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The local scour around bridge piers-A review of remedial techniques

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The local scour around bridge piers—a review of

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ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
https://doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2020.1752830

The local scour around bridge piers—a review of remedial techniques

Ningombam Bishwajit Singha, Thiyam Tamphasana Devia and Bimlesh Kumar b

a
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Imphal, India; bDepartment of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

The paper briefly describes the mechanics of local scour process around bridge pier and gives an in- Received 10 September 2019
depth review of the various techniques employed for local scour control and protection. The most Accepted 18 March 2020
common armoring device is placing of riprap stones around the pier. Despite the effectiveness of KEYWORDS
riprap armoring countermeasure, it faces some limitations such as cost ineffectiveness and suscep- Local scour; armoring
tible to channel bed degradation. The performance of various flow-altering devices is studied. The devices; flow-altering
combination of slot and collar plate can be a suitable solution to prevent the local scour if well devices; riprap; collar plate;
designed and constructed properly. The combination of permeable sheet piles with riprap can even sacrificial piles
reduce the scour depth effectively up to 91% in live bed scour conditions. The combination of vanes
and collar plate around oblong bridge pier results into less extent of scour and produces a higher
degree performance potential of 86.36% as compared with unprotected oblong pier. Although the
composite device has higher scour reduction potential than individual device, there is no guarantee
that there will be complete elimination of local scour. Therefore, more research is needed to analyze
the stability of this device on the prototype and field application and enhance their efficacy
furthermore.

1. Introduction 1993; Bhalerao et al. 2010) on river bed around bridge piers.
Other bed armoring devices include articulating concrete
Scouring around bridge piers and abutments is an important
block (Escarameia 1998; Parker et al. 1998), gabions (Simons
challenging issue in hydraulic engineering. Besides overload-
et al. 1984; Parker et al. 1998, Yoon and Kim 1999), concrete
ing, collision, and lack of maintenance, localized scouring is
armor units, etc. around the piers. On the other hand, flow-
one of the primary causes of bridge failures. The bridge failures
altering countermeasures help to reduce the strength of down-
result in restoration and replacement of bridges. The tremen-
flow and the horseshoe vortex which are the primary cause of
dous loss including human toll and huge monetary cost high-
local scour. Based on the attachment of the devices and its
light the need of better scour protection methods. It has been
shape, flow-altering devices are generally grouped under two
estimated that since 1950 over 500 bridges in USA have failed
categories: pier attachment and its modification, and bed
and that the majority of failures results from scour- and
attachment. Of various types of pier attachment and its mod-
hydraulic-related issues (Huber 1991). Scouring at bridge
ification, slot in a pier (Chiew 1992; Setia 1997; Kumar et al.
pier may be defined as a local lowering in the bed elevation
1999; Grimaldi et al. 2009), collar plate attached to a pier
around the pier (Chiew 1992). This lowering is caused by
(Dargahi 1990; Chiew 1992; Vittal et al. 1994; Setia 1997;
changes in local flow pattern around the pier and is associated
Parker et al. 1998; Kumar et al. 1999; Kim et al. 2005; Garg
with three-dimensional boundary layer separation and com-
2012; Setia 2016), threaded pier (Dey et al. 2006), splitter plate
plex vortex system. Due to localized scouring, scour hole is
(Dey et al. 2006; Khaple et al. 2017), internal connecting tubes
formed in the vicinity of bridge pier and exposes the founda-
(Razek et al. 2003; Ghorab; 2013), pier group (Vittal et al.
tion of the pier located underneath the river bed. In order to
1994), and caisson (Chabert and Engeldinger 1956; Shen et
make the bridge stable, the maximum scour depth needs to be
al. 1969; Jones et al. 1992) are relevant. The bed attachment
anticipated while designing. Taking the bridge pier sufficiently
flow-altering devices include arrangement of sacrificial piles
deep into the bed is quite expensive. Researchers have been
(Setia 1997; Melville and Hadfield 1999; Chiew and Lim 2002;
making attempts to safeguard the bridge against local scouring
Wang 2016), flow deflection by upstream vanes or vertical
at bridge piers and abutments. The mechanism of scour pro-
plates (Odgaard and Wang 1991; Lauchlan 1999), surface
tection devices works by increasing the ability of the bed shear
guide panel (Huang et al. 2005), sleeve and collared sleeve
stress to resist the flow, reducing the strength of downflow and
(Singh et al. 2001; Garg et al. 2008), and delta-wing-like passive
horseshoe vortex, arresting the sinking of the vortex on an
device (Gupta and Gangadharaiah 1992; Setia 1997). Extensive
impenetrable rigid surface, and restricting the vortex to grow
experimental work to investigate on the characteristics of
in size or modifying the horseshoe vortex to our advantage.
primary horseshoe vortex was also carried out by Setia
Engineering devices for countermeasure of scour at bridge pier
(1997). He related these characteristics to the resultant scour
are generally classified into two categories: bed armoring and
depth. He studied in an extensive manner for the scour reduc-
flow-altering countermeasures. Bed armoring countermea-
tion performance of four individual devices (piles, slot, collar
sures act as physical barrier withstanding the shear stress
plates, and delta-wing-like passive device) and their combina-
that occurs around bridge pier. The most common armoring
tions. The study concluded that using of single-collar plate has
device is placing of riprap stones (Breusers et al. 1977; Parola

