Philippines: Republic of The Philippines (Filipino: Republika NG Pilipinas)

9/23/21, 11:23 PM Philippines - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 13°N 122°E
Philippines
The Philippines (/ˈfɪlɪpiːnz/ ( listen); Filipino: Pilipinas),[13] officially the
Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas),[d] is an Republic of the Philippines
archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean, Republika ng Pilipinas (Filipino)
and consists of about 7,640 islands, that are broadly categorized under three main
geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The
Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to
the east, and the Celebes Sea to the southwest, and shares maritime borders with
Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast,
Indonesia to the south, Malaysia and Brunei to the southwest, Vietnam to the Flag
west, and China to the northwest. The Philippines covers an area of 300,000 km2 Coat of arms
(120,000 sq mi) and, as of 2020, had a population of around 109 million people, Motto:
making it the world's twelfth-most populous country. The Philippines is a "Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at
multinational state, with diverse ethnicities and cultures throughout its islands. Makabansa"[1]
Manila is the nation's capital, while the largest city is Quezon City, both lying "For God, People, Nature and Country"
within the urban area of Metro Manila. Anthem: Lupang Hinirang
(English: "Chosen Land")
Negritos, some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by

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successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Adoption of Animism, Hinduism and
Islam established island-kingdoms called Kedatuans, Rajahnates and Sultanates. Great Seal:
The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer leading a fleet for Spain,
marked the beginning of Spanish colonization. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy
López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II
of Spain. Spanish settlement through Mexico, beginning in 1565, led to the
Philippines becoming part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. During
this time, Catholicism became the dominant religion, and Manila became the
western hub of trans-Pacific trade. In 1896, the Philippine Revolution began,
which then became entwined with the 1898 Spanish–American War. Spain ceded
the territory to the United States, while Filipino rebels declared the First
Philippine Republic. The ensuing Philippine–American War ended with the
United States establishing control over the territory, which they maintained until
the Japanese invasion of the islands during World War II. Following liberation,
the Philippines became independent in 1946. Since then, the unitary sovereign
state has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the
overthrow of a dictatorship by the People Power Revolution.
It is considered to be an emerging market and a newly industrialized country,

which has an economy transitioning from being based on agriculture to being
based more on services and manufacturing. The Philippines is a founding member Show globe
of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Show map of ASEAN
Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the East Asia Summit. Show all
The Philippines' position as an island country on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close Capital Manila (de jure)
to the equator makes the country prone to earthquakes and typhoons. The country 14°35′N 120°58′E
has a variety of natural resources and a globally significant level of biodiversity. Metro Manila[a] (de facto)
This low-lying island geography makes the country vulnerable to climate change, Largest city Quezon City
increasing risk from typhoons and sea level rise. 14°38′N 121°02′E
Official languages Filipino
English
Contents Recognised 19 languages
regional languages Aklanon
Etymology
Bikol
History Cebuano
Prehistory (pre–900) Chavacano
Early states (900–1565) Hiligaynon
Colonial rule (1565–1946) Ibanag
Postcolonial period (1946–present) Ilocano
Ivatan
Geography and environment
Kapampangan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines 1/51
Biodiversity Karay-a
Climate Maguindanaon
Maranao
Government and politics
Pangasinan
Foreign relations
Sambal
Military Surigaonon
Administrative divisions Tagalog
Demographics Tausug
Ethnic groups Waray
Languages Yakan[4]
Religion National sign Filipino Sign Language
language
Health Other recognized Spanish
Education languages[b] Arabic
Economy Ethnic groups 33.7% Visayan
Science and technology (2015) 24.4% Tagalog
Tourism 8.4% Ilocano
Infrastructure 6.8% Bicolano
Transportation 26.2% Others
Water supply and sanitation Religion (2015)[5] 88.7% Christianity
Culture —79.6% Roman Catholic
Values —9.1% Other Christian
Architecture 6.0% Islam
Performing arts 5.3% Other / None
Literature Demonym(s) Filipino
Cinema (masculine and neutral)
Filipina
Mass media (feminine)
Cuisine
Sports Pinoy
(colloquial masculine
See also and neutral)
Notes Pinay
References (colloquial feminine)
Citations Philippine
Bibliography (used for certain common

nouns)
Further reading
Government Unitary presidential
External links constitutional republic
Government
• President Rodrigo Duterte
Trade • Vice President Leni Robredo
General information • Senate President Tito Sotto
Books and articles • House Speaker Lord Allan Velasco
Wikimedia • Chief Justice Alexander Gesmundo
Other Legislature Congress

• Upper house Senate
• Lower house House of
Representatives
Etymology
Independence from the United States
Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named • Independence June 12, 1898
the islands of Leyte and Samar "Felipinas" after Philip II of Spain, then the Prince from Spain
declared
of Asturias. Eventually the name "Las Islas Filipinas" would be used to cover the • Spanish cession December 10, 1898
archipelago's Spanish possessions.[14] Before Spanish rule was established, other to the United
names such as Islas del Poniente (Islands of the West) and Magellan's name for States
the islands, San Lázaro, were also used by the Spanish to refer to islands in the • Independence July 4, 1946
region.[15][16][17][18] from the United
States granted
During the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the Area
establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the • Total 300,000 km2
period of the Spanish–American War (1898) and the Philippine–American War (120,000 sq mi) (72nd)
(1899–1902) until the Commonwealth period (1935–1946), American colonial • Water (%) 0.61[6] (inland waters)
authorities referred to the country as The Philippine • Total land area 298,170 km2
Islands, a translation of the Spanish name.[19] The (115,120 sq mi)
United States began the process of changing the Population
reference to the country from The Philippine Islands • 2020 census 109,035,343[7]
to The Philippines, specifically when it was • Density 336/km2 (870.2/sq mi)
mentioned in the Philippine Autonomy Act or the (47th)
Jones Law.[20] The full official title, Republic of the GDP (PPP) 2021 estimate
Philippines, was included in the 1935 constitution as • Total $1 trillion[8] (29th)
the name of the future independent state,[21] it is also • Per capita $9,061[8] (115th)
mentioned in all succeeding constitutional
revisions.[22][23] GDP (nominal) 2021 estimate
• Total $402.638 billion[8]
Philip II of Spain (32nd)
History • Per capita $3,646[8] (118th)
Gini (2018) 42.3[9]
medium · 44th
Prehistory (pre–900)
HDI (2019) 0.718[10]
There is evidence of early hominins living in what is now the Philippines as early high · 107th
as 709,000 years ago.[24] A small number of bones from Callao Cave potentially Currency Philippine peso (₱)
represent an otherwise unknown species, Homo luzonensis, that lived around (PHP)
50,000 to 67,000 years ago.[25][26] The oldest modern human remains found on Time zone UTC+08:00 (PST)
the islands are from the Tabon Caves of Palawan, U/Th-dated to 47,000 ± 11–
10,000 years ago.[27] The Tabon Man is presumably a Negrito, who were among Date format mm/dd/yyyy
the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, descendants of the first human migrations Mains electricity 220 V–60 Hz
out of Africa via the coastal route along southern Asia to the now sunken
Driving side right[c]
landmasses of Sundaland and Sahul.[28]
Calling code +63
The first Austronesians reached the Philippines at around 2200 BC, settling the
ISO 3166 code PH
Batanes Islands and northern Luzon from Taiwan. From there, they rapidly
spread downwards to the rest of the islands of the Philippines and Southeast Internet TLD .ph
Asia.[29][30] This population assimilated with the existing Negritos resulting in the
modern Filipino ethnic groups which display various ratios of genetic admixture between Austronesian and Negrito groups.[31]
Genetic signatures also indicate the potential migration of Austroasiatic, Papuan, and South Asian people.[32] Jade artifacts have
been found dated to 2000 BC,[33][34] with the lingling-o jade items crafted in Luzon made using raw materials originating from
Taiwan.[35] By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four kinds of social groups: hunter-gatherer tribes,
warrior societies, highland plutocracies, and port principalities.[36]
Early states (900–1565)
The earliest known surviving written record found in the Philippines is the Laguna
Copperplate Inscription.[37] By the 1300s, a number of the large coastal settlements had
emerged as trading centers, and became the focal point of societal changes.[38] Some polities
had exchanges with other states across Asia.[39][40][41][42][43] Trade with China is believed to
have begun during the Tang dynasty, but grew more extensive during the Song dynasty.[44]
By the 2nd millennium CE, some Philippine polities sent delegations participating in the
tributary system of China.[45][39] Indian cultural traits, such as linguistic terms and religious
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription,
practices, began to spread within the Philippines during the 10th century, likely via the
the oldest known writing found in the
Hindu Majapahit empire.[42][38][46] By the 15th century, Islam was established in the Sulu
Philippines
Archipelago and spread from there.[47]
Polities founded in the Philippines from the 10th–16th centuries include Maynila,[48] Tondo,
Namayan, Pangasinan, Cebu, Butuan, Maguindanao, Lanao, Sulu, and Ma-i.[49] The early polities were typically made up of
three-tier social structure: a nobility class, a class of "freemen", and a class of dependent debtor-bondsmen.[38][39] Among the
nobility were leaders called "Datus," responsible for ruling autonomous groups called "barangay" or "dulohan".[38] When these
barangays banded together, either to form a larger settlement[38] or a geographically looser alliance group,[39] the more esteemed
among them would be recognized as a "paramount datu",[38][36] rajah, or sultan[50] which headed the community state.[51]
Warfare developed and escalated during the 14th to 16th centuries[52] and throughout these periods population density is thought
to have been low.[53] The Luções from Luzon then had economic and military influence in South, Southeast and East Asia.[54] In
1521, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the area, claimed the islands for Spain, and was then killed by natives at
the Battle of Mactan (see also: Lapulapu).[55]
Colonial rule (1565–1946)
Colonization began when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from Mexico
in 1565.[56][57]: 20–23 In 1571, Spanish Manila became the capital of the Spanish East
Indies,[58] which encompassed Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific.[59][60] The
Spanish successfully invaded the different local states by employing the principle of divide
and conquer,[61] bringing most of what is now the Philippines into a single unified
administration.[62][63] Disparate barangays were deliberately consolidated into towns,
where Catholic missionaries were more easily able to convert the inhabitants to
Christianity.[64]: 53, 68 [65] From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as part of the
Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain, later administered from Madrid following the Walled city of Manila along the Pasig
Mexican War of Independence.[66] Manila was the western hub of the trans-Pacific river. Vista del Puente de Manila (1847)
trade.[67] Manila galleons were constructed in Bicol and Cavite.[68][69] by José Honorato Lozano.
During its rule, Spain quelled various indigenous revolts,[70] as well as defending against
external military challenges.[71][72] Spanish forces included soldiers from elsewhere in New Spain, many of whom deserted and
intermingled with the wider population.[73][74][75] Immigration blurred the racial caste system[64]: 98 [76][77] Spain maintained in
towns and cities.[78] War against the Dutch from the West, in the 17th century, together with conflict with the Muslims in the
South nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury.[79]
Administration of the Philippine islands were considered a drain on the economy of Spain,[71] and there were debates to abandon
it or trade it for other territory. However, this was opposed due to economic potential, security, and the desire to continue
religious conversion in the islands and the surrounding region.[80][81] The Philippines survived on an annual subsidy provided by
the Spanish Crown,[71] which averaged 250,000 pesos[82] and was usually paid through the provision of 75 tons of silver bullion
being sent from the Americas.[83]
British forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764 during the Seven Years' War, with Spanish rule restored through the 1763
Treaty of Paris.[57]: 81–83 The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the
Reconquista.[84] The Spanish–Moro conflict lasted for several hundred years. In the last quarter of the 19th century, Spain
conquered portions of Mindanao and Jolo,[85] and the Moro Muslims in the Sultanate of Sulu formally recognized Spanish
sovereignty.[86][87]
In the 19th century, Philippine ports opened to world trade and shifts started occurring
within Filipino society.[88][89] The Latin American wars of independence and renewed
immigration led to shifts in social identity, with the term Filipino shifting from referring
to Spaniards born in the Philippines to a term encompassing all people in the
archipelago. This identity shift was driven by wealthy families of mixed ancestry, to
which it became a national identity.[90][91]
Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three activist Catholic priests were
Filipino Ilustrados in Spain formed the
executed on weak pretences.[92][93][94] This would inspire a propaganda movement in
Propaganda Movement. Photographed in
Spain, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, José Rizal, Graciano López Jaena, and Mariano 1890.
Ponce, lobbying for political reforms in the Philippines. Rizal was eventually executed on
December 30, 1896, on charges of rebellion. This radicalized many who had previously
been loyal to Spain.[95] As attempts at reform met with resistance, Andrés Bonifacio in 1892 established the militant secret
society called the Katipunan, who sought independence from Spain through armed revolt.[96]
The Katipunan started the Philippine Revolution in 1896.[97] Internal disputes led to an election in which Bonifacio lost his
position and Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as the new leader of the revolution.[98]: 145–147 In 1897, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato
brought about the exile of the revolutionary leadership to Hong Kong. In 1898, the Spanish–American War began and reached
Philippines. Aguinaldo returned, resumed the revolution, and declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898.[64]: 112–113
The First Philippine Republic was established on January 21, 1899.[99]
The islands had been ceded by Spain to the United States alongside Puerto Rico and Guam as a result of the latter's victory in the
Spanish–American War.[100][101] As it became increasingly clear the United States would not recognize the First Philippine
Republic, the Philippine–American War broke out.[102] War resulted in the deaths of 250,000 to 1 million civilians, mostly due to
famine and disease.[103] After the defeat of the First Philippine Republic, an American civilian government was established.[104]
American forces continued to secure and extend their control over the islands, suppressing an attempted extension of the
Philippine Republic,[98]: 200–202 [105] securing the Sultanate of Sulu,[106] and establishing control over interior mountainous areas
that had resisted Spanish conquest.[107]
Cultural developments strengthened the continuing development of a national identity,[108][109] and Tagalog began to take
precedence over other local languages.[64]: 121 In 1935, the Philippines was granted Commonwealth status with Manuel Quezon as
president and Sergio Osmeña as vice president.[110] Quezon's priorities were defence, social justice, inequality and economic
diversification, and national character.[111] Tagalog was designated the national language,[112]
women's suffrage was introduced,[113] and land reform mooted.[114][115]
During World War II the Japanese Empire invaded[116] and the Second Philippine Republic,
under Jose P. Laurel, was established as a puppet state.[117][118] From 1942 the Japanese
occupation of the Philippines was opposed by large-scale underground guerrilla
activity.[119][120][121] Atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war, including the
Bataan Death March and the Manila massacre.[122][123] Allied troops defeated the Japanese
in 1945. By the end of the war it is estimated that over a million Filipinos had died.[124][125]
General Douglas MacArthur coming On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became one of the founding members of the United
ashore during the Battle of Leyte on Nations.[126][127] On July 4, 1946, the Philippines was officially recognized by the United
October 20, 1944 States as an independent nation through the Treaty of Manila, during the presidency of
Manuel Roxas.[127][128][129]
Postcolonial period (1946–present)
Efforts to end the Hukbalahap Rebellion began during Elpidio Quirino's term,[130] however, it was only during Ramon
Magsaysay's presidency was the movement suppressed.[131] Magsaysay's successor, Carlos P. Garcia, initiated the Filipino First
Policy,[132] which was continued by Diosdado Macapagal, with celebration of Independence Day moved from July 4 to June 12,
the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration,[133][134] and pursuit of a claim on the eastern part of North Borneo.[135][136]
In 1965, Macapagal lost the presidential election to Ferdinand Marcos. Early in his presidency, Marcos initiated numerous
infrastructure projects[137] but, together with his wife Imelda, was accused of corruption and embezzling billions of dollars in
public funds.[138] Nearing the end of his term, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972.[139][140] This period of his rule
was characterized by political repression, censorship, and human rights violations.[141]
On August 21, 1983, Marcos' chief rival, opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr., was assassinated on the tarmac at Manila
International Airport. Marcos called a snap presidential election in 1986.[142] Marcos was proclaimed the winner, but the results
were widely regarded as fraudulent.[143] The resulting protests led to the People Power Revolution,[144] which forced Marcos and
his allies to flee to Hawaii, and Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, was installed as president.[142][145]
The return of democracy and government reforms beginning in 1986 were hampered by
national debt, government corruption, coup attempts,[146][147] a persistent communist
insurgency,[148][149] and a military conflict with Moro separatists.[150] The administration
also faced a series of disasters, including the sinking of the MV Doña Paz in December
1987[151] and the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991.[152][153] Aquino was succeeded by
Fidel V. Ramos, whose economic performance, at 3.6% growth rate,[154][155] was
overshadowed by the onset of the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[156][157]
The 1991 eruption of Mount

