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Physical Education 4- Volleyball

Introduction

The game of volleyball has been played and enjoyed for centuries. It is a great pastime
and a fun game to participate in. It is a sport that does not take a lot of stamina or skill on the
player’s part. It is also a good game to play in larger groups and with friends (Tulio,2008).

Volleyball can be very powerful and strenuous game to play. It comes highly
recommended as a sport that most anyone can participate in. It is definitely not a sport that only
the young can participate in.

Volleyball is a game that takes energy and will keep you fit, but does not wear you out
completely. On the other hand, it does not just have to be a summer sport. The good thing
about the sport is that it can be played indoors.

Lesson 1: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

The Origins

On February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts, William G. Morgan (1870-1942), a

YMCA physical education director, created a new game called mintonette a pastime to be
played preferably indoors and by any number of players. The game had characteristics of
handball and tennis. It was designed as an indoor sport less rough than basketball for older
members of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA).

As mentioned by Morgan himself, “In search of an appropriate game, tennis occurred to

me, but this required rackets, balls, a net and other equipment, so it was eliminated, but the idea
of a net seemed a good one. We raised it to a height of about 6 feet, 6 inches (1.98 m) from the
ground just above the head of an average man. We needed a ball. Among those we tried was a
basketball bladder, but this was too light and too slow, we therefore tried the basketball itself,
which was too big and too heavy,” (Volleyball history, “n.d.).

William G. Morgan – inventor of Volleyball Holyo0ke YMCA Team

(Morgan is 1stfrom left, 2nd row)
Fig.1

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The first rules called for a net 1.98m high, a 7.6m x 15.2m court, and any number of
players. A match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each inning,
and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the
opponent’s court. In case of a serving error, a second try was allowed. Hitting the ball into the
net was considered a foul, except in the case of the first-try serve.

Early in 1896, a conference was organized at the YMCA College in Springfield, bringing
together all the YMA Directors of Physical Education. Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, director of the
professional physical education training school asked Morgan for a demonstration and
explanation of the rules of the game.

The 1916 YMCA and NCAA 1930: YMCA spread the game among
unified rules of the game women

Fig. 2 Fig. 3

Prof. Alfred Halstead proposed for a change of the name mintonette to Volley Ball after he
noticed the action, or the act phase, of the ball’s flight, which was volleying in nature. This name
was accepted by Morgan and the conference. (Note: In 1952, the United States Volley Ball
Association voted to spell the name with just one word – Volleyball).

In 1900, Morgan asked the firm of A.G. Spalding & Bros. to make a ball, which they did at
their factory near Chicopee, in Massachusetts. The result was satisfactory: the ball was leather-
covered, with a rubber inner tube, its circumference was not less than 25 and not more than 27
inches (63.5 cm and 68.6 cm, respectively), and its weight was not less than 9 and not more
than 12 ounces (252 gr and 336 gr, respectively).

Worldwide Growth

In 1900, Canada became the first foreign country to adopt the game, and also many other
countries: Elwood S. Brown in the Philippines (1910), J. Howard Crocker in China, Franklin H.
Brown in Japan (1908), Dr. J.H. Gray in Burma, China, India and others in Mexico, and South
American, European, and African countries.

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In 1947, an international federation of volleyball (the Federacion Internationale de Volley

Ball or FIVB) was formed and the first volleyball world championships were held in 1949. In
1964 in Tokyo, volleyball was added as an Olympic sport.

Volleyball is now one of the big five international sports, and the FIVB, with its 220
affiliated national federations, is the largest international sporting federation in the world.

Volleyball in the Philippines

The history of volleyball in the Philippines dates back to 1910. The director of the YMCA,
Elwood S. Brown, first introduced the sport. Filipinos began playing volleyball as a backyard
sport and games of beach volleyball soon followed. Players hung the net between two trees.
They made up their own rules regarding how many players on each side and how many times
the ball could be hit before sending it over the net.

Philippine volleyball teams would sometimes let every player hit the ball before sending it
over to the opposing side. This took too much time and snuffed out the challenge and
competitive nature of the game. This led to the creation of the three-hit limit.