CONTACT Bimlesh Kumar bimk@iitg.ernet.in

© 2020 Indian Society for Hydraulics
2 N.B. SINGH ET AL.

the highest efficiency (65–71% for different sand size) among
the other individual protective devices and for the combina-
tion of two devices; highest efficiency is achieved by combina-
tion of collar plate with slot (80–86%).
The objective of this paper is to provide review on various
local scour protection techniques around bridge piers.
Special emphasis is laid on the recently proposed method
while also discussing the former methods. The different
combinations of countermeasure techniques, including
their efficiency and limitations in field application are also
presented. Few countermeasure techniques having higher
efficiency and least practical difficulty in field application
will be suggested for further research.
2. Mechanics of local scouring around bridge pier
The presence of a bridge pier across a river obstructs the
flow. The approaching flow decelerates and forms a vertical
stagnation plane at the upstream face of the pier. Since the
flow velocity decreases from the free surface downward
zero at the bed, the associated stagnation pressure, ρv2 , which
2
base pier region. However, the strength of wake vortex
decreases rapidly as it gets distant from the pier often result-
ing into deposition of sediment downstream of the pier.
Detailed discussion of various field studies on localized
scouring was given by Melville (1975), Breusers et al.
(1977), Ettema (1980), Raudkivi (1986), Kothyari et al.
(1992), Melville and Coleman(2000), (Richardson and
Davis (2001), etc.
3. Bed armoring countermeasures
Using bed armoring countermeasure devices the streambed
resistance can be significantly enhanced. They serve as phy-
sical barrier withstanding the shear stresses imparted by
flowing water. Riprap is often the countermeasure of choice
for bed armoring. In some areas laying riprap stones may not
be feasible due to unavailability of durable stones. And in
cases where it is readily available, the range of the stone size
may not be suitable to provide necessary protection against
scour or may be quite expensive to use. Other alternatives to
to
riprap include articulating concrete block, concrete armor

units, gabions, etc.

is highest near the surface also decreases downward. In
response to this downward pressure gradient the flow is
driven downward. It is the downflow impinging on the bed
which induces the scour. The depression and downflow
merge to develop a scour hole at the upstream of the pier.
The approaching flow separates at the upstream of the pier
which then rolls to form a helical flow called horseshoe
vortex within the scour hole. This formation of horseshoe
vortex is a result of three-dimensional flow separation owing
to the presence of adverse pressure gradient at the upstream
front of pier. The downflow and horseshoe vortex dislodged
the bed sediments around the piers (Figure 1). With the
increase in scour depth, the strength of horseshoe vortex is
found to decrease, thereby reducing the transport rate also. A
stage is reached where the sediment transport ceases when
shear stress induced by horseshoe vortices equals the critical
shear stress of the sediment particles at the bottom of scour
hole, known as equilibrium state (Richardson and Davis
2001). The stagnation pressure also accelerates the flow by
the sides of the pier, resulting in separation of flow at the
sides of pier and creating wake vortices. The wake vortices
are able to lift and suspend the bed sediments away from the
Figure 1. Schematics of flow pattern and local scour around a pier (Graf and
Istiarto 2001).
3.1. Riprap
Protecting the river bed around bridge pier by providing
well-placed immovable stones (called riprap) is an age old
practice. The principle behind the use of riprap is that mate-
rials which are heavier than the riverbed sediment particles
should be able to resist the bed shear stress. The immovable
rock placed around the pier over the area susceptible to scour
should be of appropriate size and thickness because the
stability of riprap is entirely dependent on them. The size
of immovable riprap stones can be determined either from
critical velocity approach or critical shear stress approach.
The test of Hancu (1971) validated by Nicolett and Ramette
(1971) have shown that for a given sediment, scour begins to
appear at the foot of a circular pier at a flow velocity equal to
half of critical velocity, irrespective of the diameter of the
pier. Isbash (1935) gave the diameter of boulder as a function
of Uc.
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðQs  QÞD
Uc ¼ 0:85 2g (1)
Q
Where, Uc = Critical average flow velocity; 2 U
U = average velocity of flow, Qs = specific weight of
boulder, Q = specific weight of water.
Patel and Ranga Raju (1999) in their analysis of critical
shear stress have recommended the use of riprap material
size Dg as
12τ 0
Dg ¼ (2)
Δγτ cσ σ g
Where τ 0 = average shear stress on bed in unobstructed flow,
Δγs = difference of specific weight of sediment and fluid, τ*cσ
= dimensionless CTS of dσ sizes; τcσ/(Δγs. dσ) Kothyari
(1993) has recommended that thickness of riprap be
obtained from the equation
U2
T¼   (3)
2g QQs  1

