WHAT ARE EMOTIONS?

• A complex state of feeling that results in physical

and psychological changes that influence thought
and behavior.
• When one is emotional, various psychological
phenomena occur, which include temperament
personality, mood and motivation.

• Emotion involves physiological arousal, expressive

behaviours, and conscious experience
NATURE AND
HISTORY :)
 Nature of Emotion

Emotions are complex entities to define.

However most scientists studying emotions
agree that they involve

-Physiological Changes, within our bodies –

shifts in heart rate, blood pressure, and so on

-Subjective Cognitive states - the

personal experience we label emotions

-Expressive Behaviors – outward signs of

these internal reactions
 Components of Emotion

• An emotion is a complex, multi-component episode that creates

a readiness to act
• 1980s – Robert Plutchik introduced the

“wheel of emotions”
- This
model demonstrated how different emotions can be
combined or mixed together.
• Plutchik suggested that there are 8 primary emotional
dimensions:
• Happiness vs. Sadness
• Anger vs. Fear
• Trust vs. Disgust
• Surprise vs. anticipation

* This emotions can be combined in a variety of ways

•1 9 9 9 - he expanded the list to include
some other basic emotions namely:
• Embarrassment
• Excitement
• Contempt
• Shame
• Pride
• Satisfaction
• Amusement
 THREE CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF
EMOTION:
• Subjective component
- how we experience the emotion
• Physiological Component
– how our bodies react to the emotion
• Expressive Component
– How we behave in response to
emotion
PURPOSE
- emotions play an important role
in how we think and behave
•Emotions motivate us to take action
•Emotions help us survive, thrive, and
avoid danger
•Emotions can help us make decisions
•Emotions allow other people to
understand us
•Emotions allow us to understand
others
THEORIES
OF
EMOTION
 THREE MAIN CATEGORIES OF THEORIES
OF MOTION
• Physiological theories – responses within the
body are responsible for emotions
• Neurological Theories – activity within the brain
leads to emotional responses
• Cognitive theories – thoughts and other mental
activity play an essential role in the formation of
emotions
 JAMES-LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION
• Independently proposed by psychologist William
James and and physiologist Carl Lange.
• Suggest that emotions occur as a result of
physiological reactions to events.
• according to this theory, you see an external
stimulus that leads to a physiological reaction.
Your emotional reaction is dependent upon how
you interpret those physical reactions.
 CANNON-BARD THEORY OF
EMOTION
• States that we feel emotions and experience
physiological reactions such as sweating,
trembling and muscle tension
simultaneously.
• It is suggested that emotions result when
the thalamus sends a message to the brain
in response to a stimulus.
 Theories of Emotion
Which of the two theory is a correctly explains emotion?

Until recently the Cannon-Bard hypothesis was the most favored theory among the two
but recent research has highlighted the importance of the James-Lange theory based on
evidences from

 modern equipment's verify that different emotions have different patterns of

physiological activity

 facial feedback hypothesis – suggests that changes in our facial expressions

produces shifts in our experienced emotions rather than merely reflecting
them

 In addition research suggests that changing our bodily postures or even the
tone of our voice may influence emotional experiences
 SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY
•Also known as two factor theory of
emotion
•Suggest that physiological arousal
occurs first, and then the individual
must identify the reason behind this
arousal in order to experience.
 Theories of Emotion
Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor theory –

1. Emotion provoking events produce increased arousal.

2. In response to these feelings we then search the external environment in order to
identify the causes behind them.
3. The factors we then select play a key role in determining the label we place on
our arousal and so in determining the emotions we experience

Opponent process theory – the theory suggest that

1. an emotional reaction to a stimulus is followed automatically by an opposite

reaction
2. repeated exposure to a stimulus causes the initial reaction to weaken and the
opponent process, or opposite reaction to strengthen
 Subjective Experiences & Emotion

• Subjective experience of emotion

– This feeling component is, by definition, within awareness
– One output of the appraisal process is change in subjective experience
• Feelings modify attention & learning
– Current feelings direct attention to events that match our feelings, as a result we learn
more about those events
– Feelings influence which memories are more accessible & those memories influence
what is easy to learn at the moment
Subjective Experiences & Emotion