With the new three-hit rule in place, Filipinos experimented with the new volleyball
techniques and came up with the set and spike, or the “Filipino Bomb”. In this offensive passing
style, one player hits the volleyball and sends it high in the air to set it up for another player of
the team. This other player then strikes the ball sending it over the net at a downward angle.
This is called spiking the ball.

The date July 4, 1961 marked the birth of the Philippine Amateur Volleyball Association
(PAVA), the national governing body of the sport in the Philippines. This was later renamed
Philippine Volleyball Federation (PVF), and is affiliated with the Philippine Olympic Committee
(POC), Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC), and FIVB.

Lesson 2: VALUES/BENEFITS

 Volleyball is excellent for developing quick movement.

 Rapid adaptation to the opponent’s style of play.
 Reliance on skilful team performance and coordinated effort rather than impulsive
individual reactions to the game situation.
 Volleyball play emphasizes planned strategy.
 Correct application of the varied movements required in the game.
 Demands heightened powers of observation and skill.
 And, volleyball is sufficiently vigorous to develop organic power.

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Lesson 3: EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES

1. The Ball

Fig. 4

 The ball shall be spherical, made of flexible leather or synthetic leather case
with a bladder inside, made of rubber or a similar material.
 The ball should not be fewer than 25 inches nor more than 27 inches in
circumference and should weigh not less than nine ounces (250 grams) or more
than ten ounces (280 grams).
 The pressure in a leather ball should be between 7 and 8 pounds; in a rubber
ball, 5 to 7 pounds.

2. The Net

Fig. 5

 Placed vertically over the center line there is a net whose top is set at the height
of 2.43m for men and 2.24m for women.
 Net is 32 feet in length when stretched and is made of 4 inch square mesh of
black or dark brown, which is topped with a double white tape. 2 inches wide.
 Steel Cable or rope is run through the top and bottom of the net to secure it to
the uprights, which should be at least 3 feet outside the court.

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3. The Volleyball Court

Fig. 6
 The playing area includes the playing court and the free zone. It shall be
rectangular and symmetric.
 The playing court is a rectangle measuring 18 x 9m, surrounded by a free zone
which is a minimum of 3m wide on all sides.
 The free playing space is the space above the playing area which is free from
any obstructions. The free playing apace shall measure a minimum of 7m in
height from the playing surface.
 LINES ON THE COURT. All lines are 5cm wide. They must be of light color
which is different from the color of the floor and from any other lines.

a. Boundary Lines – two side lines and two end lines mark the playing
court. Both side lines and the end lines are drawn inside the dimensions
of the playing court.
b. Centre Line – the axis of the centre line divides the playing court into
two equal courts measuring 9 x 9 m each.
c. Attack Line – on each court, an attack line, whose rear edge is drawn 3
m back form the axis of the centre line, marks the front zone.

 ZONES AND AREAS

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a. Front zone – on each court the front zone is limited by the axis of the
centre line and the rear edge of the attack line. The front zone is
considered to extend beyond the side lines to the end of the free zone.
b. Service Zone – the service zone is a 9 m area behind each end line. It is
laterally limited by two short lines, each15 cm long, drawn 20 cm behind
the end line as an extension of the side lines.
c. Substitution Zone – the substitution zone is limited by the extension of
both attack lines up to the scorer’s table.
d. Libero Replacement Zone – the libero replacement zone is part of the
free zone on the side of the team benches, limited by the extension of the
attack line up to the end line.

4. Player’s Equipment

A player’s equipment consists of a jersey, shorts, socks (the uniform and sports
shoes).

 The colour and the design for the jerseys, shorts and socks must be uniform for
the team (except for the libero). The uniform must be cleaned.
 The shoes must be light and pliable with rubber or composite soles without
heels.
 Player’s jerseys must be numbered from 1 – 20.
 The number must be placed on the jersey at the centre of the front and of the
back. The colour and brightness of the numbers must contrast with the colour
and brightness of the jerseys.
 The number must be a minimum of 15 cm in height on the chest, and a
minimum of 20 cm in height in the back. The stripe forming the numbers shall be
a minimum of 2 cm in width.
 The team captain must have on his/her jersey a stripe of 8 x 2 cm underlining
the number on the chest,
 It is forbidden to wear uniforms of a colour different from that of the other players
(except for the libero), and/or without official numbers.