Ramos' successor, Joseph Estrada, was overthrown by the 2001 EDSA Revolution and
Pinatubo was the second largest succeeded by his vice president, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, on January 20, 2001.[158] Arroyo's
volcanic eruption of the 20th 9-year administration was marked by economic growth,[159] but was tainted by graft and
century. political scandals.[160][161] On November 23, 2009, 34 journalists and several civilians were
killed in Maguindanao.[162][163]
Economic growth continued during Benigno Aquino III's administration, which pushed for good governance and
transparency.[164][165] In 2015, a clash which took place in Mamasapano, Maguindanao killed 44 members of the Philippine
National Police-Special Action Force, resulting in efforts to pass the Bangsamoro Basic Law reaching an impasse.[166][167] Former
Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte won the 2016 presidential election, becoming the first president from Mindanao.[168][169]
Duterte launched an anti-drug campaign[170][171] and an infrastructure program.[172][173] The implementation of the Bangsamoro
Organic Law led to the creation of the autonomous Bangsamoro region in Mindanao.[174][175] In early 2020, the COVID-19
pandemic reached the country[176][177] causing the economy to contract by 9.5% in terms of gross domestic product since records
began in 1947.[178]
Geography and environment

The Philippines is an archipelago composed of about 7,640 islands,[179][180] covering a total area, including inland bodies of
water, of around 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi),[181][182] with cadastral survey data suggesting it may be larger.[183]
Its 36,289 kilometers (22,549 mi) coastline gives it the world's fifth-longest coastline.[184] The EEZ of the Philippines covers
2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi).[185] It is located between 116° 40', and 126° 34' E longitude and 4° 40' and 21° 10' N latitude and
is bordered by the Philippine Sea to the east,[186][187] the South China Sea to the west,[188] and the
Celebes Sea to the south.[189] The island of Borneo is located a few hundred kilometers
southwest,[190] and Taiwan is located directly to the north. Sulawesi is located to the southwest and
Palau is located to the east of the islands.[191][192]
The highest mountain is Mount Apo. It measures up to 2,954 meters (9,692 ft) above sea level and is
located on the island of Mindanao.[193] Running east of the archipelago, the Philippine Trench
extendes 10,540-metre (34,580 ft) down at the Emden Deep.[194][195][196] The longest river is the
Cagayan River in northern Luzon, measuring about 520 kilometers (320 mi).[197] Manila Bay,[198]
upon the shore of which the capital city of Manila lies, is connected to Laguna de Bay,[199] the largest
lake in the Philippines, by the Pasig River.[200] The Puerto Princesa Subterranean River, which runs
8.2 kilometers (5.1 mi) underground through a karst landscape before reaching the ocean, is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.[201]
Topography of the
Situated on the western fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the
Philippines
Philippines experiences frequent seismic and volcanic
activity.[202] The Benham Plateau to the east in the Philippine
Sea is an undersea region active in tectonic subduction.[203]
Around 20 earthquakes are registered daily, though most are too weak to be felt. The last
major earthquake was the 1990 Luzon earthquake.[204] There are many active volcanoes such
as the Mayon Volcano, Mount Pinatubo, and Taal Volcano.[205] The eruption of Mount
Pinatubo in June 1991 produced the second largest terrestrial eruption of the
20th century.[206] The Philippines is the world's second-biggest geothermal energy producer
behind the United States, with 18% of the country's electricity needs being met by geothermal
power.[207]
The country has valuable[208] mineral deposits as a result of its complex geologic structure
and high level of seismic activity.[209][210] The Philippines are thought to have the second-
largest gold deposits after South Africa, along with a large amount of copper deposits,[211]
and the world's largest deposits of palladium.[212] Other minerals include chromite, nickel,
and zinc. Despite this, a lack of law enforcement, poor management, opposition due to the
presence of indigenous communities, and past instances of environmental damage and
disaster, have resulted in these mineral resources remaining largely untapped.[211][213] Mayon is an active stratovolcano,
located in the south of the island of
Luzon
Biodiversity
The Philippines is a megadiverse country.[214][215] Eight major types of forests are distributed
throughout the Philippines; dipterocarp, beach forest, pine forest, molave forest, lower
montane forest, upper montane or mossy forest, mangroves, and ultrabasic forest.[216] As of
2021, the Philippines has only 7 million hectares of forest cover left, according to official
estimates (roughly 23% of the country's total land area), though experts contend that the
actual figure is likely much lower.[217] Deforestation, often the result of illegal logging, is an
acute problem in the Philippines. Forest cover declined from 70% of the Philippines's total
land area in 1900 to about 18.3% in 1999.[218]
Around 1,100 land vertebrate species can be found in the Philippines including over 100
mammal species and 243 bird species not thought to exist elsewhere.[219] The Philippines has
among the highest rates of discovery in the world with sixteen new species of mammals
discovered in the last ten years. Because of this, the rate of endemism for the Philippines has
risen and likely will continue to rise.[220] Parts of its marine waters contain the highest
diversity of shorefish species in the world.[221] The Philippine Eagle is endemic to
the forests of the country.
Large reptiles include the Philippine crocodile[222] and saltwater crocodile.[223] The largest
crocodile in captivity, known locally as Lolong, was captured in the southern island of
Mindanao,[224] and died on February 10, 2013, from pneumonia and cardiac arrest.[225] The national bird, known as the
Philippine eagle, has the longest body of any eagle; it generally measures 86 to 102 cm (2.82 to 3.35 ft) in length and weighs 4.7 to
8.0 kg (10.4 to 17.6 lb).[226][227] The Philippine eagle is part of the family Accipitridae and is endemic to the rainforests of Luzon,
Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao.[228] The Philippines has the third highest number of endemic birds in the wolrd (behind Indonesia
and Australia) with 243 endemics. Notable birds include the Celestial monarch, flame-templed babbler, Red-vented cockatoo,
Whiskered pitta, Sulu hornbill, Rufous hornbill, Luzon bleeding-heart and the Flame-breasted fruit dove.[229]
Philippine maritime waters encompass as much as 2,200,000 square kilometers
(849,425 sq mi) producing unique and diverse marine life,[230] an important part of the
Coral Triangle, a territory shared with other countries.[231][232] The total number of corals
and marine fish species was estimated at 500 and 2,400 respectively.[219] New
records[233][234] and species discoveries continue.[235][236][237] The Tubbataha Reef in the
Sulu Sea was declared a World Heritage Site in 1993.[238] Philippine waters also sustain the
cultivation of fish, crustaceans, oysters, and seaweeds.[239] One species of oyster, Pinctada
maxima, produces pearls that are naturally golden in color.[240] Pearls have been declared a
"National Gem".[241]
A male Celestial monarch seen in
Bislig. With an estimated 13,500 plant species in the country, 3,200 of which are unique to the
islands,[219] Philippine rainforests boast an array of flora,[242] including many rare types of
orchids[243] and rafflesia.[244] Many species are endangered and scientists say that Southeast
Asia, which the Philippines is part of, faces a catastrophic extinction rate of 20% by the end of the 21st century due in part to
habitat loss resulting from deforestation.[245]
Climate
The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate that is usually hot and humid. There are
three seasons: a hot dry season or summer from March to May; a rainy season from June to
November; and a cool dry season from December to February. The southwest monsoon lasts
from May to October, and the northeast monsoon from November to April. Temperatures
usually range from 21 °C (70 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F). The coolest month is January; the warmest
is May.[246]
The average yearly temperature is around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F). In considering temperature,
location in terms of latitude and longitude is not a significant factor, and temperatures at sea Köppen climate classification of the
level tend to be in the same range. Altitude usually has more of an impact. The average Philippines
annual temperature of Baguio at an elevation of 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) above sea level is
18.3 °C (64.9 °F), making it a popular destination during hot summers.[246] Annual rainfall
measures as much as 5,000 millimeters (200 in) in the mountainous east coast section but less than 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in
some of the sheltered valleys.[247]
Sitting astride the typhoon belt, the islands experience 15–20 typhoons annually from July to October,[247] with around nineteen
typhoons[248] entering the Philippine area of responsibility in a typical year and eight or nine making landfall.[249][250]
Historically typhoons were sometimes referred to as baguios.[251] The wettest recorded typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped
2,210 millimeters (87 in) in Baguio from July 14 to 18, 1911.[252] The Philippines is highly exposed to climate change and is
among the world's ten countries that are most vulnerable to climate change risks.[253]
Government and politics

The Philippines has a democratic government in the form of a constitutional republic with a
presidential system.[254] The President functions as both head of state and head of
government[255] and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.[254] The president is
elected by popular vote for a single six-year term,[256] during which he or she appoints and
presides over the cabinet.[257]: 213–214 Rodrigo Duterte was elected to a six-year term as
president in 2016.[168] The bicameral Congress is composed of the Senate, serving as the
upper house, with members elected to a six-year term, and the House of Representatives,
Malacañang Palace is the official
serving as the lower house, with members elected to a three-year term.[258] Philippine residence of the President of the
politics tends to be dominated by those with well-known names, such as members of political Philippines.
dynasties or celebrities.[259][260]
Senators are elected at large[258] while the representatives are elected from both legislative districts and through sectoral
representation.[257]: 162–163 The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, composed of a Chief Justice as its presiding officer
and fourteen associate justices,[261] all of whom are appointed by the President from nominations submitted by the Judicial and
Bar Council.[254] The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both within the single
urban area of Metro Manila.[262]
There have been attempts to change the government to a federal, unicameral, or parliamentary government since the Ramos
administration.[263] There is a significant amount of corruption in the Philippines,[264][265][266] which some historians attribute
to the system of governance put in place during the Spanish colonial period.[267]
Foreign relations
As a founding and active member of the United Nations,[268] the country has been elected to
the Security Council.[269] Carlos P. Romulo was a former President of the United Nations
General Assembly.[270][271] The country is an active participant in peacekeeping missions,
particularly in East Timor.[272][273] Over 10 million Filipinos live and work overseas.[274][275]
The Philippines is a founding and active member of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian
Nations).[276] It has hosted several summits and is an active contributor to the direction and
policies of the bloc.[277][278] It is also a member of the East Asia Summit (EAS),[279] the Asia-
President Rodrigo Duterte and U.S.
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Group of 24, and the Non-Aligned President Donald Trump discuss
Movement.[280] The country is also seeking to obtain observer status in the Organisation of matters during a bilateral meeting in
Islamic Cooperation.[281][282] November 2017.
The Philippines has a long relationship with the United States, covering economics, security,
and people-to-people relations.[283] A mutual defense treaty between the two countries was signed in 1951, and supplemented
later with the 1999 Visiting Forces Agreement and the 2016 Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement.[284] The Philippines
supported American policies during the Cold War and participated in the Korean and Vietnam wars.[285][286] In 2003 the
Philippines was designated a Major non-NATO ally.[287]
Under President Duterte ties with the United States have weakened[288]
with military purchases instead coming from China and Russia,[289][290] while Duterte states that the Philippines will no longer
participate in any US-led wars.[291] In 2021, it was revealed the United States would defend the Philippines including the South
China Sea.[292]
The Philippines attaches great importance in its relations with China, and has established significant cooperation with the
country.[293][294][295][296][297][298] Japan is the biggest bilateral contributor of official development assistance to the
country.[299][300][301] Although historical tensions exist due to the events of World War II, much of the animosity has faded.[302]
Historical and cultural ties continue to affect relations with Spain.[303][304] Relations with Middle Eastern countries are shaped
by the high number of Filipinos working in these countries,[305] and by issues relating the Muslim minority in the
Philippines.[306] Concerns have been raised regarding issues such as domestic abuse and war affecting[307][308] the around
2.5 million overseas Filipino workers in the region.[309]
The Philippines has claims in the Spratly Islands which overlap with claims by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The largest
of its controlled islands in Thitu Island, which contains the Philippine's smallest village.[310][311] The Scarborough Shoal standoff
in 2012, where China took control of the shoal from the Philippines, led to an international arbitration case[312] and has made the
shoal a prominent symbol in the wider dispute.[313]
Military
The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) consist of three branches: the Philippine Air
Force, the Philippine Army, and the Philippine Navy.[314] The Armed Forces of the
Philippines are a volunteer force.[315] Civilian security is handled by the Philippine National
Police under the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG).[316][317]
In Bangsamoro, the largest separatist organizations, the Moro National Liberation Front and
the Moro Islamic Liberation Front were engaging the government politically as of 2007.[318]
Other more militant groups like the Abu Sayyaf have kidnapped foreigners for ransom,
particularly in the Sulu Archipelago.[320][321][322][323] Their presence decreased due to BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150) is the lead
successful security provided by the Philippine government.[324][325] The Communist Party of ship of her class of guided missile
the Philippines and its military wing, the New People's Army, have been waging guerrilla frigates of the Philippine Navy
warfare against the government since the 1970s, reaching its apex in 1986 when Communist
guerrillas gained control of a fifth of the country's territory, before significantly dwindling
militarily and politically after the return of democracy in 1986.[326][327] As of 2018, $2.843 billion,[328] or 1.1 percent of GDP is
spent on military forces.[329]
Administrative divisions
The Philippines is governed as a unitary state, with the exception of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
(BARMM),[330] although there has been several steps towards decentralization within the unitary framework.[331][332] A 1991 law
devolved some powers to local governments.[333] The country is divided into 17 regions, 81 provinces, 146 cities, 1,488
municipalities, and 42,036 barangays.[334]

Regions other than Bangsamoro serve primarily to organize the provinces of the
country for administrative convenience.[335] As of 2015, Calabarzon was the most populated region while the National Capital
Region (NCR) the most densely populated.[336]
Administrative map of the Philippines
Regions of the Philippines
Population
Regional % of Population
Designation Name Area[336] (as of
center Population density[336]
2015)[337]
National
20,785/km2
NCR Capital Manila 619.54 km2 (239.21 sq mi) 12,877,253 12.75%
(53,830/sq mi)
Region
San
388/km2
Region I Ilocos Region Fernando (La 12,964.62 km2 (5,005.67 sq mi) 5,026,128 4.98%
(1,000/sq mi)
Union)
Cordillera
87/km2
CAR Administrative Baguio 19,818.12 km2 (7,651.82 sq mi) 1,722,006 1.71%
(230/sq mi)
Region
Cagayan 116/km2
Region II Tuguegarao 29,836.88 km2 (11,520.08 sq mi) 3,451,410 3.42%
Valley (300/sq mi)
San
512/km2
Region III Central Luzon Fernando 22,014.63 km2 (8,499.90 sq mi) 11,218,177 11.11%
(1,330/sq mi)
(Pampanga)
870/km2
Region IV-A Calabarzon Calamba 16,576.26 km2 (6,400.13 sq mi) 14,414,774 14.27%
(2,300/sq mi)
Southwestern
100/km2
Mimaropa Tagalog Calapan 29,606.25 km2 (11,431.04 sq mi) 2,963,360 2.93%
(260/sq mi)
Region
320/km2
Region V Bicol Region Legazpi City 18,114.47 km2 (6,994.04 sq mi) 5,796,989 5.74%
(830/sq mi)
Western 363/km2
Region VI Iloilo City 20,778.29 km2 (8,022.54 sq mi) 7,536,383 7.46%
Visayas (940/sq mi)
Central 466/km2
Region VII Cebu City 15,872.58 km2 (6,128.44 sq mi) 7,396,898 7.33%
Visayas (1,210/sq mi)
Eastern 191/km2
Region VIII Tacloban 23,234.78 km2 (8,971.00 sq mi) 4,440,150 4.40%
Visayas (490/sq mi)
Zamboanga 215/km2
Region IX Pagadian[338] 16,904.03 km2 (6,526.68 sq mi) 3,629,783 3.59%
Peninsula (560/sq mi)
Northern Cagayan de 229/km2

