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EI2311 BI 2marks
EI2311 BI 2marks
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The basic living unit of the body is cell. The function of organs and other structure
of the body is understood by cell organization.
3. What are resting and action potential & bio electric potential?
Equilibrium is reached with a potential difference across the membrane such that
negative on inside and positive on outside. This membrane potential caused by the different
concentration of irons is called Resting Potential.
Cell has a slightly positive potential on the inside due to imbalance of potassium
ions. This positive potential of the cell membrane during excitation is called Action
Potential and is about 20 mV.
The electrode paste decreases the impedence of the contact the artifacts resulting
from the movement of the electrode or patient.
11.What is a Defibrillator?
It may need balanced differential inputs giving a high common mode rejection ratio
(CMRR).It should have an extremely good thermal and long term stability.
Transducers are defined as a device which when actuated, transforms energy from
one form to another. Generally, any physical parameters is
converted into electrical form.
Electrical and
Mechanical
Linearity
Repeatability
Resolution and
Reliability
17.Define sensitivity
Sensitivity is defines as the electrical output per unit change in the physical
parameter. High sensitivity is generally desirable for a transducer.
Active
Passive
Sensing element
Transduction element
Operating range
Sensitivity
Frequency response & resonant frequency
Environmental compatibility
Minimum sensitivity
Accuracy
Usage and ruggedness
Electrical parameters
POT is a resistive potentiometer used for the purpose of voltage division. It consists
for a resistive element provided with a sliding contact called as wiper.
28.What is a digitizer?
Devices that convert ionic potentials into electronic potentials are called electrodes.
There are three types of electrodes, They are Micro electrode Depth and needle electrode
Surface and needle electrode
The basic Units of the nervous system is the neuron. A bundle of individual nerve
fibers is called a nerve .A neuron is a single cell with a cell body, called soma, one or more
inputs fibers called dendrites and a long transmitting fiber called axon. Both axons and
dendrites are called nerve fibers.
The neve fibers outside the central nervous system called peripheral nerves. It
consists of motor and sensory nerves.
It is a type of transport system. It helps in supplying the oxygen and digested food
to different parts of our body and removing CO2 from the blood. The heart is the center of
the circulatory system.
Heart is a pumping organ which eats regularly and continuously for years. It beats
seventy times a minute at rest. Contraction is systole and relaxation is diastole.
We can define from the engineering point of view, the circulation is a high
resistance circuit with a large pressure gradient between the arteries and veins The
exchange of any gases in any biological process is termed as respiration
It is a device which detects or senses the bio signal and converts it in to an electrical
signal for bio signal processing
They can be classified into different types based on the energy conversion,
application and so on. They are two types
Active transducer: A transducer that gives its output without the use of an
excitation voltage or modulation of a carrier signal is called an active transducer
Passive transducer: A transducer that gives its output using an excitation voltage
or modulation of a carrier signal is called a passive transducer. Generally the
active transducer converts a non- electrical energy into electrical energy and
converts an electrical into non –electrical energy.
16 mark questions
UNIT – I
PHYSIOLOGY AND TRANSDUCERS
5. Draw diagrams illustrating the process of respiration and circulation. States the purpose
served by these two systems and explain the processes involved in the operation of these
two system. (16)
6. What are the requirements of a good physiological transducer and explain the operation
of any two types of physiological transducers with relevant sketches? (16)
7. Draw the structure of a living cell of a body and explain its constituents.(16)
UNIT – II
1. Explain the various types of amplifiers listed below, with a neat circuit diagram.
i) differential amplifier
ii) chopper amplifier
iii) isolation amplifier (16)
2. Draw equivalent circuit of a biopotential electrode interface. Discuss in detail about
various types of biopotential electrodes. (16)
3. Describe in detail about unipolar and bipolar limb lead system used for measuring ECG
signal. (16)
4. Explain about a typical single channel ECG recorder with proper justification for the
inclusion of each block of the system and give the normal ECG wave pattern. (16)
5. Explain the working principle of a ECG machine with a neat block diagram. (16)
6. State the basic elements of electro cardiograph and explain the working of each of these.
What are the different ways in which ECG helps in providing medical care to patients? (16)
7. Design a simple medical preamplifier circuit and explain its action. Also derive its
voltage gain. (16)
8. Write a short notes on
i) Micro electrodes
ii) Needle electrodes
iii) Surface electrodes (16)
9. With a neat block diagram, explain the working principle of EEG machine. (16)
10. With a neat diagram, explain the working principle of EMG. (16)
11. With a neat diagram, explain the working principle of ERG. (16)
12. Name three basic types of biopotential electrodes and explain their
applications. (16)
UNIT – III
NON-ELECTRICAL PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS
UNIT – IV
1. Explain the basic principle of operation of an ultrasonic diathermy unit. List out its
applications. (16)
2. Explain the working of a DC defibrillator with a neat block diagram. (16)
3. What is dialysis? Explain the principle of operation of a dialyser machine with a neat
block diagram. (16)
4. Explain the working of Heart – Lung machine. (16)
5. Write short notes on:
i) Short wave diathermy
ii) Microwave diathermy. (16)
6. Explain the working principle of surgical diathermy unit with a neat block diagram. (16)
7. Discuss different types of defibrillators with a neat sketch. (16)
8. Describe with diagram of peritoneal dialysis. Also discuss with block diagram of
electrosurgical diathermy unit. (16)
9. Explain the process of dialysis with diagrams. How does this technique play a useful role
in medical field? Give a few examples and state the limitations of this technique. (16)
10. i) Explain in detail about the instrumentation aspects of defibrillators. (8)
ii) Draw the typical waveforms of DC defibrillator discharge waveform dual
– peak monophasic defibrillator discharge waveform truncated defibrillator discharge
waveform. (8)
11. i) What are ‘Internal Pace Maker’, ‘External Pace Maker’, ‘Competitive and ‘Non
Competitive‘ Pacing modes, Demand mode, Standby mode. (8)
ii) Draw the block diagram of a typical Internal pacemaker. (8)
12. What is a Synchronised defibrillator? Draw a block diagram of it and explain its
working. (16)
13. Draw a circuit diagram of a Peripheral nerve stimulator and explain it and also discuss
the different types of stimulator waveforms. (16)
14. i) Explain the principle of working of Ventilators. (8)
ii) Explain about audiometers in bio-medical instrumentation. (8)