Lesson 4: ETHICS AND ETIQUETTE

1. Participants must know the “Official Volleyball Rules” and abide them.
2. Participants must accept referees decisions with sportsmanlike conduct without
disputing them.
3. Participants must refrain from actions or attitude aimed at influencing the decisions of
the referees or covering up faults committed by them.
4. Participants must behave respectfully and courteously in the spirit of fair play, not only
towards the referees but also towards other officials, the opponent, team-mates and
spectators.

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5. LANGUAGE. When things don’t go as planned, getting upset may be right, but
demonstrating lack of control is not. Using vulgar language/verbal abuse of other players
or of the officials is not acceptable.
6. Respects the other team. Do not humiliate the other team.
7. Learn, abide and respect the rules of the sport.

Lesson 5: SAFETY

1. Before playing, always take time to warm-up and stretch.

2. Use knee pads to protect yourself from injury when you fall or dive onto the court.
3. Wear lightweight shoes that provide strong ankle and arch support and offer good
shock absorption.
4. Do not sit with our volleyball.
5. Using sun protection and also need to pay careful attention to drinking fluids (drink a lot
of water).
6. Before playing an outdoor volleyball game, always check the ground for sharp objects
and glass, especially wet floors.

Lesson 6: WARM-UP AND CONDITIONING EXERCISES

1. Warm-up
 Jogging – 3 to 5 rounds
 Head to Foot stretching
a. Head Rotation-clock position (from 6 0’clock, 12 0’clock, 3 0’clock, and 9
0’clock) 10 counts every direction.
b. Shoulder Inward and Outward – 10 counts every direction.
c. Arms Circling (inward and outward) – 10 counts every direction.
d. Extension and Flexion of the Feet (front, back and side) 10 counts every
direction.
e. Shuttle Run – 1 to 2 rounds.
 Cool Down
 Light Stretching
a. Arm stretches calf stretch\
b. Flexion and extension of the back (front, back and side)

Lesson 7: FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS

Fundamental skills are the most important parts of learning the proper positions of the
hands and arms as well as movement patterns of the feet and the six basic skills in volleyball.\

1. Hands and Arms Position

 Overlap – place you right hand above your left hand if you are right handed or
place you left hand above your right hand if you are left handed or to lie over the
other hand and slightly close both hands together and the arms should be
extended always.

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 Close Fist – place both hands together and slightly close the hands and always
do the extension of the arms in hitting the ball.
 Interlaced – place both hands together by crossing them over and under each
other and do the extension of the arms.

2. Movement Patterns
 Slide – an act of moving along or over a surface by sliding in different directions
such as left, right, front, back slide. First, left side slide is performed when the ball
is near to the left side of the player and he/she will step his/hes left foot to the left
while the right foot is performing the slide while right side slide is performed
conversely. For the front and back slide, it is performed when the ball i9s near to
the front of the player and he/she will step either his/her right and left foot to the
front while performing the slide while at the back slide, it is done vice versa with
the front slide.
 Step-hop – a movement made by lifting your foot and putting it down in a
different place and direction to move as if by hopping. First, is to step your right
foot if the ball is going to the right and then perform the hop if the distance of the
ball is quite far to the player while in the left foot, it is done od performed
conversely with the left. For the front and back, step your right/left foot if the ball
is going to the front and then execute the hop and slide top get the ball and do
the same at the back.

3. Basic Skills in Volleyball

 The Pass

Also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the
opponent’s serve, or any form of attack. Proper handling includes not only preventing the ball
form touching the court but also making it reach the position where the setter is standing quickly
and precisely.

Types of Passing

a. Forearm pass or bump – where the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or
platform, at waist line.
b. Overhand pass – where it is handled by the fingertips, like a set, above the head.

