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MEE 3006 Automobile Engineering: Dr. Ponnusamy P
MEE 3006 Automobile Engineering: Dr. Ponnusamy P
AUTOMOBILE
ENGINEERING
Dr. Ponnusamy P
VIT, Vellore
MODULE – I
INTRODUCTION TO VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND ENGINE
COMPONENTS
Engine Frames
Differential
Suspension
Wheel and Tyre
Frames Steering's
Driveline Suspension
Brake Axles 4
Wheels/ Tyres
Major Vehicle Systems
CHASSIS AND FRAMES
FRA ME
2. Integral frame
3. Semi-integral frame
CONVENTIONALFRAME
INTEGRAL (OR) UNITIZED FRAME
SEMI-INTEGRAL
FRAME
TYPES OF FRAMES
1. Ladder Frame
2. Backbone Frame
3. X-frame
4. Perimeter Frame
5. Platform Frame
6. Sub Frame
LADDER FRAME
The ladder frame is the simplest and oldest of all designs.
Originally seen on almost all vehicles, the ladder frame was gradually
phased out on cars around the 1940s and is now seen mainly on trucks.
This design offers good beam resistance because of its continuous rails
from front to rear, but poor resistance to torsion.
BACKBONE FRAME
Backbone frame is a type of an automobile construction frame that is
similar to the body-on-frame design.
In which the rails from alongside the engine seemed to cross in the passenger
compartment, each continuing to the opposite end of the cross member at the
extreme rear of the vehicle.
It was specifically chosen to decrease the overall height of the vehicles, and
to increase in the space for transmission.
The X-frame was claimed to improve on previous designs, but it lacked side
rails and thus did not provide adequate side-impact and collision protection.
This was done to allow for a lower floor pan, and therefore lower overall
vehicle in passenger cars.
In addition to the perimeter frame allows lower seating positions when that
is desirable, and offers better safety in the event of a side impact.
However, the design lacks stiffness, because the transition areas from front to
center and center to rear reduce beam and torsional resistance.
PLATFORM FRAME
This is a modification of the perimeter frame in which the passenger
compartment floor and often the luggage compartment floor were
permanently attached to the frame, for extra strength.
Neither floor pieces were sheet metal straight off the roll, but had been
stamped with ridges and hollows for extra strength.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, MITS
Puthencruz
SUB FRAME
A subframe is a structural component of a vehicle.
As a natural development from a car with a full chassis, separate front and
rear subframes are used in modern vehicles to reduce the overall weight
and cost.
VARIOUS LOADS ACTING ON THE FRAME
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FRONT, REAR AND FOUR WHEEL DRIVES
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FRONT-WHEEL DRIVE (FWD)
• Front-wheel drive (FWD) is the most common form of
engine/transmission layout used in modern automobiles where the
engine drives the front wheels only.
• The most popular layout used in cars today is Front-engine
transversely mounted/ Front-wheel drive.
• The vast majority of rear-wheel-drive vehicles use a longitudinally-
mounted
engine in the front of the vehicle.
THE SYSTEM
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REAR-WHEEL DRIVE (RWD)
• The front mid-engine, rear mid-engine and rear engine layouts are also
used.
THE SYSTEM
ALL-WHEEL DRIVE (AWD)
• All wheel drive (AWD) is adrivetrain configuration engineered to
direct power to all four wheels of acarsimultaneously.
• All wheel drive (AWD) train system includes adifferential between the front and
rear drive shafts.
THE SYSTEM
RWD V/S FWD V/S AWD
RWD V/S FWD V/S AWD
Traction force
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Air resistance/ Aerodynamic drag:
When a body travels within a dense medium, the molecules of the
medium collide with the moving object and thereby absorb some of the
energy. This is felt as a resistance to the moving object. If the medium is
denser, then the resistance is more
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ROLLING RESISTANCE
• When a vehicle rolls, it rolls with its tires in contact with the road surface
• Further, neither the road, nor the tire are perfectly rigid. Hence, both
flex under the load slightly.
θ
• If the vehicle is trading uphill at a slope of θ, then
the weight of the vehicle, W has two components:
one perpendicular to the road surface (with a
value W·Cos θ) and the other along the road
surface (with a value W·Sin θ).
• The component along the road surface is the one
that tries to restrict the motion
The gradient resistance is given by: FG = W·Sin θ
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