Worman (1989) proposed the following equation for thick-
ness of riprap as
     
U d85 dss w Yl
¼6 ; if ¼f ; ;θ (4)
gT c D15 dsp b Y0
Procedures for riprap protection at bridge piers and abutments
are found in Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18 (HEC-18), a
technical report published by US Department of Transportation
in the year 2009 (Arneson et al., 2012). HEC-23 further provides
proper guidelines for the riprap design criteria, recommended
specifications, and maintenance majorly followed in the United
States (Lagasse et al., 2009). For India, Indian Road Congress
(IRC)-89: 1997 briefly provides the guidelines for using riprap
technique in river training works for road bridges (Indian Road
Congress, 1997). Details of various river bank protection mea-
sures, including riprap technique, for protection of bridge abut-
ment and road embankment are found in the code.
Placing of riprap stones on finer bed materials may result into
washing away of finer sediments. It is for this reason that proper
gradation of riprap layer is required. However, Chiew and
Melville (1989) mentioned that the effect of sediment gradation
is negligible when standard deviation (σg) is less than 2. Filter
underneath the riprap layer is usually required to prevent leach-
ing of base material. However, erroneous placement of filter
layer can cause failure of riprap. Worman (1989) suggested
that two or more layers of graded riprap can replace the use of
filter. The minimum horizontal dimension to be provided to
prevent local scour is two times the width of the pier and the
minimum thickness of riprap layer is three times the diameter of
the boulder. Furthermore, the top of riprap stones should be at a
lower elevation from the average bed level to prevent excessive
scour (Figure 2).
Chiew (1995) studied the causes of riprap layer under clear
water condition and found out three modes of failure: riprap
shear failure, winnowing failure, and edge failure. Lim and
Chiew (1996), Melville et al. (1997), Lim and Chiew (1997,
2001), Parker et al. (1998), Lauchlan (1999), Chiew and Lim
(2000), Lauchlan and Melville (2001), and Beg and Beg (2013)
studied on the causes of riprap failure at modeled bridge pier
under live bed condition as it is more likely to occur during
flood flows. Their results indicated that fluctuation of the bed
level caused by migrating bed forms (e.g. dunes) past the pier
is the controlling failure mechanism. The three failure modes
of riprap under clear water condition also exist in the case of
live bed forms and they may act independently or jointly to
destabilize the riprap layer.
Figure 2. Schematics of riprap placed underneath the general bed level
(Lagasse et al. 2007).
ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 3
3.2. Other bed armoring countermeasures
Among the bed armoring countermeasure alternatives to
riprap include articulating concrete block (ACB) system,
concrete armor units, gabions, etc. Articulating concrete
block consists of preformed units that are interlocked and
held together by steel rods or cables. They can also be bonded
to a geotextile or filter fabric to form a continuous blanket or
map. However, scanty information is available on the use of
ACB as countermeasure for bridge pier alone. Concrete
armor units also known as artificial riprap is another alter-
native. It comprises of precast concrete units that are placed
individually or in interconnected groups. Parker et al. (1998)
provide a review of studies conducted on the use of concrete
armor units and ACB system as pier scour countermeasures.
The advantage of armor units as compared to riprap is that
they have greater stability due to interlocking characteristics
of their complex shapes. Gabions systems are containers
constructed of wire mesh or other materials and filled with
loose stones. Either angular rocks or large cobbles can be
used to fill the containers of gabions. Maccaferri first devel-
oped the gabions in 1884. Like riprap, gabions are also
porous and hence not susceptible to uplift forces. Figure 3
shows some typical concrete armor units and gabions. Some
researchers like Simons et al. (1984), Parker et al. (1998), etc.
attempted to obtain quantitative design guidelines for gabion
mattresses. But information on the design and use of gabions
as pier scour countermeasure is still scarce.
4. Flow-altering countermeasures
Armoring devices may fail to protect the local scour around
bridge pier due to aforementioned riprap failure mechanisms
such as shear, winnowing, edge failure, and bed form under-
mining. The need for flow-altering devices arises as it
changes the flow field significantly, reducing the impinging
downflow which ultimately results into lesser strength horse-
shoe vortices. Further, flow-altering devices may be more
economical when riprap stones are not readily available in
sufficient quantity or is prohibitively expensive. The two
categories of flow-altering devices, i.e. pier attachment and
its modification, and bed attachment will be separately
studied.
4.1. Pier attachment and its modification
In this category of countermeasures, scouring is mitigated
either by allowing the approach flow to pass through the
openings within the pier or among smaller group of piers,
arresting the sinking of horseshoe vortex by providing a rigid
surface. Suitable devices can also be attached to the pier to
reduce the strength of downflow and horseshoe vortices for
scour mitigation. Some major devices included in this cate-
gory include slot through pier, collar plate, pier threading,
pier group, caisson, splitter plate, and internal connecting
tubes.
4.1.1. Slots
Local scour results from the flow driven down along the
upstream face of the pier and the forced vortex occurring
due to three-dimensional flow separation. In order to pre-
vent the scour hole formation, we should either reduce the
downflow impinging on the bed or divert the downflow away
4 N.B. SINGH ET AL.
Figure 3. (a) Concrete armor units and (b) gabions (NCHRP, 2007).
from the bed. This can be achieved by constructing a slot
either near the bed or near the water surface. The presence of
slot also provides a passage of water reducing the formation
of adverse pressure gradient leading to lesser strength of
horseshoe vortex. Figure 4 shows a bridge pier with slot
near placed near river bed sediment.
Chiew (1992), Setia (1997), Kumar et al. (1999), and others
have tested slots in cylindrical piers. Depending on the loca-
tion of slot, the flow pattern undergoes variation. When the
slot is placed near the bed, the approaching flow at the bottom
boundary layer accelerates when passed through the slot and
ejects as horizontal jet. Since the downflow at the pier is
perpendicular to the direction of horizontal jet, the latter
deflects the downflow away from impinging the bed, reducing
its scouring potential. When the slot is placed near the water
surface it effectively reduces the downflow and horseshoe
vortex resulting in prevention of scour hole formation.
If dss is the depth of scour at a pier with a slot and dsp is
that for a pier without a slot, one may write
 