Fig. 7 Fig. 8

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Suggested Drills:

All receiving drills should begin at easy level, with all serves coming from half court. A specific
target (i.e., setter) should be present during all drills to provide direct feedback to the receivers
of their forearm pass skill. I also believe that players will learn better if they are allowed to do
just one facet of the skill (such as receiving the serve to the right of the passer) repeatedly and
are allowed to stay in the drill for a consecutive number of repetitions, such as 10 attempts.

a. Drill No. 1: Half Court Serve (Slow Speed) directed at the player. Practice repetitions
form the RF and RB. Emphasize squaring off (facing toward the inside of the court) to
target. Progress to the CF, LF and LB. Note: When passing from the left side of the
court, remind the player to lower the inside (right) shoulder and laterally flex the trunk,
dropping the right half of the torso slightly. Impetus from the lower body should come
from the outside (left) leg.
b. Drill No. 2: Movement Receptions. Helpful Hints: The instructor should initially inform the
receiver where the ball will be served. Short-range movement (side shuffle) will be used.
Instructor should emphasize proper body alignment to the players. Next, emphasize as
early an arrival to the passing position as possible.
c. Drill No. 3: Receptions from LF and LB. Helpful Hints: Side passing requires the player
to lower the inside shoulder and the player should play the ball ahead of his or her body.
Usually, if the player faces the sideline at about a 45-degree angle, the proper ball-body
relationship will be achieved.
d. Drill No. 4: Trash Can Run. Directions: The Instructor gives a signal to a player to start
movement (such as side shuffle, turn and run, back pedal, forward run).

 The Serve

The serve is an act of putting the ball in play by the right-back player. The server must
serve from within the serving area and must not touch the lines bounding this area or the floor
inside this area at the instant he contacts the ball on the serve. The server puts the ball in play
by hitting it with his hand, fist, or arm. The ball must be hit over the net and into the opponent’s
playing area; it must not touch the net. Prior to a serve, the receiving team is allowed a
reasonable amount of time in which to return to their playing positions.

Effective serves are very important in volleyball. A team with effective server has an
advantage in retaining the serve and thus keeping its offensive, or point-making, system in play.
An effective server can often force the opponents to play the ball the way he wishes. His serves
can be played to the weaker receivers.

Types of Serve
a. Underhand and Overhand Serve: refers to whether the player strikes the ball from
below, at waist level, or firs tosses the ball in the air and then hits it above shoulder level.
Underhand serve is considered very easy to receive and is rarely employed in high-level
competitions.
b. Sky Ball Serve: a specific type of underhand serve occasionally used in beach

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volleyball, where the ball is hit so high it comes down almost in a straight line. This serve was
invented and employed almost exclusively by the Brazilian team in the early 1980s and is now
considered outdated.
c. Topspin: an overhand serve where the ball gains topspin through wrist snapping. This
spin causes the ball to drop fast.
d. Floater: an overhand serve where the ball is hit with no spin so that its path becomes
unpredictable. This type of serve can be administered while jumping or standing.
e. Jump Serve: an overhand serve where the ball is first tossed high in the air, then the
player makes a timed approach and jumps to make contact with the ball. There is usually much
topspin imparted on the ball. This is the most popular serve amongst college and professional
teams.
f. Jump Float: This is a serve like a jump serve and the floater. The ball is tossed lower
than a topspin jump serve, but contact is still made while in the air. This serve is becoming more
popular amongst college and professional players because it has certain unpredictability in its
flight pattern.
g. Round House Serve: the player stands with one shoulder facing the net, tosses the ball
high and hits it with a fast circular movement of the arm. The ball is hit with the palm of the
hand, creating a lot of topspin.

Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Suggested Drills:
a. Drill No. 1: Elevating Drill. In this drill the individual practices correctly tossing
the ball to the desired position preparatory to serving the ball.
b. Drill No. 2: Wall-serving Drill. Standing ten to twenty feet away from a wall, the
player practices serving the ball against the wall.
c. Drill No. 3: Class-serving Drill. The servers on one side of the net serve to the
players on the opposite side. The first few serves can be practices from behind the line
located ten feet behind the centre line.