Region X 20,458.51 km2 (7,899.07 sq mi) 4,689,302 4.64%
Mindanao Oro (590/sq mi)
Davao 239/km2
Region XI Davao City 20,433.38 km2 (7,889.37 sq mi) 4,893,318 4.85%
Region (620/sq mi)
188/km2
Region XII Soccsksargen Koronadal 22,610.08 km2 (8,729.80 sq mi) 4,245,838 4.20%
(490/sq mi)
123/km2
Region XIII Caraga Butuan 21,120.56 km2 (8,154.69 sq mi) 2,596,709 2.57%
(320/sq mi)
Cotabato 111/km2
BARMM Bangsamoro 36,826.95 km2 (14,218.96 sq mi) 4,080,825 4.04%
City (290/sq mi)
Demographics
The Commission on Population estimated the country's population to be 107,190,081 as of December 31, 2018, based on the
latest population census of 2015 conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority.[339] The population increased from 1990 to
2008 by approximately 28 million, a 45% growth in that time frame.[340] The first official census in the Philippines was carried
out in 1877 and recorded a population of 5,567,685.[341]
A third of the population resides in Metro Manila and its immediately neighboring regions.[342] The 2.34% average annual
population growth rate between 1990 and 2000 decreased to an estimated 1.90% for the 2000–2010 period.[343] Government
attempts to reduce population growth have been a contentious issue.[344] The population's median age is 22.7 years with 60.9%
aged from 15 to 64 years old.[6]

Life expectancy at birth is 69.4 years, 73.1 years for females and 65.9 years for males.[345] Poverty
incidence dropped to 21.6% in 2015 from 25.2% in 2012.[346]
Metro Manila is the most populous of the 3 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines[347] and the 5th most populous in the
world.[348] Census data from 2015 showed it had a population of 12,877,253 constituting almost 13% of the national
population.[349] Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces (Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal) of Greater Manila, the
population is around 23,088,000.[348] Across the country, the Philippines has a total urbanization rate of 51.2 percent.[349]
Metro Manila's gross regional product was estimated as of 2009 to be ₱468.4 billion (at constant 1985 prices) and accounts for
33% of the nation's GDP.[350] In 2011 Manila ranked as the 28th wealthiest urban agglomeration in the world and the 2nd in
Southeast Asia.[351]
Ethnic groups
There is substantial ethnic diversity with the Philippines, a product of the seas and mountain
ranges dividing the archipelago along with significant foreign influences.[255] According to
the 2010 census, 24.4% of Filipinos are Tagalog, 11.4% Visayans/Bisaya (excluding Cebuano,
Hiligaynon and Waray), 9.9% Cebuano, 8.8% Ilocano, 8.4% Hiligaynon, 6.8% Bikol, 4% Waray,
and 26.2% are "others",[6][352] which can be broken down further to yield more distinct non-
tribal groups like the Moro, the Kapampangan, the Pangasinense, the Ibanag, and the
Ivatan.[353] There are also indigenous peoples like the Igorot, the Lumad, the Mangyan, the
Bajau, and the tribes of Palawan.[354]
Negritos are considered among the earliest inhabitants of the islands.[355] These minority
aboriginal settlers are an Australoid group and are a left-over from the first human migration
out of Africa to Australia, and were likely displaced by later waves of migration.[356] At least
some Negritos in the Philippines have Denisovan admixture in their genomes.[357][358]
Ethnic Filipinos generally belong to several Southeast Asian ethnic groups classified
linguistically as part of the Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesian speaking people.[354] There is
some uncertainty over the origin of this Austronesian speaking population, with it being
likely that ancestors related to Taiwanese aborigines brought their language and mixed with
existing populations in the area.[359][360] The Manobo and Sama ethnic groups have
Dominant ethnic groups by province
ancestral affinity with the Austroasiatic Mlabri and Htin peoples of mainland Southeast Asia.
South Asian ancestry was also detected with Filipinos and peaking among the Dilaut people.
There was also a westward expansion of Papuan ancestry from Papua New Guinea to Eastern
Indonesia and Mindanao detected among the Blaan and Sangir.[32] European DNA is present in many Filipinos today.[361] A
craniometric study reveals that samples taken from graveyards across the Philippines show a mean ratio of European descent of
circa 6%.[362] Under Spanish rule there was also immigration from elsewhere in the empire, especially from Latin America.[363]
Chinese Filipinos are mostly the descendants of immigrants from Fujian in China after 1898,[364] numbering around 2 million,
although there are an estimated 20 percent of Filipinos who have partial Chinese ancestry, stemming from precolonial and
colonial Chinese migrants.[365] While a distinct minority, Chinese Filipinos are well-integrated into Filipino society.[255][366] As
of 2015, there were 220,000 to 600,000 American citizens living in the country.[367] There are also up to 250,000 Amerasians
scattered across the cities of Angeles, Manila, and Olongapo.[368] Other important non-indigenous minorities include
Indians[369] and Arabs.[370] There are also Japanese people, which include escaped Christians (Kirishitan) who fled the
persecutions of Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu which the Spanish empire in the Philippines had offered asylum from.[371] The
descendants of mixed-race couples are known as Tisoy.[372]
Languages
Ethnologue lists 186 individual languages in the Philippines, 182 of which are living languages, while 4 no longer have any known
speakers. Most native languages are part of the Philippine branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is itself a branch of
the Austronesian language family.[354][374] In addition, various Spanish-based creole varieties collectively called Chavacano
exist.[375] There are also many Philippine Negrito languages that have unique vocabularies that survived Austronesian
acculturation.[376]
Filipino and English are the official languages of the country.[377] Filipino is a standardized version of Tagalog, spoken mainly in
Metro Manila.[378] Both Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, with third
local languages often being used at the same time.[379] The Philippine constitution provides for the promotion of Spanish and
Arabic on a voluntary and optional basis.[377] Spanish, which was widely used as a lingua franca in the late nineteenth century,
has since declined greatly in use,[380] although Spanish loanwords are still present today in Philippine languages,[381][382] while
Arabic is mainly taught in Islamic schools in Mindanao.[383]
Nineteen regional languages act as auxiliary official languages Population by mother tongue (2010)
used as media of instruction: Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano,
Language Speakers
Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan,
Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Tagalog 24.44 % 22,512,089
Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan.[4] Other Cebuano 21.35 % 19,665,453
indigenous languages such as, Cuyonon, Ifugao, Itbayat,
Kalinga, Kamayo, Kankanaey, Masbateño, Romblomanon, Ilokano 8.77 % 8,074,536
Manobo, and several Visayan languages are prevalent in their Hiligaynon 8.44 % 7,773,655
respective provinces.[384] Article 3 of Republic Act No. 11106
Waray 3.97 % 3,660,645
declared the Filipino Sign Language as the national sign
language of the Philippines, specifying that it shall be Other local languages/dialects 26.09 % 24,027,005
recognized, supported and promoted as the medium of official Other foreign languages/dialects 0.09 % 78,862
communication in all transactions involving the deaf, and as the
language of instruction of deaf education.[385][386] Not reported/not stated 0.01 % 6,450
TOTAL 92,097,978
Religion Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[373]
The Philippines is a secular state which protects freedom of religion. Christianity is the
dominant faith,[387][388] shared by about 89% of the population.[5] As of 2013, the country
had the world's third largest Roman Catholic population, and was the largest Christian nation
in Asia.[389] Census data from 2015 found that about 79.53% of the population professed
Catholicism.[390] Around 37% of the population regularly attend Mass. 29% of self-identified
Catholics consider themselves very religious.[391] An independent Catholic church, the
Philippine Independent Church, has around 66,959 adherents.[390] Protestants were 9.13%
of the population in 2015.[392] 2.64% of the population are members of Iglesia ni Cristo.[390]
The historical Paoay Church in The combined following of the Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches comes to 2.42% of
Ilocos Norte. Declared as a National the total population.[390][393]
Cultural Treasure by the Philippine
government in 1973 and a UNESCO Islam is the second largest religion. The Muslim population of the Philippines was reported
World Heritage Site under the as 6.01% of the total population according to census returns in 2015.[390] Conversely, a 2012
collective group of Baroque report by the National Commission of Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) stated that about
Churches of the Philippines in 1993. 10,700,000 or 11% of Filipinos are Muslims.[387] The majority of Muslims live in Mindanao
and nearby islands.[388][394] Most practice Sunni Islam under the Shafi'i school.[395][396]
The percentage of combined positive atheist and agnostic people in the Philippines was measured to be about 3% of the
population as of 2008.[397] The 2015 Philippine Census reported the religion of about 0.02% of the population as "none".[390] A
2014 survey by Gallup International Association reported that 21% of its respondents identify as "not a religious person".[398]
Around 0.24% of the population practice indigenous Philippine folk religions,[390] whose practices and folk beliefs are often
syncretized with Christianity and Islam.[399][400] Buddhism is practiced by around 0.03% of the population,[390] concentrated
among Filipinos of Chinese descent.[401]
Health
In 2016, 63.1% of healthcare came from private expenditures while 36.9% was from the government (12.4% from the national
government, 7.1% from the local government, and 17.4% from social health insurance).[402] Total health expenditure share in
GDP for the year 2016 was 4.5%. Per capita health expenditure rate in 2015 was US$323, which was one of the lowest in
Southeast Asia.[403] The budget allocation for Healthcare in 2019 was ₱98.6 billion[404] and had an increase in budget in 2014
with a record high in the collection of taxes from the House Bill 5727 (commonly known as Sin tax Bill).[405]
There were 101,688 hospital beds in the country in 2016, with government hospital beds accounting for 47% and private hospital
beds for 53%.[406]
In 2009, there were an estimated 90,370 physicians or 1 per every 833 people, 480,910 nurses and 43,220
dentists.[407] Retention of skilled practitioners is a problem. Seventy percent of nursing graduates go overseas to work. As of
2007, the Philippines was the largest supplier of nurses for export.[408] The Philippines suffers a triple burden of high levels of
communicable diseases, high levels of non-communicable diseases, and high exposure to natural disasters.[409]
In 2018, there were 1,258 hospitals licensed by the Department of Health, of which 433 (34%) were government-run and
825 (66%) private.[410] A total of 20,065 barangay health stations (BHS) and 2,590 rural health units (RHUs) provide primary
care services throughout the country as of 2016.[411] Cardiovascular diseases account for more than 35% of all deaths.[412][413]
9,264 cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were reported for the year 2016, with 8,151 being asymptomatic cases.[414]
At the time the country was considered a low-HIV-prevalence country, with less than 0.1% of the adult population estimated to be
HIV-positive.[415] HIV/AIDS cases increased from 12,000 in 2005[416] to 39,622 as of 2016, with 35,957 being asymptomatic
cases.[414]
There is improvement in patients access to medicines due to Filipinos' growing acceptance of generic drugs, with 6 out of 10
Filipinos already using generics.[417] While the country's universal healthcare implementation is underway as spearheaded by the
state-owned Philippine Health Insurance Corporation,[418] most healthcare-related expenses are either borne out of pocket[419]
or through health maintenance organization (HMO)-provided health plans. As of April 2020, there are only about 7 million
individuals covered by these plans.[420]
Education
The Philippines had a simple literacy rate of 98.3% as of 2015, and a functional literacy rate
of 90.3% as of 2013.[421] Education takes up a significant proportion of the national budget.
In the 2020 budget, education was allocated PHP17.1 billion from the PHP4.1 trillion
budget.[422]
The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) lists 2,180 higher education institutions,
among which 607 are public and 1,573 are private.[423] Classes start in June and end in
Founded in 1611, the University of
March. The majority of colleges and universities follow a semester calendar from June to Santo Tomas is the oldest extant
October and November to March, while some have adopted an increasingly common university in Asia.
semester calendar from August to December and January to May.[424] Primary and
secondary schooling is divided between a 6-year elementary period, a 4-year junior high
school period, and a 2-year senior high school period.[425][426][427]
The Department of Education (DepEd) covers elementary, secondary, and non-formal education.[428] The Technical Education
and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) administers middle-level education training and development.[429][430] The
Commission on Higher Education (CHED) was created in 1994 to, among other functions, formulate and recommend
development plans, policies,
priorities, and programs on higher education and research.[431]
In 2004, madaris were mainstreamed in 16 regions nationwide, mainly in Muslim areas in Mindanao under the auspices and
program of the Department of Education.[432] Public universities are all non-sectarian entities, and are further classified as State
Universities and Colleges (SUC) or Local Colleges and Universities (LCU).[423] The University of the Philippines, a system of eight
constituent universities, is the national university system of the Philippines.[433] The country's top ranked universities are as
follows: University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, and University of Santo
Tomas.[434][435][436] The University of Santo Tomas, established in 1611, has the oldest extant university charter in the
Philippines and Asia.[437][438]
Economy
The Philippine economy has produced an estimated gross domestic product (nominal) of
$356.8 billion.[439] Primary exports include semiconductors and electronic products,
transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, and fruits.
Major trading partners include the United States, Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, the
Netherlands, Hong Kong, Germany, Taiwan, and Thailand.[6] Its unit of currency is the
Philippine peso (₱[440] or PHP[441]).[442]
A newly industrialized country,[443] the Philippine economy has been transitioning from one
based upon agriculture to an economy with more emphasis upon services and A proportional representation of
Philippines exports, 2019
manufacturing.[444] Of the country's 2018 labor force of around 43.46 million, the
agricultural sector employed 24.3%,[445] and accounted for 8.1% of 2018 GDP.[446] The
industrial sector employed around 19% of the workforce and accounted for 34.1% of GDP,
while 57% of the workers involved in the services sector were responsible for 57.8% of GDP.[446][447]
The unemployment rate as of October 2019, stands at 4.5%.[448] Meanwhile, due to lower charges in basic necessities, the
inflation rate eased to 1.7% in August 2019.[449] Gross international reserves as of October 2013 are $83.201 billion.[450] The
Debt-to-GDP ratio continues to decline to 37.6% as of the second quarter of 2019[451][452] from a record high of 78% in 2004.[453]
The country is a net importer[454] but it is also a creditor nation.[455] Manila hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development
Bank.[456]
The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis affected the economy, resulting in a lingering decline of the value of the peso and falls in the stock
market. The extent it was affected initially was not as severe as that of some of its Asian neighbors. This was largely due to the
fiscal conservatism of the government, partly as a result of decades of monitoring and fiscal supervision from the International
Monetary Fund (IMF), in comparison to the massive spending of its neighbors on the rapid acceleration of economic growth.[154]
There have been signs of progress since. In 2004, the economy experienced 6.4% GDP growth and 7.1% in 2007, its fastest pace
of growth in three decades.[458][459] Average annual GDP growth per capita for the period
1966–2007 still stands at 1.45% in comparison to an average of 5.96% for the East Asia and
the Pacific region as a whole. The daily income for 45% of the population of the Philippines
remains less than $2.[460][461][462]
Remittances from overseas Filipinos contribute significantly to the Philippine economy.[463]