dss w Yl
¼f ; ;θ
dsp b Y0
Figure 4. Bridge pier with parallel slot near sediment bed (Chiew 1992).
in which θ is angle of approach, b is diameter of pier, w is
width of slot, Yl is length of slot, and Y0 is uniform depth.
By providing the optimum dimension and suitable loca-
tion of slot in the pier in the direction of flow, the scour ratio
was 0.85:0.70 and reduction in the width of scour hole from
0% to 25% is observed. It can also be seen that reduction in
scour depth due to extended slot is counterbalanced by the
angle of attack. Therefore, the construction of slot through a
pier in which the direction of the approach flow is not
aligned with the direction of slot has a questionable efficacy
(Kumar et al. 1999).
Setia (1997) also investigated on four types of different
slots namely parallel slot (0°–180°), Y-slot (0° to ±120°), T-
slot (0° to ±90°), and sigma-slot (0° to ±45°). He observed
that the parallel slot and Y-slot are able to reduce the scour
depth significantly by about 50% and 40%, respectively.
However, sigma-slot and T-slot did not show any consider-
able improvement in scour depth reduction.
From a practical perspective, a slot may endanger the
stability of the bridge and pose problems if debris partially
blocks the slot opening thereby reducing its efficiency
(5)
(Melville and Coleman 2000; Beg and Beg 2013).
4.1.2. Collar plate
Collar plate placed around pier can effectively shield the
sediment particles from erosion by the direct impact of
downflow. The device also prevents the interaction of the
scouring horseshoe vortex with the sediment bed by provid-
ing a nonerodible surface between the two (Setia 1997). It
arrests the sinking horseshoe vortex into the sediment bed
but cannot inhibit the formation or growth of horseshoe
vortex. As circular collar plate is axis-symmetric, it is not
affected by changes in the angle of attack of the flowing
water. The efficacy of collar plate is a function of size of
collar plate and its relative location from the river bed.
Figure 5 depicts the flow features around piers fitted with
collar plate.
Various researchers have performed experiments with
circular collar plate of varying diameter around pier. The
efficiency of collar plate increases with the increase in collar
plate width (wc) and its distance from the free water-level
surface (Tanaka and Yano 1967; Chiew 1992; Setia 1997;
 ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 5

it is evident that collar plates of larger diameter located at or

nearer the bed are more effective in reducing the scour.
Dargahi (1990) showed that the use of different collar plate
shapes has no significant effect on local scouring around the
cylindrical pier. Despite being an effective device the use of a
single-collar plate is subjected to certain limitations:

(i) Efficiency of collar plate is impaired when the migrat-

ing bed forms (e.g. dunes) of the live bed condition
expose the pier beneath the collar plate.
(ii) In addition to the difficulty in installation of large size
plate, possibility of generation of pulsating forces also
arises (Garde and Kothyari 1998).

Present day technology is not equipped with the use of

adjustable collar plate that slides and maintains its position
at the bed level. The limitations of single-collar plate are
addressed by series of vertically arranged collar plates
known as multiple-collar plates (Figure 6). The use of multi-
ple-collar plates takes care with the eventuality of lowering of
general bed level which is uncontrollable. The efficacy of the
Figure 5. Flow features around pier fitted with a collar plate (Chen et al. 2016). multiple-collar plates to reduce scour is a function of the
number of collar plates and its interplate spacing. Multiple-
collar plates consisting of three equi-sized plates (B = 1.5b) at
Zarrati et al. 2004; Moncada, 2009). As discussed by Chiew a spacing of b/4 or b/6 with the middle plate placed at the
(1992), Setia (1997), Moncada et al. (2009), and Gogus and average bed level has a potential scour reduction of over 80%
Dogan (2010), the most effective position of collar plate is (Garg 2012).
when it is placed at or below the bed level. For a collar plate
placed beneath the original bed level, the scour depth down-
stream of the collar plate and the extension of the scour hole 4.1.3. Pier threading
around the pier may increase (Zarrati et al. 2004). Ettema Threaded pile is one in which helical wires or cables are
(1980) and Setia (1997) stated that collar plate could provide wrapped spirally on the pile. The cable when wrapped
nonerodible bed surface but cannot inhibit the formation around the pile is capable of weakening the vortex shedding
and growth of vortices. Mashahir et al. (2004) and Alabi which is instrumental in inducing the scour. In general, three
(2006) also stated that a collar plate can delay the scour
process at the pier periphery and the scour hole development
process can be considerably slowed down. Setia (1997)
observed that a 2.0b collar plate placed at b/2 below the
average bed level does not allow the scour to take place
while the same result is observed for a 2.5b collar plate
positioned at b/8 below the bed level. Kumar et al. (1999)
concluded that 4.0b collar plate produced no scour at all in
the front and on the sides but produced deep scour in the
pier’s rear. Garg (2012) found that a single-collar plate hav-
ing a least diameter of 3b is able to completely eliminate
scour when placed at the bed level. However, Zarrati et al.
(2006) stated that collar plates wider than 3b are impractic-
able. Kumar et al. (1999) formulated the following equation
for scour depth at a pier provided with a collar plate.
   1:612  0:837
dsp  dsc B H
¼ 0:057 (6)
dsp b Y0