Points to Remember in Serving

a. The advantages of scoring are with the serving team. All serves should be certain
that the serves are within the opponents’ playing area, are deep, and are to the far corners of

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the playing area.

b. The ball should be served to the opponents’ weakest back lineman.

 The Set

The set is usually the second contact that a team makes with the ball. The main goal of
setting is to put the ball in the air in such a way that it can be driven by an attack into the
opponents’ court. The setter coordinates the offensive movements of team, and is the player
who ultimately decides which player will actually attack the ball.

Types of Set
a. Behind-the-head Setup (Back set). When the setup player is located in the front-center
playing area, he can use the behind-the-head setup to setup to the spiker behind him. He
should position himself when receiving a pass so that the ball is dropping directly towards his
face (or chest).
b. Low, Quick Setups. For advanced play, a low setup that travels only one or two feet above
the height or level at which it is spiked is sometimes utilized. This permits a quick spike to be
made before the defensive team players can position themselves properly.
c. Back- Court Set. Any ball set from behind the 3-meter line is designated a back-court set. The
full extension release will be necessary because the ball will be set higher and the distance of
the set will be greater. This set is one that all players should be able to perform with accuracy.
d. The Play Set. It is important to use the quick release on all play sets to establish consistency.
The setter must be able to set consistent ball to each offensive position. Many techniques are
employed to designate the type of set. The setter may call out a number to each hitter or may
give one-hand signal which tells all hitters what set they will hit.
e. The Forearms Set. When it is impossible for the setter to get hands on the ball, the setter
must use the forearm set. The body must still be in the full squat position. When the ball is
contacted, the arms will follow through and the player will return to an upright position.
f. The Jump Set. The jump set should be added for any advanced offense. It increases the
setter’s options, thereby increasing the hitter’s options. The position of the hands and body is
important in effectiveness of this set. The body position is the same as with regular set and the
hand position remains the same as in all other sets.

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Fig. 11

Suggested Drills:

a. Drill No. 1: Toss and Setup Drills. Standing near the net, instructor (or another player)
tosses the ball to the setup man who attempts a high vertical setup pass back to the
instructor. After setting up the ball for the instructor, each player returns to the rear of the
line and repeats the setup, in turn, several times.
b. Drill No. 2: Single-file Setup Drill. Player A sets up the ball high over his head; then
player B positions himself under the ball and sets it up again, high overhead, for player
C. After setting up the ball, each player returns to the rear of the line and repeats the
setup, in turn, several times.
c. Drill No. 3: Accuracy-scoring Setup Drill. Each player, after receiving a pass form the
instructor, sets up five separately passed balls to the target area in front of him. He is
awarded points according to the placement of the ball in the target area.

 The Spike

A spike in volleyball is the act of hitting a set ball from above the level of the net into the
opponent’s court. It consists of an approach, jump, arm swing, follow-through and landing.
Spiking is probably the most difficult individual skill to maste4r in volleyball because it requires a
great deal of body control and coordination while the spikers’ body is airborne.

Types of Spike

a. Backcourt (or back row) attack: An attack performed by a back row player. The
player must jump from behind 3-meter line before making contact with the ball, but
may land in front of the 3-meter line.
b. Line and Cross-court shot: refers to whether the ball flies in a straight trajectory
parallel to the sidelines, or crosses through the court in an angle. A cross-court shot
with a very pronounced angle, resulting in the ball landing near the 3-meter line, is
called a cut shot.
c. Dip/Dink/Tip/Cheat: the player does not try to make a hit, but touches the ball lightly,
so that it lands on an area of the opponent’s court that is not being covered by the
defense.
d. Tool/Wipe/Block-abuse: the player does not try to make a hard spike, but hits the ball
so that it touches the opponent’s block and then bounces off-court (see fig.32).
e. Off-speed hit: the player does not hit the ball hard, reducing its acceleration and thus
confusing the opponent’s defense.
f. Quick hit/”One”: an attack (usually by the middle blocker) where the approach and
jump begin before the setter contacts the ball. The set (called a “quick set”) is placed
only slightly above the net and the hitter strikes the ball almost immediately after
leaving the setter’s hands. Quick attacks are often effective because they isolate the
middle blocker to be the only blocker on the hit.
g. Slide: a variation of the quick hit that uses a low back set. The middle hitter steps
around the setter and hits from behind him or her.