Remittances peaked in 2006 at 10.4% of the national GDP, and were 8.6% and 8.5% in 2012
and in 2014 respectively.[463] In 2014 the total worth of foreign exchange remittances was
US$28 billion.[464] Regional development is uneven, with Luzon – Metro Manila in
Filipinos planting rice. Agriculture particular – gaining most of the new economic growth at the expense of the other
employs 23% of the Filipino regions.[465][466] Service industries such as tourism[467] and business process outsourcing
workforce as of 2020. [457] have been identified as areas with some of the best opportunities for growth for the
country.[468] The Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry is composed of eight sub-
sectors, namely, knowledge process outsourcing and back offices, animation, call centers,
software development, game development, engineering design, and medical transcription.[469] In 2010, the Philippines was
reported as having eclipsed India as the main center of BPO services in the world.[470][471][472]
Science and technology
The Department of Science and Technology is the governing agency responsible for the
development of coordination of science and technology-related projects in the
Philippines.[473] Research organizations in the country include the International Rice
Research Institute,[474] which focuses on the development of new rice varieties and rice crop
management techniques.[475]
The Philippines bought its first satellite in 1996.[476] In 2016, the Philippines first micro-
satellite, Diwata-1 was launched aboard the US Cygnus spacecraft.[477] The Philippines has a
high concentration of cellular phone users.[478] Text messaging is a popular form of Headquarters of the International
communication and, in 2007, the nation sent an average of one billion SMS messages per Rice Research Institute in Los
day.[479] The country has a high level of mobile financial services utilization.[480] The Baños, Laguna.
Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company, commonly known as PLDT, is a formerly
nationalized telecommunications provider.[478] It is also the largest company in the
country.[481] The National Telecommunications Commission is the agency responsible for the supervision, adjudication and
control over all telecommunications services throughout the country.[482] There are approximately 417 AM and 1079 FM radio
stations and 438 television and 1,551 cable television stations.[483] On March 29, 1994, the country was connected to the Internet
via a 64 kbit/s connection from a router serviced by PLDT to a Sprint router in California.[484] Estimates for Internet penetration
in the Philippines vary widely ranging from a low of 2.5 million to a high of 24 million people.[485][486] Social networking and
watching videos are among the most frequent Internet activities.[487] The Philippine population is the world's top internet
user.[488] The Philippines was ranked 50th in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, it has increased its ranking considerably
since 2014, where it was ranked 100th.[489][490][491][492]
Tourism
The travel and tourism sector contributed 10.6% of the country's GDP in 2015[493] and
providing 1,226,500 jobs in 2013.[494] 8,260,913 international visitors arrived from January
to December 2019, up by 15.24% for the same period in 2018.[495] 58.62% (4,842,774) of
these came from East Asia, 15.84% (1,308,444) came from North America, and
6.38% (526,832) came from other ASEAN countries.[421] The island of Boracay, popular for
its beaches, was named as the best island in the world by Travel + Leisure in 2012.[496] The
Philippines is also a popular retirement destination for foreigners due to its climate and low
cost of living.[497] Limestone cliffs of El Nido, Palawan.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Transportation in the Philippines is facilitated by road, air, rail and waterways. As of December 2018, there are 210,528
kilometers (130,816 mi) of roads in the Philippines, with only 65,101 kilometers (40,452 mi) of roads paved.[498] The 919-
kilometer (571 mi) Strong Republic Nautical Highway (SRNH), an integrated set of highway segments and ferry routes covering
17 cities was established in 2003.[499] The Pan-Philippine Highway connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao,
forming the backbone of land-based transportation in the country.[500] Roads are the
dominant form of transport, carrying 98% of people and 58% of cargo. A network of
expressways extends from the capital to other areas of Luzon.[501] The 8.25-kilometre
(5.13 mi) Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway in Cebu will be finished by 2021.[502] Traffic is a
significant issue facing the country, especially within Manila and on arterial roads connecting
to the capital.[503]
Public transport in the country include buses, jeepneys, UV Express, TNVS, Filcab, taxis, and
tricycles.[504][505] Jeepneys are a popular and iconic public utility vehicle.[506] Jeepneys and
other Public Utility Vehicles which are older than 15 years are being phased out gradually in An LRT Line 2 train at Santolan
favor of a more efficient and environmentally friendly Euro 4 compliant vehicles.[507][508] station.
Despite wider historical use, rail transport in the Philippines is extremely limited, being
confined to transporting passengers within Metro Manila and neighboring Laguna, with a separate short track in the Bicol
Region.[509] There are plans to revive Freight transport to reduce road congestion.[510][511] As of 2019, the country had a railway
footprint of only 79 kilometers, which it had plans to expand up to 244 kilometers.[512][513] Metro Manila is served by three rapid
transit lines: LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2 and MRT Line 3.[514][515][516] The PNR South Commuter Line transports passengers
between Metro Manila and Laguna.[517] Railway lines that are under-construction include the 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) Line 2 East
Extension Project (2020),[518] the 22.8-kilometre (14.2 mi) MRT Line 7 (2020),[519] the 35-kilometre (22 mi) Metro Manila
Subway (2025),[520] and the 109-kilometre (68 mi) PNR North–South Commuter Railway which is divided into several phases,
with partial operations to begin in 2022.[521] The civil airline industry is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority of the
Philippines.[522] Philippine Airlines is Asia's oldest commercial airline still operating under its original name.[523][524] Cebu
Pacific is the countries leading low-cost carrier.[525]
As an archipelago, inter-island travel using watercraft is often necessary.[526] Boats have always been important to societies in the
Philippines.[527][528] Most boats are double-outrigger vessels, which can reach up to 30 metres (98 ft) in length, known as
banca[529]/bangka,[530] parao, prahu, or balanghay. A variety of boat types are used throughout the islands, such as dugouts
(baloto) and house-boats like the lepa-lepa.[528] Terms such as bangka and baroto are also used as general names for a variety of
boat types.[530] Modern ships use plywood in place of logs and motor engines in place of sails.[529] These ships are used both for
fishing and for inter-island travel.[530] The principal seaports of Manila, Batangas, Subic Bay, Cebu, Iloilo, Davao, Cagayan de
Oro, General Santos, and Zamboanga form part of the ASEAN Transport Network.[531][532] The Pasig River Ferry serves the cities
of Manila, Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasig and Marikina in Metro Manila.[533][534]
Water supply and sanitation
In 2015, it was reported by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
that 74% of the population had access to improved sanitation, and that "good progress" had
been made between 1990 and 2015.[535] As of 2016, 96% of Filipino households have an
improved source of drinking water, and 92% of households had sanitary toilet facilities,
although connections of these toilet facilities to appropriate sewerage systems remain largely
insufficient especially in rural and urban poor communities.[536]
Culture Ambuklao Dam in Bokod, Benguet.
There is significant cultural diversity across the islands, reinforced by the fragmented
geography of the country.[537] The cultures within Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago
developed in a particularly distinct manner, due to very limited degree of Spanish influence
and greater influence from nearby Islamic regions.[538] Despite this, a national identity
emerged in the 19th century, the development of which is represented by shared national
symbols and other cultural and historical touchstones.[537]
One of the most visible Hispanic legacies is the prevalence of Spanish names and surnames
among Filipinos; a Spanish name and surname, however, does not necessarily denote
Spanish ancestry. This peculiarity, unique among the people of Asia, came as a result of a
colonial edict by Governor-General Narciso Clavería y Zaldua, which ordered the systematic A participant of the Ati-Atihan
distribution of family names and implementation of Hispanic nomenclature on the Festival.
population.[539] The names of many locations are also Spanish, or stem from Spanish roots
and origins.[540]
There is a substantial American influence on modern Filipino culture.[255] The common use of the English language is an
example of the American impact on Philippine society. It has contributed to the influence of American pop cultural trends.[541]
This affinity is seen in Filipinos' consumption of fast food and American film and music.[542] American global fast-food chain
stalwarts have entered the market, but local fast-food chains like Goldilocks[543] and most notably Jollibee, the leading fast-food
chain in the country, have emerged and compete successfully against foreign chains.[544]
The Ati-Atihan, Moriones and Sinulog festivals are among the most well-known.[545][546][547]
Values
As a general description, the distinct value system of Filipinos is rooted primarily in personal
alliance systems, especially those based in kinship, obligation, friendship, religion
(particularly Christianity), and commercial relationships.[548]
Filipino values are, for the most part, centered around maintaining social harmony,
motivated primarily by the desire to be accepted within a group. The main sanction against
diverging from these values are the concepts of "Hiya", roughly translated as 'a sense of
shame',[549] and "Amor propio" or 'self-esteem'.[550] Social approval, acceptance by a group,
and belonging to a group are major concerns. Caring about what others will think, say or do, A statue in Iriga City
commemorating the mano po
are strong influences on social behavior among Filipinos.[551]
gesture
Other elements of the Filipino value system are optimism about the future, pessimism about
present situations and events, concern and care for other people, the existence of friendship
and friendliness, the habit of being hospitable, religious nature, respectfulness to self and others, respect for the female members
of society, the fear of God, and abhorrence of acts of cheating and thievery.[552][553]
Architecture
Spanish architecture has left an imprint in the Philippines in the way many towns were
designed around a central square or plaza mayor, but many of the buildings bearing its
influence were demolished during World War II.[48] Four Philippine baroque churches are
