Extraposed subject

 It appears that all of you like syntax.

In sentences with verbs like 'appear' 'that' clause is not an object of the verb, but rather an
extraposed subject. Nevertheless, it resembles other 'that' clauses in having a deletable 'that'
and in being semantically associated with the preceding word. The main verbs occuring in
this pattern form two groups of synonims – seem and appear, chance, happen and transpire.
The phrasal verbs 'come about' (happen) and 'turn out' (transpire) also belong here.

Many of the verbs which take a 'that' clause as object can also take a 'wh' interrogative
clause (confirm, consider). The use of the 'wh' interrogative clause, which generally implies
lack of knowledge on depart of the speaker is particularly common where the superordinate
clause is interrogative or negative, so the verbs like 'confirm' are used in what can be called
non-assertive context.

These are the criteria for a non-finite clause to function as DO:

1. The non-finite clause can be replaced by pronoun 'it', coreffering to a clause by a

noun phrase nominalizing the meaning of a clause
2. The non-finite clause can be made the focus of a pseudo-cleft sentence:
a. What I hate is to...
3. There is an introductory 'FOR' which appears as a marker of the construction
4. A subject pronoun in the objective case can often be replaced in formal style by a
posessive pronoun

'wh' infinitive as an object

a. I remembered to fill up the form.

I remembered filling up the form.
b. I tried to turn the key another way.
I tried turning the key another way.
c. My father taught me to ride.
My father taught me riding. (ne znam dobro jahati)
d. You deserve to shoot first.
You deserve shooting first. (= Zaslužuješ da te prvog ubijem.)
 e. I forgot to wake you up this morning.
I forgot about waking you up this morning.
f. I regret to tell you this story.
I regret telling you this story.
g. He had us all empty our pockets.
He had us all emptying our pockets. (Razlog pražnjenja je nešto što je rekao.)
h. That boy wants to watch.
That boy wants watching. (Njega treba nadgledati)

27.11.2012.

Ditransitive Complementation

1. Imamo direktni i indirektni objekat

2. Direct object is usually a NP which is inanimate and indirect object is usually a NP
which is animate.
3. Indirektni – dativ
Direktni – akuzativ
4. DO – usually a concrete noun
a. He gave his girlfriend a doll.
1. His girlfriend was given a doll.
2. A doll was given to his girlfriend.
b. He gave a doll to his girlfriend. (prepositional object)

In the ditransitive category prepositional verbs form an important group with its own
subdvisions alongside the ordinary IO pattern two main prepositional patterns may be
distinguished:

1. DO + Prepositional Object
2. IO + Prepositional Object
c. Mary told Philip her secret.
1. Mary told her secret to Philip.
2. Mary told Philip about her secret.
d. John blamed Peter for his divorce.
1. John blamed the divorce on Peter.
e. John convinced Mary (IO) that she was right (DO as 'that' clause).
 f. He promised me the car would be repaired.

04.12.2012.

1. NP as DO and IO
 They offered her some money.
2. Prepositional object
 Please say sometning to us.
3. IO + 'that' clause
 They told me that I was ill.
4. IO + 'wh' clause
 They told me what time it was.
5. IO + 'wh' infinitive clause
 Mary showed us what to do.
6. IO + 'to' infinitive clause
 I advised Mary to see a doctor.
7. PO + 'that' clause
 He promised to me that the debt would be repaired.

!!! Potrebno je znati koja vrsta komplementa postoji, ali nije potrebno znati vrste glagola kod
ditransitive complementation.

Adjectival OC

1. Current verbs of general meaning – hold, keep, leave

2. Current factual speech act verbs – call, confess, profess, pronounce, report
3. Current volitional verbs – like, prefer, want, wish
4. Current verb of intelectual state – suppose, think, reckon, believe, consider, imagine
5. General resulting verbs – stir, send, get, make
6. Resulting verbs refering to speech act which have performative force of declarations –
declare, proclaim, certify

The best way to see whether the verb is mono or complex transitive is to passivize it. They can
also function in DO + infinitive structure.

 I wish the teacher to leave me alone.