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h. Double quick hit/”Stack”/”Tandem”: a variation of quick hit where two hitters, one in
front and one behind the setter or both in front of the setter, jump to perform a quick
hit at the same time. It can be used to deceive opposite blockers and free a fourth
hitter attacking from backcourt, maybe without block at all.

Fig.12

Suggested Drills:

a. Drill No.1: Wall-spiking Drill. Standing ten feet away from the wall, each player so
spikes the ball that it strikes the floor three to five feet in front of the wall and
rebounds ten to fifteen feet upward. As the ball bounces off the floor, the player
again spikes the ball in a similar fashion

WALL

Fig.11

b. Drill No.2: Vertical Jump Drill. The player practices imaginary spiking, starting his
approach ten feet behind the net, executing the two-legged take-off, and spiking
an imaginary ball when he has attained his maximum height.

NET

Fig.12

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c. Drill No.3: Toss-and spike Drill. The instructor (or another player) tosses the ball
two feet above a six-foot high net. The player takes one or two steps, jumps, and
spikes the ball. As the player gains confidence and ability in spiking, the net is
elevated a few inches at a time.

NET

Fig.13

Points to Remember

a. Using an open hand is more effective than using the closed fist for the spike.
b. The Approach for the spike should ordinarily be made squarely toward the net, and the
double-legged take-off should be executed with sufficient control and vertical lift to keep
the spiker from jumping into the net, step[ping over the center line, passing any part of
his body over the net, or touching the net with his hand.
c. The ball must be contacted from an overhead position and in front of the right shoulder
in order to place the proper downward angle on it. If the ball is contacted when it is
directly above the body, the ball cannot be hit at a downward angle with any force,
considerable wrist action is required, and to attempt to do so may result in an illegal
spike called a carry.
d. A ball that is hit with great speed and at an angle that is sufficiently downward so that it
hits in the front half of the opponent’s court is referred to as a spike. A ball that is hit with
sufficient speed but at such an angle that it hits in the back half of the opponent’s court
is referred to as either a volley or a spike.
e. After spiking the ball, the spiker should land on both feet, facing the net squarely and in
a crouched position, with his elbow close to his body and his hands in position to
recover the ball with a bounce pass if the spike is blocked.
f. Although tall players have an advantage in spiking, regardless of a player’s height, if he
is able to jump high enough to extend his wrist and hand above the net, he can learn to
spike the ball effectively.

 The Block

Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to stop or alter an opponent’s
attack.

A more effective way to meet a spiking attack than the dig is the use of the two- or three-
man block. The block is a defensive play close to the net. It involves a coordinated,

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simultaneous jump by all the blocking players in which they jump just after the spiker leaves the
floor.

Types of Block

a. One-man Block. One player is blocking, positioning himself on either side of the spiker
in order to cover a maximum area (see fig.41).
b. Two-man Block. When two players are blocking, they position themselves on either
side of the spiker in order to cover a maximum area. Both blockers jump at the same
time; just after the spiker leaves the floor (see fig.42).
c. Three-man Block. When three players are blocking, the center man is try9ing to
position his hands parallel to the net, in line with the probable direction of the spike
(see fig.43).

Fig.13

Suggested Drills:

a. Drill No.1: Two-man Blocking drill. The players stand in their normal court positions
until the spiker’s location is designated by the instructor. The blockers approach the
designated point of attack and form a two-man block, using the center-front-court
player and the front-side-court player nearest the spiker. The instructor can
designate any location along the net, and the proper players move to the location to
meet the spiked ball. The players not involved move to form a semicircle around and
behind the block.
b. Drill No.2: Three-man Blocking Drill. The player stands in their normal court positions
until the spiker’s location is designated by the instructor. The blockers (the three-
front-line players) approach the designated point of attack and form a three-man
block. The instructor can designate any location along the net and the proper players
move to the location to meet the spiked ball. The two-man and the three-man
blocking drills can be used against an actual spiker after the players have gained
confidence and skill in forming the blocking formation.