included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the San Agustín Church in Manila,
Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte, Nuestra Señora de la Asunción (Santa María) Church in Ilocos
Sur, and Santo Tomás de Villanueva Church in Iloilo.[554] Vigan in Ilocos Sur is also known
for the many Hispanic-style houses and buildings preserved there.[555]
American rule introduced new architectural styles. This led to the construction of
Colonial houses in Vigan.
government buildings and Art Deco theaters. During the American period, some semblance
of city planning using the architectural designs and master plans by Daniel Burnham was
done on the portions of the city of Manila. Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of
government buildings that resembled Greek or Neoclassical architecture.[556] In Iloilo, structures from both the Spanish and
American periods can still be seen, especially in Calle Real.[557] Certain areas of the country like Batanes have slight differences as
both Spanish and Filipino ways of architecture assimilated differently due to the climate. Limestones were used as a building
material, with houses being built to withstand typhoons.[558]
Performing arts
In general, there are two types of Philippine traditional folk dance. The first one reflects the
influence under the Spanish occupation and the other, the country's profuseness of tribes
that offer their own tribal dances. The music that incorporates the former are mostly
bandurria-based bands that utilizes 14th string guitars. One example of such type is the
Cariñosa. A Hispanic Filipino dance, unofficially considered as the "National Dance of the
Philippines".[559] Another example is the Tinikling.[560] While native dances had become less
popular over time,[561]: 77 a revival of folk dances began in the 1920s.[561]: 82 In the Modern
and Post-Modern time periods, dances may vary from the delicate ballet up to the more
Cariñosa, a Hispanic era dance for
street-oriented styles of breakdancing.[562][563] traditional Filipino courtship.
Locally produced spoken dramas became established in the late 1870s. Around the same
time, Spanish influence led to the introduction of zarzuela plays which integrated musical
pieces,[564] and of comedia plays which included more significant dance elements. Such performances became popular
throughout the country,[561]: 69–70 and were written in a number of local languages.[564] American influence led to the
introduction of vaudeville and ballet.[561]: 69–70 During the 20th century the realism genre became more dominant, with
performances written to focus on contemporary political and societal issues.[564]
During the Spanish era Rondalya music, where traditional string orchestra mandolin type instruments were used, was
widespread.[565] Kundiman developed in the 1920s and 30's,[566] and had a renaissance in the postwar period.[567] The American
colonial period exposed many Filipinos to US culture and popular forms of music.[566] Rock music was introduced to Filipinos in
the 1960s, and developed into Filipino rock, or "Pinoy rock", a term encompassing diverse styles such as pop rock, alternative
rock, heavy metal, punk, new wave, ska, and reggae. Martial law in the 1970s produced several Filipino folk rock bands and artists
who were at the forefront of political demonstrations.[568] The 1970s also saw the birth of Manila Sound[569] and Original
Pilipino Music (OPM).[570] Filipino hip-hop traces its origins back to 1979, entering the mainstream in 1990.[571][572] Karaoke is a
popular activity in the country.[573] From 2010 to 2020, Philippine pop music or P-pop went through a huge metamorphosis in
its increased quality, budget, investment, and variety, matching the country's rapid economic growth, and an accompanying
social and cultural resurgence of its Asian identity. This was heard by heavy influence from K-pop and J-pop, growth in Asian
style ballads, idol groups, and EDM music, and less reliance on Western genres, mirroring the Korean wave and similar Japanese
wave popularity among millennial Filipinos and mainstream culture.
Literature
Philippine mythology has been handed down primarily through the traditional oral folk literature of
the Filipino people. Some popular figures from Philippine mythologies are Maria Makiling, Lam-
Ang, and the Sarimanok.[574]
Philippine literature comprises works usually written in Filipino, Spanish, or English. Some of the
most known were created from the 17th to 19th century.[575] Adarna, for example, is a famous epic
about an eponymous magical bird allegedly written by José de la Cruz or "Huseng Sisiw".[576]
Francisco Balagtas, the poet and playwright who wrote Florante at Laura, is recognized as a
preeminent writer in the Tagalog (Filipino) language.[577] José Rizal wrote the novels Noli Me
Tángere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The Filibustering, also known as The Reign of
Greed).[578]
Cinema
José Rizal is a pioneer of
Philippine cinema began at the end of the 19th century,[579] and made up around 20% of the Philippine Revolution
domestic market during the second half of the 20th century. During the 21st century however, the through his literary works.
industry has struggled to compete with larger budget foreign films.[580] Critically acclaimed
Philippines films include Himala (Miracle).[581][582][583] Moving pictures were first shown in the
Philippines on January 1, 1897.[584][585] All films were all in Spanish since Philippine cinema was first introduced during the final
years of the Spanish era of the country. Antonio Ramos was the first known movie producer.[586][587] Meanwhile, Jose
Nepomuceno was dubbed as the "Father of Philippine Movies".[588] His work marked the start of the local production of movies.
Production companies remained small during the era of silent film, but 1933 saw the emergence of sound films and the arrival of
the first significant production company. The postwar 1940s and the 1950s are regarded as a high point for Philippine
cinema.[108]
The growing dominance of Hollywood films and the cost of production has severely reduced local filmmaking.[589][590]
Nonetheless, some local films continue to find success.[591][592]
Mass media
Philippine media uses mainly Filipino and English, though broadcasting has shifted to Filipino.[379] There are large numbers of
both radio stations and newspapers.[593] The top three newspapers by nationwide readership as well as credibility[594] are the
Philippine Daily Inquirer, Manila Bulletin, and The Philippine Star.[595][596] While freedom of the press is protected by the
constitution, the country is very dangerous for journalists.[593][597] The dominant television networks were ABS-CBN and GMA,
both being free to air.[593] ABS-CBN, at the time the largest network[598] was shut down following a cease and desist order issued
by the National Telecommunications Commission on May 5, 2020, a day after the expiration of the network's franchise.[599] Prior
to this move, Duterte accused ABS-CBN of being biased against his administration and vowed to block the renewal of their
franchise. However, critics of the Duterte administration, human rights groups, and media unions said the shutdown of ABS-CBN
was an attack on press freedom.[598][600] On July 10, 2020, the House of Representatives declined a renewal of ABS-CBN's TV
and radio franchise, voted 70–11.[598]
TV, the Internet,[601] and social media, particularly Facebook, remain the top source of news and information for majority of
Filipinos as newspaper readership continues to decline.[602][603] English broadsheets are popular among executives,
professionals and students.[604] Cheaper Tagalog tabloids, which feature crime, sex, gossips and gore, saw a rise in the 1990s, and
tend to be popular among the masses, particularly in Manila.[604][605][606]
Cuisine
Regional variations exist throughout the islands, for example rice is a standard starch in Luzon while cassava is more common in
Mindanao.[607] Filipino taste buds tend to favor robust flavors, but the cuisine is not as spicy as those of its neighbors.[608]
Unlike many Asians, most Filipinos do not eat with chopsticks; they use Western cutlery. However, possibly due to rice being the
primary staple food and the popularity of a large number of stews and main dishes with broth in Filipino cuisine, the main
pairing of utensils seen at the Filipino dining table is that of spoon and fork, not knife and fork.[609]
The traditional way of eating with the hands known as kamayan (using the hand for bringing food to the mouth)[610] was
previously more often seen in the less urbanized areas.[607] However, due to the various Filipino restaurants that introduced
Filipino food to people of other nationalities, as well as to Filipino urbanites, kamayan fast became popular.[611][612] This recent
trend also sometimes incorporates the "Boodle fight" concept (as popularized and coined by the Philippine Army), wherein
banana leaves are used as giant plates on top of which rice portions and Filipino viands are placed all together for a filial, friendly
or communal kamayan feasting.[613]
Sports
Basketball is played at both amateur and professional levels and is considered to be the most
popular sport in the Philippines.[614] In 2010, Manny Pacquiao was named "Fighter of the
Decade" for the 2000s by the Boxing Writers Association of America.[615] The national
martial art and sport of the country is Arnis.[616][617] Sabong or cockfighting is another
popular entertainment especially among Filipino men, and was documented by Magellan's
voyage as a pastime in the kingdom of Taytay.[618] Filipinos also play football, and their
football team has participated in only one Asian Cup.[619]
Philippines men's national
Beginning in 1924, the Philippines has competed in every Summer Olympic Games, except
basketball team celebrating the
when they participated in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.[620][621] 2015 Southeast Asian Games
The Philippines is also the first tropical nation to compete at the Winter Olympic Games championship.
debuting in the 1972 edition.[622][623] In 2021, the country tallied its first ever Olympic gold
medal via weightlifter Hidilyn Diaz's victory at the delayed Tokyo Olympics.
See also
Outline of the Philippines
Notes
a. While Manila is designated as the nation's capital, the seat of government is the National Capital Region, commonly known
as "Metro Manila", of which the city of Manila is a part.[2][3] Many national government institutions aside from Malacañang
Palace and some agencies/institutions are located elsewhere in the NCR.
b. As per the 1987 Constitution: "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."
c. Since March 10, 1945[11][12]
d. In the recognized regional languages of the Philippines:
Aklan: Republika it Pilipinas
Bikol: Republika kan Filipinas
Cebuano: Republika sa Pilipinas
Chavacano: República de Filipinas
Hiligaynon: Republika sang Filipinas
Ibanag: Republika nat Filipinas
Ilocano: Republika ti Filipinas
Ivatan: Republika nu Filipinas
Kapampangan: Republika ning Filipinas
Kinaray-a: Republika kang Pilipinas
Maguindanaon: Republika nu Pilipinas
Maranao: Republika a Pilipinas
Pangasinan: Republika na Filipinas
Sambal: Republika nin Pilipinas
Surigaonon: Republika nan Pilipinas
Tagalog: Republika ng Pilipinas