NP as OC

All the verbs from adjectival OC group can also be used in this type of complementation.

OC following prepositional verbs

- make into, consider as, certify as, crown as (preposition not obligatory)
- intend as, take as, treat as, accept as (preposition obligatory)

Causative verb of motion (get, send):

 He got his car repaired.

Ako je glagolcausativeonda adverbijal prati objekat (SVOA).

Object + 'to' infinitive

1. Factual verbs – Public verbs refering to speach acts (pronounce, proclaim, declare,
say, tip,etc.)
2. Factual verbs – Private verbs expressing belief (believe, consider, expect, know,
presume, think, understand,etc.)
3. Verbs of intention (intend, mean, etc.)
4. Causative verbs (get, appoint, elect, name, etc.)
5. Verbs with a modal character (allow, compel, authorise, enable, oblige, permit,
require,etc.)
6. Verbs of influencing (bribe, condemn, induce, press, encourage,etc.)

Modalnost – lični odnos prema radnji koja se vrši.

Object + Infinitive

1. Verbs of coercive meaning (let, make)

2. Perceptual verbs (feel, hear, notice)
3. Verbs 'to help' and 'to know'

Object + 'v-ing' (participial complement)

1. Verbs of perception (overhear, spy)

2. Verbs of encounter (find, leave, discover)
3. Verbs of coercive meaning
Object + 'v-ed'

1. Causative verbs
2. Volitional verbs (want, need, like)
3. Perceptual verbs
4. Verbs for which the 'ed' participle describes a resulting state (find, discover, leave)

18.12.2012.

Adverbials

The functions of adverbials are realised by:

1. Adverb Phrase i.e. phrases with adverbs as head or sole realisation

2. NP (less common)
3. PP
4. Finite verb clause
5. Non-finite verb clauses in which the verb is infinitive; 'ing' participle, 'ed' participle
6. Verbless clauses

Adverbials may be integrated to some extent into the structures of the clause or they may be
periferal to it. If integrated they are turned adjuncts. If periferal they are turned disjuncts and
conjuncts. The distinction between the two being that conjuncts have primarily a connective
function.

An adverbial is integrated to some extent in clause structure if it is affected by such clausal

processes as negation and interrogation e.g. it is an adjunct if either it cannot appear initially
in a negative declarative clause or if it can be the focus of a question or of clause negation. In
contrast, a disjuncter and conjunct are not affected by either of these clausal processes. We
distinguish 4 positions of adverbials for the declarative form of the clause:

1. Initial position – before the subject

2. Medial position –
a. Immidiately before the first auxiliary or lexical 'be' or between two auxiliaries
or an auxiliary and lexical verb
b. Immidiately before the lexical verb or in the case of lexical 'be' before the
complement
3. Final position – after an intransitive verb or after any object or complement.
If there are no auxiliaries present 2a and 2b are neutralised.

Adjuncts

Certain syntactic features are general to adjuncts:

1. They can come within the scope of predication – predication pro-forms or predication
elipsis
2. They can be the focus of limiter adverbials, such as 'only'
3. They can be the focus of additive adverbials such as 'also'
4. They can be the focus of the cleft sentence

Disjuncts

Most distjuncts are prepositional phrases or clauses, disjuncts may be divided into two main
classes: style and attitudional.

Style disjuncts convey the speakers comment on the form of what she is saying, defining in
some way under what conditions she is speaking:

 Very frankly, I'm tired.

Attitudional disjunctscomment on the content of the communication:

 Obviously, everybody adores syntax.

Conjuncts

Most conjuncts are Adverb Phrases or PPs.

 Alternatively, I'll skip the class tomorow.

Subjuncts

If adverbials have, to a greater or lesser degree, a subordinate role in comparisson to other

clause elements they are called subjuncts. This is made manifest by the fact that they cannot
usually be treated grammatically in any of the four ways stated as being applicable to
adjuncts. The subordinate role may apply to the whole clause in which the subjunct operates.
Such subjuncts are called wide orientation. Alternatively, the subjunct may be subordinated
to an individual clause element (usually subject) or even to an item forming part of the clause
element (verb). These subjuncts are called narrow orientation