Points to Remember
Good blocking techniques include:
a. The ability of the blockers to move as a unit to all points along the net in time to obtain
proper position.

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b. The ability to study a spiker and the setup and anticipate whether the spiker will cut, hit
straight-away, or hit down the line.
c. The ability to recover court position and play all balls that fall off the block.
d. Teamwork on the part of the non-blockers in covering the court. This gives the blockers
confidence and enables them to concentrate on blocking the ball.

 The Dig

Digging is the ability to prevent the ball from touching one’s court after a spike, particularly a ball
that is nearly touching the ground. In many aspects, this skill is similarly to passing, or bumping:
overhand dig and bump are also used to distinguish between defensive actions taken with
fingertips or joined arms.

Types of Dig

a. One-arm Bounce Pass. The one-arm bounce pass, usually referred to as a dig pass, and
involves the same principles as the two-arm bounce pass. The solid surface of either
hand, preferably the heel, wrist, or forearm, is placed in the path of the ball.
The one-arm bounce pass can be executed with a closed fist, in which case the
ball is hit on the combined surface of the heel of the hand and the clenched fingers.
b. Two-arm Bump or Bounce Pass. When the ball is driven directly toward the receiver and
at such an angle or height that it is impossible to lower the body and use the chess pass,
the two-arm bump or bounce pass should be use.
c. Japanese Rolls (Save). This is to do diving in front, back and side positions in order to
save the ball using one-arm dig or two-arm dig. These rolls and saves should be
practiced many times on mats before attempting them on hard floor.

Fig.14

Points to Remember
a. All serves and ball directed below the chest, or to either side of or deep behind the
receiver, should be played with below-chest recovery passes.
b. The hands must be clenched in such manner that the palm of the hand does not
contact the ball.
The forearms must be held at an angle that will cause the ball to rebound in a nearly

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vertical direction.
d. The heel of the hand should be placed directly behind the center of the ball in order to
send it high in an arc toward the intended receiver.

Lesson 8: BASIC RULES

1. Players
 Consists of 6 players, each of whom responsible for covering the playing floor in
his area of the court.
 The 6 players are designated left forward, center forward, right forward, right
back, center back, and left back.
 Players cover the front half of the court and the other 3 players cover the back
area.

2. Playing Position on Court

 Prior to the serve, each player must be in his relative court position.
 After the ball is served, the players can switch to any position on their side of the
court.
 The only restriction after a switch is that a back lineman cannot spike the ball
inside the line 10 feet behind the center line.
 A player can leave the playing are to retrieve a ball provided he does not step
over the center line or an extension of the center line when he plays the ball.
 Substitutions can be made any time that the ball is dead.
 During the third game of a match, the teams automatically change playing areas
either (1) after one team has scored 8 points, or (2) as soon after 4 minutes of
ball-in-play time has elapsed and the ball becomes dead.

3. Scoring Points
 Any team can score points (serving or receiving team).
 In the case of tie score, a team who first gained 2-points advantage wins the
game.
 The team first winning two games out of three wins the match (regular match).
 The team first winning three games out of five wins the match (championship
match).
 The winning team is the one first scoring 25 points in a set.

4. Serving Rules
 Server must serve from within the serving area and must not touch the lines
bounding this area or the floor outside this area at the instant the ball is
contacted when hit for the serve.

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 All players, other than the server, must be within their playing area and in serving
order.
 After the ball is contacted, when hit for the serve, the players can move from their
respective positions.
 If the serving team makes the error, it loses the serve.
 An error by the receiving team gives one point to the servers.
5. Fouls and Penalties
 If a foul is committed by the serving team, they lose the serve; is a foul is
committed by the receiving team, the serving team scores a point.
 Foul is committed when any of the following occurs:
a. The server steps on or over the back line while serving.
b. A player crosses over the center line located under the net.
c. A player plays the ball twice in succession.
d. The ball is hit four or more times (the ball must be returned over the net in a
maximum of three hits).
e. A player reaches under the net and interferes with the ball while his opponents
are playing it.
f. A player playing a back position spikes a ball and alights in front of the ten-foot
line. (However, a back-court player can spike the ball in front of the ten-foot line if
the ball is below net level.)
g. Causing the ball to touch the ground outside the opponent’s court or without
first passing over the net.
h. Catching and throwing the ball.
i. Net foul: When a player touches the upper part (colored white) of the net.