Where:
dsp = Depth of scour on pier without a collar plate;
dsc = Depth of scour on pier with a collar plate;
B = Diameter of collar plate;
b = diameter of a circular pier;
H = elevation difference between water surface and collar
plate surface;
Y0 = depth of water above bed elevation.
The above equation applies to local scour of uniform-
sized sediment in clear water flow. From the above equation, Figure 6. A pier with multiple-collar plates (Garg 2012).
6 N.B. SINGH ET AL.
types of threaded piles (single, double, and triple) are used as
shown in Figure 7.
For threaded pile having cable pile diameter ratio of 0.75,
an average scour reduction depth of 51.5% is reported (Dey
et al. 2006). From the experimental result, it was observed
that scour depth reduces with increase in cable diameter,
number of threads and decrease in thread angle. The max-
imum reduction of scour depth of 46.5% was observed when
a triple-threaded pile having cable pile diameter ratio of 0.1 is
wrapped at a thread angle of 15° (Dey et al. 2006). The use of
threaded piles is not recommended in marine condition as
biological growth covers up both the pier and cables, redu-
cing the efficiency. In the case of river, use of threaded pile
will not be a problem as biological growth will not takes place
because of the continuous stream flow. The threaded pile
method of scour prevention is easy to install and is inexpen-
sive as well.
4.1.4. Bridge pier group
The strength of the downflow and horseshoe vortex has
strong interaction with the size of the pier. Large size of
pier results into higher scour depth around the pier.
Dividing the large solid pier into smaller group of piers will
reduce the strength of the downflow and horseshoe vortex
leading to reduction in scour depth. Vittal et al. (1994) have
used a group of smaller piers of diameter 0.302b each by
replacing the solid cylinder pier of diameter, b. The smaller
piers are placed at an angular spacing of 120° (Figure 8). He
classified the pier group into two categories: full pier group
and partial pier group. A pier group starting from its foun-
dation and extending fully into the flow depth is termed as
‘full pier group’. The replacement of a large solid pier by a
pier group produces lesser buckling strength and chances of
Figure 7. Threaded pier (Dey et al. 2006).
Figure 8. Bridge pier group (Garde and Kothyari 1998).
choking the gap by floating debris during flood are high. To
overcome these limitations, the pier group is made to extend
from foundation up to lower portion of the flow depth and
the rest of the pier up to the bridge deck is made solid. Such a
pier group extending partially into half the flow depth only is
termed as ‘partial pier group’. Vittal et al. (1994) studied the
full pier group with different orientations and found that the
30° orientation with two piers of the group along the direc-
tion of flow results in minimum scour depth. It was observed
that the full pier group has a scour ratio of 0.4 and about 75%
of scour reduction due to full pier group is achievable by
providing partial pier group extending half the depth of flow.
They also revealed that a collar plate on a pier group is much
more effective than a solid pier.
4.1.5. Caisson
Attempts have been made by various investigators to reduce
the scour around bridge piers by some modifications of the
piers. Chabert and Engeldinger (1956), Shenand Schneider
(1970), and Jones et al. (1992) suggested the use of caisson
having diameter three times the diameter of the pier-and-top
elevation about half the diameter of the pier below the gen-
eral bed level. The use of caisson serves two functions. It acts
as a substructure of the foundation and even restrains the
scouring horseshoe vortex on the rigid surface at the inter-
face of the pier and the caisson.
Sen and Schneider (1970) experimented on a caisson
system surrounded by vertical lip (Figure 9). A pier with
footing with lip contains the horse shoe vortex inside the
enclosure allowing it to escape downstream. Thus, providing
a caisson gives scour ratio between the range 0.30 and 0.50.
However, the use of caisson has certain limitation. When the
bed level of the river undergoes degradation due to general
scour, the caisson is exposed. The situation is more detri-
mental than the unprotected pier alone as the depth of scour
varies directly with the diameter of structure obstructing
the flow.
4.1.6. Splitter plate
Dey et al. (2006) and Khaple et al. (2017) conducted experi-
ments on splitter plate as scour countermeasure (Figure 10).
The splitter plate attach to the upstream face of the pier
bifurcates and deflects the approaching flow thereby redu-
cing the strength of downflow and the horseshoe vortices.
The weaken downflow and horseshoe vortices results into
Figure 9. Pier with caisson foundation (Garde and Kothyari 1998).

