
partitions, 24–25; vertical
transportation, 25
Notre Dame University, 30
NRC, 30
occupant comfort, 3, 4, 8, 15,
25–27, 41; accelerations, 9, 15,
25–27; acoustical disturbances,
2, 27; improving, 27; visual
disturbances, 2, 27
overturning, 31
P-Delta (second order) effects, 10,
16–17, 31–32, 60, 62; amplification,
17; analysis, 17–18; capturing, 16;
stability evaluation, 17–18
panel zone deformations, 32,
60, 64; beam-column joints, 60
partitions, 23, 61; audible creaking,
25; damage to, 22; detailing, 23;
interior, 24–25; materials, 25; visual
cracking, 25
pedestrians, 5, 47, 79
Design and Performance of Tall Buildings for Wind
INDEX
peer review, 11, 77–78; code, 78;
structural, 78
performance-based design (PBD), 79
performance objectives, 13–27;
building displacements, 20–23;
life-safety, 19; mean recurrence
intervals, 13–15; nonstructural
elements, 23–25; occupant
comfort, 25–27; project-specific
performance, 27; serviceability,
7–8; stability requirements, 7,
16–19; strength evaluation of the
lateral force-resisting system,
19–20; structural strength
requirements, 7
preliminary structural design, 29–33;
analysis, 31–32; code-based
prescriptive methods, 8; geometric
layout of the structure, 8
project-specific performance, 27
quasi-static (background) loads, 45
residential guidelines, 15, 27; 1-year
return period, 26
scissor joint model, 66
second-order effects, 16f
seismic design, 2, 6, 19, 41
serviceability, 3, 5, 8–9, 13, 21, 54;
accelerations and motion
perception, 15; drift and
displacement, 14–15; -level
analysis, 60; wind, 14
slender moment column
frames, 17
stability, 7, 16–19, 21; acceptance
criteria, 19; coefficient, 18–19;
evaluation with P-Delta analysis,
17–18; global, 18–19, 31; P-Delta
(second order) effects, 16–17;
story, 18–19; story stability
coefficient, 17; torsional, 19
 INDEX
stakeholders, 3–5, 7, 13, 27; architects,
4; building occupants, 4–5; façade
consultant, 4; general public, 5;
neighbors, 4; owners, 4;
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pedestrians, 5; structural
engineers, 4; vertical
transportation consultant, 4; wind
engineering consultants, 4
stiffness, 2; estimating, 31, 59;
modifiers, 61, 64; modifiers,
selecting, 67–70; reduction, 20, 32,
60, 66; secant stiffness
approximation, 69f; serviceability
considerations, 59; tension, 70
story drift, 18, 20–22; amount of, 24;
ratio, 21f, 22
story stability coefficient, 17
strength design, 1, 13, 21, 54; checks,
32; foundation and lateral system,
14, 19, 32; level analysis, 16, 60
Strouhal number, 72
structural analysis: preliminary,
31–32; ultimate, 41
structural bay, DMI for a, 22f
structural modeling and analysis, 10,
59–70; building mass, 61–62;
detailed method for selecting
stiffness modifiers, 67–70;
diaphragms, 62–63; expected
strength and modulus of elasticity
of concrete materials, 65–66;
foundation flexibility, 63; P-Delta
(second order) effects, 62; panel
zone deformations, 64; primary
lateral load-resisting system and
nonparticipating elements, 60–61;
simplified method for selecting
stiffness modifiers, 67; special
considerations for reinforced
concrete structures, 65–70;
stiffness modifiers and behavior of
cracked reinforced concrete
Design and Performance of Tall Buildings for Wind
89
structures, 66; strength-level and
serviceability analysis, 60
superimposed dead load (SDL), 61
surface wind intensity, 2
terrain: channeling, 38, 42; far-field
effects, 38; influence of, 38, 73;
near-field effects, 38; topographic
effects, 38; turbulent wakes, 38
Torre Shyris, 44f
twist shape optimization, 73f
ultimate limit states, 46
ultimate load: combinations, 59, 62;
conditions, 19
USG Corporation, 25
visual disturbances, 2, 27
vortex shedding, 30, 42, 46;
dynamic, 72
wind: along-wind response,
29–30; crosswind response, 30, 42;
data models, 9; directionality, 5;
excitation, 26, 41, 44; nature of,
5–6; preliminary estimates, 29–30;
return period, 5; “rose,” 5
wind climate, 71; analysis, 15, 29–30;
assessment of, 2, 6, 7, 8–9, 35–40;
assessment, site-specific, 9;
assessment, upper-level, 9; data
sources, 36–37; Davenport
wind-loading chain, 35–36;
design criteria, 40; directionality,
29, 35; extreme value analysis,
39–40; modeling, 2; storm types,
36–37; strength, 35; terrain, 38
wind design: nonlinear dynamic
analysis, 2; performance
objectives, 1–2
wind-induced loads and responses,
9–10, 38; published data on, 9–10
 90
wind-induced response, 2, 35, 45;
damping levels for, 53–54;
resonant component, 44
wind loads/loading, 4, 21, 29, 41, 61;
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code-estimated, 29, 41; criteria, 3;
design for, 3; determination of, 2;
horizontal, 17; modeling, 2;
service-level, 31; strength design;
requirements for, 3, 58; strength-
level, 58; ultimate, 14, 19
wind optimization program, 10,
71–75; aerodynamic design, 71;
aerodynamic modifications, 71;
building geometry, 72–73;
building orientation, 71–72;
holistic optimization, 73–75;
wind speeds, 38; alternative
minimum design, 9; definition of,
5; fluctuating component, 5;
power spectral density, 5;
probability, 3, 8; probability
density function, 5; reference, 3;
standard deviation, 5; ultimate
wind speed maps, 3
wind tunnel tests, 2, 4, 7, 8–10, 29, 31,
33, 41–52, 71; aerodynamic-type
model test, 43–44; benefits of, 41;
aeroelastic method, 45–46;
computational wind engineering,
38, 47; data and climate, 48–49;
Design and Performance of Tall Buildings for Wind
INDEX
data, simulated, 37–38; design
evolution, 51; elastic model tests,
42; exclusions, 48; high-frequency
balance (HFB) approach, 42–46, 48;
high-frequency pressure
integration (HFPI), 42, 44, 46, 48;
inclusions, 48; laboratory, 37;
loads, 32–33; minimum thresholds,
51–52; multisector method, 49;
nondirectional, 49; physical, 47;
predictions, 15; pressure
integration, 45; pressure taps,
44–45; procedure, 47; reduced
scale, 38; reports, 38; required
input information, 48; rigid
pressure-tapped model, 44; sector
methods, 49; shielding and
influence from surrounding
buildings, 51; static (rigid) model
tests, 42; storm passage, 49;
timeline and type,
47–48; triggers for, 41–42; types of,
42–46; typical outputs, 49–51;
ultimate, 1; up-crossing, 49
windstorm types: hurricanes, 37;
synoptic low-pressure systems, 36,
39; thunderstorms, 36, 39;
tornadoes, 36; topographic or
thermally driven winds, 36; tropical
cyclones, 36, 37, 39