Tausug: Republika sin Pilipinas
Waray: Republika han Pilipinas
Yakan: Republika si Pilipinas
In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines:
Spanish: República de Filipinas

Arabic: ‫جمهورية الفلبين‬‎, romanized: Jumhūriyyat al-Filibbīn
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Development of Filipino Martial Arts. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0742-7.
43. "Timeline of history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091123061819/http://valoable1.webs.com/timelineofhistory.htm).
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45. Scott 1994, pp. 177–178.
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47. McAmis, Robert Day. (2002). Malay Muslims: The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia (https://books.
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49. Historical Atlas of the Republic (https://archive.org/details/historical-atlas-of-the-republic/page/n65/mode/2up). The
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retained power as leader, or datu, of the village established by his family. This form of village social organization can be found
as early as the 13th century in Panay, Bohol, Cebu, Samar and Leyte in the Visayas, and in Batangas, Pampanga and Tondo
in Luzon. Evidence suggests a considerable degree of independence as small city-states with their heads known as datu,
rajah or sultan."
51. Tan, Samuel K. (2008). A History of the Philippines (https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C&pg=PA37). UP
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the spread of diseases and their ability to become endemic, it is worth commenting briefly on the physical and human
geography of the Philippines. The hot and humid tropical climate would have generally favored the propagation of many
diseases, especially water-borne infections, though there might be regional or seasonal variations in climate that might affect
the incidence of some diseases. In general, however, the fact that the Philippines comprise some seven thousand islands,
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57. de Borja, Marciano R. (2005). Basques In The Philippines (https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff). University of Nevada Press.
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September 11, 2020. "To pursue their mission of conquest, the Spaniards dealt individually with each settlement or village
and with each province or island until the entire Philippine archipelago was brought under imperial control. They saw to it that
the people remained divided or compartmentalized and with the minimum of contact or communication. The Spaniards
adopted the policy of divide et impera (divide and conquer)."
62. Llobet, Ruth de (June 23, 2015). "The Philippines. A mountain of difference: The Lumad in early colonial Mindanao By Oona
Paredes Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University, 2013. Pp. 195. Maps, Appendices, Notes,
Bibliography, Index" (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/philippines-a-mountai
n-of-difference-the-lumad-in-early-colonial-mindanao-by-oona-paredes-ithaca-southeast-asia-program-publications-cornell-un
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63. Acabado, Stephen (March 1, 2017). "The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the "Unconquered" to Spanish
Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines" (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9). International Journal of
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64. Abinales, P. N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and Society in the Philippines (https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdE
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65. Constantino, Renato; Constantino, Letizia R. (1975). A History of the Philippines (https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWC
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66. Gutierrez, Pedro Luengo. "Dissolution of Manila-Mexico Architectural Connections between 1784 and 1810" (https://www.aca
demia.edu/39007295). Transpacific Exchanges: 62–63.
67. Kane, Herb Kawainui (1996). "The Manila Galleons". In Bob Dye (ed.). Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of
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68. Bolunia, Mary Jane Louise A. "Astilleros: the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon" (http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/
34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf) (PDF). Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines. p. 1.
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69. William J. McCarthy (December 1, 1995). "The Yards at Cavite: Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines". International
Journal of Maritime History. 7 (2): 149–162. doi:10.1177/084387149500700208 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F08438714950070
0208). S2CID 163709949 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163709949).
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Bookstore. pp. 111–122. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
71. Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor (https://books.google.com/b
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"Because local resources did not yield enough money to maintain the colonial administration, the government was constantly
running a deficit and had to be supported with an annual subsidy from the Spanish government in Mexico, the situado."
72. Iaccarino, Ubaldo (October 2017). " "The Centre of a Circle": Manila's Trade with East and Southeast Asia at the Turn of the
Sixteenth Century" (https://ostasien-verlag.de/zeitschriften/crossroads/cr/pdf/CR_16_2017_099-120_Iaccarino.pdf) (PDF).
Crossroads. OSTASIEN Verlag. 16. ISSN 2190-8796 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2190-8796).
73. Mehl, Eva Maria (2016). "Chapter 6 – Unruly Mexicans in Manila". Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World From
Mexico to the Philippines, 1765–1811 (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/un
ruly-mexicans-in-manila/EF2599210A0715A5A91B23BB9D84B96C). Cambridge University Press.
doi:10.1017/CBO9781316480120.007 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781316480120.007). ISBN 9781316480120. "In
Governor Anda y Salazar's opinion, an important part of the problem of vagrancy was the fact that Mexicans and Spanish
disbanded after finishing their military or prison terms "all over the islands, even the most distant, looking for
subsistence.~CSIC riel 208 leg.14"
74. Garcıa de los Arcos, "Grupos etnicos", 65–66 Garcia de los Arcos, Maria Fernanda (1999). "Grupos éthnicos y Clases
sociales en las Filipinas de Finales del Siglo XVIII" (https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1999_num_57_2_3515).
Archipel. 57 (2): 55–71. doi:10.3406/arch.1999.3515 (https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farch.1999.3515). Retrieved August 19,
2020.
75. Mehl, Eva Maria (2016). "Chapter 1 – Intertwined Histories in the Pacific" (https://books.google.com/books?id=h1Y2DAAAQB
AJ&q=CSIC+ser.+Consultas+riel+301+leg.8&pg=PA256). Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World From Mexico to the
Philippines, 1765–1811. Cambridge University Press. p. 246. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316480120.007 (https://doi.org/10.1017%
2FCBO9781316480120.007). ISBN 9781316480120. "The military organization of Manila might have depended to some
degree on non-European groups, but colonial authorities measured a successful imperial policy of defense on the amount of
European and American recruits that could be accounted for in the military forces.~CSIC ser. Consultas riel 301 leg.8 (1794)"
76. "Filipino-Mexican-Central-and-South American Connection, Tales of Two Sisters: Manila and Mexico" (http://filipinokastila.trip
od.com/FilMex.html). June 21, 1997. Retrieved January 1, 2021. "Tomás de Comyn, general manager of the Compañia Real
de Filipinas, in 1810 estimated that out of a total population of 2,515,406, "the European Spaniards, and Spanish creoles and
mestizos do not exceed 4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages, and the distinct castes or modifications known in America
under the name of mulatto, quarteroons, etc., although found in the Philippine Islands, are generally confounded in the three
classes of pure Indians, Chinese mestizos and Chinese." In other words, the Mexicans who had arrived in the previous
century had so intermingled with the local population that distinctions of origin had been forgotten by the 19th century. The
Mexicans who came with Legázpi and aboard succeeding vessels had blended with the local residents so well that their
country of origin had been erased from memory."
77. (Page 10) Pérez, Marilola (2015). Cavite Chabacano Philippine Creole Spanish: Description and Typology (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210114232555/https://escholarship.org/content/qt6xj6f1jt/qt6xj6f1jt_noSplash_fd187448d1120e8904337fe47b42
df2a.pdf) (PDF) (PhD). University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original (https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xj6f1jt)
on January 14, 2021. "The galleon activities also attracted a great number of Mexican men that arrived from the Mexican
Pacific coast as ships' crewmembers (Grant 2009: 230). Mexicans were administrators, priests and soldiers (guachinangos or
hombres de pueblo) (Bernal 1964: 188) many though, integrated into the peasant society, even becoming tulisanes 'bandits'
who in the late 18th century "infested" Cavite and led peasant revolts (Medina 2002: 66). Meanwhile, in the Spanish
garrisons, Spanish was used among administrators and priests. Nonetheless, there is not enough historical information on
the social role of these men. In fact some of the few references point to a quick integration into the local society: "los hombres
del pueblo, los soldados y marinos, anónimos, olvidados, absorbidos en su totalidad por la población Filipina." (Bernal 1964:
188). In addition to the Manila-Acapulco galleon, a complex commercial maritime system circulated European and Asian
commodities including slaves. During the 17th century, Portuguese vessels traded with the ports of Manila and Cavite, even
after the prohibition of 1644 (Seijas 2008: 21). Crucially, the commercial activities included the smuggling and trade of slaves:
"from the Moluccas, and Malacca, and India … with the monsoon winds" carrying "clove spice, cinnamon, and pepper and
black slaves, and Kafir [slaves]" (Antonio de Morga cf Seijas 2008: 21). Though there is no data on the numbers of slaves in
Cavite, the numbers in Manila suggest a significant fraction of the population had been brought in as slaves by the
Portuguese vessels. By 1621, slaves in Manila numbered 1,970 out of a population of 6,110. This influx of slaves continued
until late in the 17th century; according to contemporary cargo records in 1690, 200 slaves departed from Malacca to Manila
(Seijas 2008: 21). Different ethnicities were favored for different labor; Africans were brought to work on the agricultural