Figure 10. Splitter plate attached to the upstream face of pier (a) plan view and
(b) elevated side view (Khaple et al. 2017).
reducing the equilibrium scour depth. Dey et al. (2006)
found that the average reduction of scour depth by splitter
plate was 61.6%. Khaple et al. (2017) experimented on dif-
ferent lengths and thicknesses of splitter plate. It was found
that the best configuration of full depth splitter plate occurs
at the length and thickness of 2b and b/5, respectively. Here b
represents the diameter of the pier. Using the most efficient
splitter plate can effectively reduce the maximum scour
depth by 42.4%. It was also observed that the scour depth
remains invariant to the splitter plate thickness. Splitter
plates are easy to installed as well as cost effective.
However, the use of splitter plate as a scour countermeasure
will be a problem if the approaching flow changes direction
with time.
Figure 11. Internal connecting tubes (Razek et al. 2003).
ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 7
4.1.7. Internal connecting tubes
Pier provided with internal connecting tubes has noticeable
effect on scour depth reduction. The idea of providing inter-
nal connecting tubes is based on the presence of pressure
difference around the surface of the pier. The pressure dif-
ference drives the flow to pass through the front opening
toward the side openings through the tubing system con-
necting the openings. This flow helps in reducing the stagna-
tion of the flow and vortex formation in front of the pier.
Razek et al. (2003) tested on different shapes of openings
arrangement with varying diameter (Figure 11). The perfor-
mance of this internal openings is dependent on several
factors such as inclination angle θ of connecting tubes with
opening, diameter of the tube d, distance between upstream
opening and side opening X0, and the flow Froude number F
= U/(gh)0.5, where U, g, and h are, respectively flow velocity,
acceleration due to gravity, and undisturbed approach depth.
The best configuration for maximum reduction occurs at θ =
90° and X0/d = 30.4%. It is also observed that the maximum
scour depth was found to vary inversely with the relative
diameter opening.
Ghorab (2013) also tested on different opening diameters
with variation in spacing between the openings of the tubes.
He found that the best configuration was observed when the
opening diameter is 20% of the pier diameter (b) and the
spacing between the openings was made equal to the pier
diameter (b). The arrangement showed maximum reduction
in scour depth by 45% and volume of scour material is
decreased up to 64%.
4.2. Bed attachment
Devices that are attached to the bed can shield the river bed
around the pier from scouring. These devices can divert the
speeding approach flow and modify the boundary layer
separation. Consequently, the strength of downflow and
horseshoe vortex will be reduced. Devices used in this
8 N.B. SINGH ET AL.
category include sacrificial piles, delta wing, surface guide
panels, sleeve and collar sleeve, multiple-collar plates, sub-
merged vanes, and triangular prismatic-shape pier.
4.2.1. Sacrificial piles
Sacrificial piles are nonfunctional piles placed upstream of
bridge pier which serve the purpose of protecting the bridge
pier from local scour. The sacrificial piles are able to deflect the
flow and create a low velocity wake region behind. The reduced
erosive energy reduces the generation of local scour around the
pier. Laboratory studies of sacrificial piles for pier scour protec-
tion have been reported in previous studies by Chabert and
Engeldinger (1956), Chang and Karim (1972), Wang (1994),
Melville and Hadfield (1999), Chiew and Lim (2002), and
Haque et al. (2007). The efficiency of this technique as scour
countermeasure is dependent on number of piles, geometric
configuration, the approach flow angle, and flow intensity V/Vc
(Melville and Hadfield 1999). Typical arrangement of sacrificial
piles in triangular manner is shown in Figure 12(a).
Increase in the number of sacrificial piles is advantageous for
both the skewed and aligned piers. When the number of piles is
increased, the wake region produced by sacrificial piles gets
enlarged and therefore mitigation of local scour gets improved.
For triangular arrangement of sacrificial piles, increasing the
wedge angle has both positive and negative effects. When the
flow direction is aligned with the arrangement of piles, a
decrease in the protective capacity of local scouring is observed.
However, for a broad range of skewed flow angle, the larger
wedge angle has a greater efficiency. The percentage of scour
mitigation using sacrificial piles varies with the location of the
piles. The observed scour reduction is about 50% and it occurs
in the downstream portion of the bridge pier. In general, the use
of sacrificial piles can effectively reduce the local scour around
bridge pier when the flow remains aligned with the pier and the
flow intensity is relatively small. For highly skewed flow (β >
20°), Melville and Hadfield (1999) do not recommend the use of
sacrificial piles. The reduced effectiveness is also observed in the
case of live bed forms due to passage of live bed forms (i.e.
dunes).
Haque et al. (2007) also proposed a transverse piles arrange-
ment such that the sediments scoured at the sacrificial piles
filled in the scour hole upstream to the pier (Figure 12(b)). The
optimum configuration occurred if three piles were placed at a
distance of 2bp from the pier, bp being the projected pier width
facing downstream of the piles.
Figure 12. Sacrificial piles in (a) triangular arrangement (Melville and Hadfield 1999) and (b) traverse arrangement (Haque et al., 2007).
4.2.2. Delta wing
Gupta and Gangadharaiah (1992) introduced the use of
delta-wing-like triangular plate placed inclined in front of
the pier for scour reduction. The delta wing can be attached
to the pier using point contact or semicircular contact
(Figure 13). The delta wing with semicircular point contact
is found to perform better than point contact (Setia 1997).
The web plate underneath the triangular plate separates
the two vortices. The two vortices released on the two sides of
triangular plate are in opposite direction to the horseshoe
vortices. The reversal in the direction of rotation of horse-
shoe vortices causes scouring away from the pier and allows
the sediment to deposit near the pier thus reducing the scour.
Setia (1997) determined the optimum dimensions of the
passive device, namely, length, base, and web height to be 1.5,
2.0, and 0.5 times the diameter or size of the pier. The device
with the optimum dimensions in scour depth is able to
produce about 60% reduction in scour depth as compared
to an unprotected pier.
4.2.3. Surface guide panels
The surface guide panels consist of two vertical panels
pierced partially into the water and set at some interior
angle with leading opening (Figure 14).
When the upward flow below the guide panel approaches
the pier, the shear flow near the bed gets weaker resulting in
lesser-strength horseshoe vortices. The local deposition of sedi-
ments at the panels also contributes to depositing sediments
into the scour hole around the pier. The optimal condition of
parameters involved to have higher efficiency while installing
surface guide panels include interior angle θ = 60°, θw/L = 0.1–
0.2, L/D = 2–2.5, and PD/H = 0.7. Here θw represents leading
opening, D represents pier diameter, L is distance between panel
and pier, PD is submerged depth of panel, and H is water depth.
Huang et al. (2005) reported that the usage of surface guide
panels lead to a maximum scour depth reduction up to 90%
ignoring the side effects of surface guide panel scour.
4.2.4. Sleeve and collared sleeve
A sleeve is a larger diameter hollow cylinder that encircles
the pier. The sleeve confines the scour vortex inside the
annular space between the pier and the sleeve. In other
words, the increase in size and propagation of horse shoe
vortex is restricted within the annular space (Singh et al.