Lesson 9: TOURNAMENT OFFICIALS

1. Composition – The refereeing corps for a match is composed of the following officials:
 the first referee
 the second referee
 the scorer
 four (two) line judges

2. Procedures
 Only the first and second referees may blow a whistle during the match:
 The first referee gives the signal for the service that begins the rally;
 The first and second referees signal the end of the rally, provided that they are
sure that a fault has been committed and they have identified its nature.
 They may blow the whistle when the ball is out of play to indicate that they
authorize or reject a team request.
 Immediately after the referee’s whistle to signal the completion of the rally, they
have to indicate with the official hand signals:

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 If the fault is whistled by the first referee, he/she will indicate in order:
a. the team to serve,
b. the nature of the fault,
c. the player(s) at fault (if necessary).
d. The second referee will follow the first referee’s hand signals by repeating
them.
 If the fault is whistled by the second referee, he/she will indicate:
a. the nature of the fault
b. the player at fault (if necessary).
c. The team to serve following the hand signal of the first referee.

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TERMINOLOGIES

Ace –a serve that hits the ground before the receiving team has had a chance to hit it back.
Attacking block – a block which attempts to hit the ball straight into the opponent’s court.
Back Court – the area of court between the attack line and the base line.
Back court spike – a spike or smash by a back court player.
Block – blocking is the action close to the net which intercepts the ball coming from the
opponent’s side by making contact with the ball before it crosses the net, as it crosses the net or
immediately after it crosses the net. An attempt to block does not constitute a block unless the
ball is contacted during the effort.
Bump (Pass) – a skill of volleyball using the forearms, hands together, to direct the ball.
Bump (Set) – a forearm pass used as a set.
Carry/lifting/held ball – a fault called if ball comes to rest in the course of contact by one
player.
Court – the playing surface divided into two equal areas by a net. In its official form, volleyball is
played on a rectangular court 18 meters (59 feet 0.75 inches) long and 9 meters (29 feet 6.475
inches) wide.
Coverage – most often refers to backing up a partner’s hit when the block is up the ball comes
back.
Crossing or Penetration the Centerline – contacting the opponent’s area with any part of the
body except feet is a fault. Touching the opponent’s area with foot or the feet is not a fault
providing that some part of the encroaching foot or feet remains on or above the centerline and
does not interfere with the play of an opponent.
Dig – playing the ball from below the waist height with one or both hands.
Double Fault – a double fault occurs when players from opposing teams commit faults
simultaneously. In such cases, the referee will direct a play.
Double Hit – any player contacting the ball more than once, with whatever part of the body,
without any other player having touched it between these contacts, will be considered as having
committed a double hit. Such contacts are fault.
Floater – a serve that “floats” through the air because it has no spin.
Foot fault- stepping on the court or out of bounds before serving the ball.
Free Ball – a ball the opponent cannot attack and must yield by passing over the net.
Kill – when the team spikes the ball and it ends in either a point or side out.
Net ball – a ball which touches the net (except on the service) is a net ball. It is allowed to go
into the opponent’s side of court.
Net fault– contact with the net is only fault when the ball is being played into the attack zone.
Net serve – if a service touches the net, antennae or imaginary extension of the antennae, it is
a net service, and the serve goes to the other team.
Red card – a more severe sanction given by the first referee.
Screening - an attempt by a player to conceal the start of a teammate’s serves by obstructing
an opponent’s line of sight. Screening is illegal.
Seams – the space between the blockers and between backcourt defenders.
Switch – after the serve, player more around on court to the favored positions.
Yellow card – warning given by the first referee.

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