production, and skilled slaves from India served as caulkers and carpenters."
78. Tatiana Seijas (2014). "The Diversity and Reach of the Manila Slave Market" (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Asian_Sl
aves_in_Colonial_Mexico/YCWjAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA32). Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico (https://www.googl
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79. Dolan 1991, The Early Spanish Period (http://countrystudies.us/philippines/4.htm).
80. Newson, Linda A. (April 16, 2009). Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7). University of Hawaii Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-8248-6197-1. Retrieved January 29,
2021.
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s://books.google.com/books?id=jQmiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 168–169. ISBN 9781409482420.
82. Newson, Linda A. (April 16, 2009). Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3). University of Hawaii Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8248-6197-1.
83. Cole, Jeffrey A. (1985). The Potosí mita, 1573–1700 : compulsory Indian labor in the Andes. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford
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84. Hawkley, Ethan (2014). "Reviving the Reconquista in Southeast Asia: Moros and the Making of the Philippines, 1565–1662"
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276488434). Journal of World History. University of Hawai'i Press. 25 (2–3): 288.
doi:10.1353/jwh.2014.0014 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2014.0014). S2CID 143692647 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/C
orpusID:143692647). "The early modern revival of the Reconquista in the Philippines had a profound effect on the islands,
one that is still being felt today. As described above, the Spanish Reconquista served to unify Christians against a common
Moro enemy, helping to bring together Castilian, Catalan, Galician, and Basque peoples into a single political unit: Spain. In
precolonial times, the Philippine islands were a divided and unspecified part of the Malay archipelago, one inhabited by
dozens of ethnolinguistic groups, residing in countless independent villages, strewn across thousands of islands. By the end
of the seventeenth century, however, a dramatic change had happened in the archipelago. A multiethnic community had
come together to form the colonial beginnings of a someday nation: the Philippines. The powerful influence of Christian-Moro
antagonisms on the formation of the early Philippines remains evident more than four hundred years later, as the Philippine
national government continues to grapple with Moro separatists groups, even in 2013."
85. United States War Department (1903). Annual Report of the Secretary of War (https://books.google.com/books?id=g8FMAAA
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su negociación y cumplimiento y cotejados con los textos originales... (https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gMAQAAMAAJ
&pg=PA120) (in Spanish). pp. 120–123.
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89. Bacareza, Hermógenes E. (2003). The German Connection: A Modern History (https://books.google.com/books?id=RsBxAA
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g/10.4324%2F9780429494383). ISBN 978-0-8133-3755-5. "The cultural identity of the mestizos was challenged as they
became increasingly aware that they were true members of neither the indio nor the Chinese community. Increasingly
powerful but adrift, they linked with the Spanish mestizos, who were also being challenged because after the Latin American
revolutions broke the Spanish Empire, many of the settlers from the New World, Caucasian Creoles born in Mexico or Peru,
became suspect in the eyes of the Iberian Spanish. The Spanish Empire had lost its universality."
92. Schumacher, John N. (1997). The Propaganda Movement, 1880–1895 (https://books.google.com/books?
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608. Zialcita, Fernando Nakpil (2005). Authentic Though not Exotic: Essays on Filipino Identity (https://books.google.com/books?id
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614. Cho, Younghan; Leary, Charles (2016). Modern Sports in Asia (https://books.google.com/books?id=DYz7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA
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618. Dundes, Alan (1994). The Cockfight: A Casebook (https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC). Univ of Wisconsin
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620. Grasso, John; Mallon, Bill; Heijmans, Jeroen (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement (https://books.google.co
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Bibliography
Dolan, Ronald E. (Ed.). (1991). "Education" (http://countrystudies.us/philippines/53.htm). Philippines: A Country Study (http://
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Further reading
Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990). History of the Filipino People (https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod) (8th ed.).
Garotech Publishing. ISBN 978-971-8711-06-4.
Armes, Roy (1987). Third World Film Making and the West. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-90801-7.
Barrows, David (2014). A History of the Philliphines-Illustrated. ISBN 978-0-34-292-6466.
Chandler, David P.; Steinberg, David Joel (1987). In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History (revised 2nd ed.). University
of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1110-5.
Church, Peter (2012). A Short History of South-East Asia. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-35044-7.
De Borja, Marciano R. (2005). Basques in the Philippines. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-590-5.
Dumont, Jean-Paul (1992). Visayan Vignettes: Ethnographic Traces of a Philippine Island. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press. ISBN 978-0-226-16954-5.
Eur (2002). The Far East and Australasia 2003. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-85743-133-9.
Fox, Robert B. (1970). The Tabon Caves: Archaeological Explorations and Excavations on Palawan. National Museum. ASIN
B001O7GGNI.
Friis, Herman Ralph, ed. (1967). The Pacific Basin: A History of Its Geographical Exploration. American Geographical
Society.
Go, Julian; Foster, Anne L. (2003). The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives. Duke University
Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3099-8.
Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004). Philippine History. Rex Bookstore. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
Herbert, Patricia; Milner, Anthony Crothers (1989). South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures : a Select Guide. University
of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6.
Hicks, Nigel (2007). The Philippines. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84537-663-5.
Hirahara, Naomi (2003). Distinguished Asian American Business Leaders. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 978-1-57356-344-4.
Kurlansky, Mark (1999). The Basque History of the World. Nueva York: Walker & Company. ISBN 978-0-8027-1349-0.
Abdul Majid, Harun (2007). Rebellion in Brunei: The 1962 Revolt, Imperialism, Confrontation and Oil. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-
84511-423-7.
McAmis, Robert Day (2002). Malay Muslims: The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia. Wm. B.
Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-4945-8.
Melo Alip, Eufronio (1964). Political and cultural history of the Philippines, Volumes 1–2 (https://books.google.com/books?id=
0A5wAAAAMAAJ).
Lea, David; Milward, Colette (2001). A Political Chronology of South-East Asia and Oceania. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-
85743-117-9.
Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions
Didier Millet. ISBN 978-981-4155-67-0.
Osborne, Milton E. (2004). Southeast Asia: An Introductory History (9th ed.). Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74114-448-2.
Oxford Business Group (2009). The Report: Philippines 2009. Oxford Business Group. ISBN 978-1-902339-12-2.
Price, Michael G. (2002). America at War: the Philippines, 1898–1913. Westport, CT: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-275-96821-2.
Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Taylor
& Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6.
Saunders, Graham (2013). A History of Brunei. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-87401-7.
Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). World War 2 Pacific Island Guide – A Geo-Military Study. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
ISBN 978-0-313-31395-0.
Rowthorn, Chris; Bloom, Greg (2006). Philippines (https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741042894) (9th ed.). Lonely Planet.
ISBN 978-1-74104-289-4.
Solheim, Wilhelm G. II (2006). Archeology and Culture in Southeast Asia. University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 978-971-
542-508-7.
Spate, Oskar H.K. (1979). "Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos". The Spanish
Lake – The Pacific since Magellan. I. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-0049-8.
Tarling, Nicholas (1999). "Part Two – From c. 1500 to c. 1800". The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. 1. Cambridge, RU:
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66370-0.
Tarling, Nicholas (2000). "From World War II to the Present". The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. 4. Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66372-4.
Tople, Lily Rose R.; Nonan-Mercado, Detch P. (2002). Philippines (https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761414759). Marshall
Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-1475-9.
Ure, John (2008). Telecommunications Development in Asia. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-903-6.
Welman, Frans (2013). Borneo Trilogy Brunei: Vol 1. Booksmango. ISBN 978-616-222-235-1.
Zaide, Gregorio F. (1957). Philippine Political and Cultural History. Philippine Education Co.
Zanini, Gianni (1999). Philippines: From Crisis to Opportunity : Country Assistance Review. World Bank Publications.
ISBN 978-0-8213-4294-7.
Zialcita, Fernando Nakpil (2005). Authentic Though not Exotic: Essays on Filipino Identity. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila
University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-479-9.
Zibart, Eve (2001). The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World (https://archive.org/details/
ethnicfoodlovers0000ziba). Menasha Ridge Press. ISBN 978-0-89732-372-7.
External links
Government
Official website of the National Government of the Republic of the Philippines (https://www.gov.ph/)
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines (https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/)
Official website of the Senate of the Philippines (https://www.senate.gov.ph/)