Figure 13. Delta-wing-like passive device (Gupta and Gangadhariah, 1992).
Figure 14. Plan view of surface guide panel (Huang et al. 2005).
Figure 15. Collared sleeve (Singh et al. 2001).
2001; Garg et al. 2008). Figure 15 shows a typical collared
sleeve placed around a pier.
Two scour types one inside the sleeve and the other one
outside the sleeve are observed. Collared sleeve can be pro-
vided to reduce the outside scour. Collared sleeve of Ds =
1.5b and Wc = 2b when sealed at a depth of b/4 from the
sleeve top can be used to completely eliminate the pier scour.
ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 9
4.2.5. Submerged vanes
Submerged vanes which are small flow-altering structures
(foils) generate secondary circulations and alter the magni-
tude and direction of the bed shear stresses, velocity distri-
bution, depth, and sediment transport in the area affected by
vanes (Odgaard and Wang 1991). Figure 16(a) shows typical
arrangement of submerged vanes use as pier scour counter-
measure. The parameters which control the local changes in
the bed elevation are vane height, vane aspect ratio, vane
angle, vane density (spacing), and channel resistance.
Odgaard and Wang (1987) and Lauchlan (1999) used flat
plate submerged vanes and curved submerged vanes as a pier
scour countermeasure. Lauchlan (1999) found that vane with
aspect ratio (hv/lv) < 1 is effective in reducing the scour depth
as the vanes interact with the sediment bed rather than the
approach flow. Lauchlan (1999) reported that a maximum of
scour reduction of 34% is observed under live bed condition.
Ghorbani and Kells (2008) studied the effect of single and
double submerged vanes of different angles of orientation
and flow depth. Using single vane, the highest reduction in
scour was achieved for an angle of 8.50° and vane height of 0
cm. For two vanes attached to the pier, a reduction of 87.7%
in scour depth was achieved for a constant vane angle of
18.5° and vane height of 0 cm.
On the contrary, Parker et al. (1998) used permeable sheet
pile (Figure 16(b)) located upstream of a pier to divert part of
near bed flow away from the pier and decrease the approach
flow velocity, weakening the horseshoe vortex. The perme-
able sheet pile facilitates deposition of sediment downstream
of it in the scour hole zone. The maximum scour reduction
was reported to reach 47% under the live bed condition.
4.2.6. Triangular prismatic-shape pier
Triangular prismatic-shape pier is another flow diversion
structure against local scour around bridge pier (Figure 17).
Zahedani et al. (2018) clearly demonstrate that triangular
prismatic front pier affects the flow field significantly, redu-
cing the strength of downflow and horseshoe vortex and
divert streamline from the upstream of the pier. The opti-
mum distance between the flow diversion structure and pier
to achieve the maximum reduction in local scour is approxi-
mately 1.5 times the diameter of the pier. In this situation,
the scour depth and the volume of scour hole around the pier
reduced by 38% and 61%, respectively.
5. Combination of countermeasures
All the methods employed to mitigate scour has some short-
comings. It is indeed difficult to select a device which could
counter the scour effectively under all adverse and unpre-
dictable field conditions. Researchers have worked on the
combination of these devices so that the combination could
safeguard the bridge pier against local scouring.
5.1. Slot and collar plate
Chiew (1992) found out that collar plate of diameter twice
the pier diameter (b) situated at 0.2b above the sediment bed,
together with a slot of width of one-fourth the pier diameter
and slot length 2b located near the bed can reduce the scour
depth to zero. Similar result is also found for collar plate
10 N.B. SINGH ET AL.
Figure 16. (a) Submerged vanes and (b) permeable sheet pile (Tafarojnoruz et al. 2010).
Figure 17. Triangular prismatic pier placed in front of main bridge pier
(Zahedani et al. 2018).
whose width is three times the pier diameter. Moncada et al.
(2009) also achieved a similar 100% reduction of scour depth
by combining a slot and 2b-wide collar plate placed at origi-
nal bed level.
5.2. Collar plate and pier group
Vittal et al. (1994) tested on a full-depth pier group with a
collar plate and compared with a single pier attached with a
collar plate. It was observed that a collar plate on a solid pier
is much more effective than on a solid pier. Experimental
results show that a collar plate of 2b on a full pier group is
equivalent to a collar plate of more than 6b on solid pier.
5.3. Collar plate and riprap
Zarrati et al. (2006) combined continuous collar and riprap
as scour countermeasure in clear water conditions. The gap
between the continuous collar plate and the two in line piers
is filled with riprap stones placed at the river bed. The
combination of the two can reduce the scour depth by as
much as 50% and 60% in the vicinity of the front and rear
piers while continuous collar plate alone can reduce the
scour depth at the front and rear piles by about 25% and
35%, respectively. Figure 18 shows the combined use of collar
plate and riprap for scour mitigation around bridge piers.
Figure 18. Plan view of continuous collar plate for an in-line group of two
circular piers (Zarrati et al. 2006).
5.4. Permeable sheet piles and riprap
Parker et al. (1998) tested on the combined use of permeable
sheet piles along with riprap as scour countermeasure. The
tests were performed on both rectangular and circular piers.
Under the live bed condition, a scour reduction of up to 91%
is achieved. Sheet piles are able to retard the flow velocity
around the pier and contribute to stabilization of the riprap
layer.
5.5. Collar plates and vanes
The scour-preventing mechanisms of both the collar plate
and vanes support one another. While the vanes modify the
flow and weaken the horseshoe vortex, the collar plate arrests
the weakened horseshoe vortex. Garg et al. (2008) experi-
mented on combined used of collar plates and vanes around
oblong bridge pier (Figure 19). Three pairs of vanes when
placed in front of collar plate around oblong bridge pier give
a potential scour reduction of around 86.36% when com-
pared with scour depth of unprotected oblong bridge pier
(Garg et al. 2008).
5.6. Collared sleeve and vanes
Collared sleeve around oblong bridge pier and vanes on
upstream side of the bridge pier is employed in combination
(Figure 20). The secondary circulation generated by the
vanes weakens the strength of the horseshoe vortex which
is then confined in the annular space between sleeve and
bridge pier. No scour is also observed at the outer boundary
of the sleeve when the collar plate is placed at the bed level.