• Feelings modify evaluations & judgements

– Our feelings can affect evaluations of other people, and of inanimate

objects

– Feelings also affect our judgements of risk – if we are fearful, more

likely to see world as uncertain & uncontrollable; if feeling
angry/happy, more likely to see world as certain & controllable
 Thought & Action Tendencies & Emotion
• Thought-action tendencies

– Refers to urges – one way that feelings guide behavior & information
processing

• With most negative emotions, people’s thought-action tendencies become narrow &
specific

• With most positive emotions, people’s thought-action tendencies become broad & more
open to possibilities
 Facial Expression & Emotion
• The facial feedback hypothesis
– Facial feedback hypothesis – the idea that facial expressions, in addition
to their communicative function, also contribute to our subjective
experience of emotion
 Responses to Emotion:
Emotion Regulation
• Emotion regulation

– Refers to people’s responses to their own emotions

– Sometimes people have goal of intensifying emotion while other times people want to
minimise emotion – ability to do so predicts social success

– Suppressing facial expression increases autonomic arousal & amygdala activation, & also
impairs memory
• People develop different strategies to control/regulate
emotions
Motivation

“A great man is one who can make a small

man feel great, and perform great.”
• It is defined as a driving force that initiates and directs
behavior.
• Motivation is a kind of internal energy which drives a
person to do something in order to achieve something.
• It is a temporal or dynamic state within a person which
is not concerned with his/her personality.
Derived from Latin word movere , which means to
move .
Stephen P. robbins ---
“the willingness to exert high levels of effort
towards organizational goals, conditioned by the
effort’s ability to satisfy some individual needs.”
NEED:-- a physiological or psychological
imbalance leads to creation of need.
DRIVES (MOTIVES):-- propel individuals to
attain their goals or satisfy their need
INCENTIVES:-- anything that can mitigate a
need and decrease the intensity of a drive
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTIVES
1. Primary Motives :--
• Not learned
• Physiological based

2. Secondary motives:--
• Are learned or acquired over time.
• Power Motive
• Achievement Motive
• Affiliation Motive
• Security Motive
• Status Motive
 Maslow’s Assumptions
 Human nature is basically
good, not evil
 Normal human
development involves the
actualization of this
inherent goodness
Central Human Motive
Self-Actualization
 Maslow’s Assumptions...
 Psychopathology results from the frustration of
a human being’s essential nature
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
 Self-Actualization
 Esteem

 Love

 Safety

 Physiological
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

MOST NEEDS HAVE TO DO WITH

SURVIVAL PHYSICALLY AND
PSYCHOLOGICALLY

PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
ON THE WHOLE AN INDIVIDUAL
CANNOT SATISFY ANY LEVEL
UNLESS NEEDS BELOW ARE
SATISFIED

SAFETY NEEDS

PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

LOVE, AFFECTION, AND

BELONGINGNESS NEEDS

SAFETY NEEDS

PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

ESTEEM NEEDS

LOVE, AFFECTION, AND

BELONGINGNESS NEEDS

SAFETY NEEDS

PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
NEED
FOR
SELF-
ACTUALIZATION

MASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED FOR SELF

ACTUALIZATION IS
A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S PRIME
MOTIVATION
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
NEED
FOR
SELF-
ACTUALIZATION

MASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED FOR SELF

ACTUALIZATION IS
A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S PRIME
MOTIVATION

SELF-ACTUALIZATION MEANS ACTUALIZING

ONE’S POTENTIAL BECOMING ALL ONE IS
CAPABLE OF BECOMING
 Maslow’s Definition of a
Self-actualized Person

 Has no mental illness

 Satisfied in basic needs

 Fully exploited talents

 Motivated by values
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
NEED
SELF-
ACTUALIZATION

ESTEEM NEEDS

LOVE, AFFECTION, AND

BELONGINGNESS NEEDS

SAFETY NEEDS

PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

 Nobody can do
everything,

but we can nearly all do

more than we think we can
THANK
YOU :)