Vanes
Flow
direction
Figure 19. Vanes at upstream of oblong pier attached with collar plate (Garg et al. 2008).
Vanes
Flow
direction
Figure 20. Combination of vanes and sleeve (Garg et al. 2008).
The combination provides a performance potential of
84.96% over an unprotected oblong bridge pier of same
dimension (Garg et al. 2008).
5.7. Collared plate and passive device
Figure 21 shows the combination of collar plate install
around the bridge pier and the passive device fitted on top
of the collar plate at the upstream face of the oblong bridge
pier. Garg et al. (2008) found that the combination has a low
potential scour reduction of 68.35% which is lesser than the
scour reduction potential of the collar plate alone. The result
indicates that the mechanisms of both the devices are not
reinforcing each other. Therefore, there is no requirement of
passive device to provide in combination with collar plate.
6. Conclusion and discussion
The in-depth review of available literature has concluded certain
observations. The age-old riprap method of scour protection is
still in practice till date. Although placing the riprap layer is able
ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 11
D= 6.2 cm
L/D= 2.5
Collar
D= 6.2 cm
L/D= 2.5
Sleeve
to arrest local scour effectively, it faces stability issue such as
shear failure, winnowing failure, edge failure, and channel bed
degradation. There is a wide range of placement level, areal
coverage, thickness, and gradation of riprap layer predicted by
various researchers. A common specifications and guidelines
need to be developed on the use of riprap layer. Apart from
riprap, the interlocking properties of other bed armor units
which are facilitated by their complex shapes result into higher
stability.
Among the flow-altering devices, there are techniques which
have stability issue. The installation of openings such as slot
through a pier and internal connecting tubes reduces their
buckling strength. Further, these devices are likely to be choked
by floating debris. Similar problem may also affect the pier
group where the debris may partially block the gaps between
piers of the pier group. Slot, internal connecting tubes, and pier
groups can be used under specific flow condition where floating
debris and flow obliqueness are not significant.
Both single-collar plate and multiple-collar plates are found
to be a potential scour reduction device. Being axis-symmetric,
circular collar plates are not affected by changes in the angle of
12 N.B. SINGH ET AL.
Passive device
Flow
direction
Figure 21. Combination of collar plate and passive device (Garg et al. 2008).
attack. The use of multiple-collar plates overcomes the limita-
tions associated with single-collar plate-like lowering of bed
level during flood. Moreover, group of multiple-collar plates
generates lesser pulsating forces as compared with a larger collar
plate. The present technology needs to be improved so as to
make a sliding collar plate system that maintains its location at
the bed level.
Among all of the methods use of splitter plate, triangular
prismatic pier and permeable sheet piles seem promising.
They are easy to install and cost effective as well. They are
able to change the flow field significantly and mitigate the
scour. Most of the countermeasures tested under live bed
conditions exhibit lower efficiency with the exception of
permeable sheet pile having scour reduction efficiency of 47%.
The combinations of devices do not necessarily produce
better performance than individual device. Better performance
is observed when the mechanism of protection of one device
supports the other. But, the overall efficiency of composite
device is not the linear sum of individual efficiency of each
device. The combined use of permeable sheet pile and riprap is
able to reduce the scour depth by 91% when compared with
unprotected bridge pier. Arrays of vanes with collar plate around
oblong bridge pier can reduce the scour depth by 86.36%. The
combination of collared sleeve and vanes at upstream of oblong
bridge pier has a performance potential of 84.96% in scour
reduction. If well designed and constructed properly, combina-
tion of slot and collar plate can be an appropriate solution in
eliminating the local scour. More emphasis is needed on such
combined use of both bed armoring and flow-altering methods
as scour countermeasure technique. Investigation needs to be
conducted on the adequacy and reliability of the combined
techniques before field application. There is also an urgent
need for publishing codal provisions for those methods that
has been tested and ready to install in the field.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
ORCID
Bimlesh Kumar http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-8411
D= 6.2 cm
L/D= 2.5
Collar
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