Official website of the House of Representatives of the Philippines (http://www.congress.gov.ph/) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20200604085514/http://congress.gov.ph/) June 4, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
Official website of the Supreme Court of the Philippines (http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/)
Official website of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines) (http://www.bsp.gov.ph/)
Official website of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) (http://www.neda.gov.ph/) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20160804003832/http://www.neda.gov.ph/) August 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
Official website of the Philippine National Police (PNP) (http://www.pnp.gov.ph/)
Official website of the Department of Tourism (https://www.tourism.gov.ph/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202106270
55125/http://www.tourism.gov.ph/) June 27, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
The Philippines Online Tourism Guide (http://www.thephilippines.com/)
Trade
World Bank summary of trade statistics: Philippines (http://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/PHL)
General information
Philippines profile (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15521300) from the BBC News
Philippines (https://web.archive.org/web/20110521230339/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/philippines.htm) at the
Wayback Machine (archived May 21, 2011) at UCB Libraries GovPubs
Philippines (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/). The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Philippines (https://curlie.org/Regional/Oceania/Philippines) at Curlie
Philippines (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456399/Philippines) at Encyclopædia Britannica
Geographic data related to Philippines (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/443174) at OpenStreetMap
Philippine News and Current Events (http://www.noypi.ph/)
Key Development Forecasts for the Philippines (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=PH) from
International Futures
Books and articles

History of the Philippine Islands (http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/b#a2296) in many volumes, from Project
Gutenberg (indexed under Emma Helen Blair, the general editor)
Weedon, Alan (August 10, 2019). "The Philippines is fronting up to its Spanish heritage, and for some it's paying off" (https://
www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590). ABC News.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation. About the influence of the Spanish people and language
Crow, Carl (1914). America and the Philippines (https://archive.org/details/americaandphili03crowgoog). Doubleday, Page.
Worcester, Dean C. (1898). The Philippine Islands and their People (https://archive.org/details/philippineislan00goog).
Macmillan & co.
Rice, Mark (2014). Dean Worcester's Fantasy Islands: Photography, Film, and the Colonial Philippines (https://books.google.
com/books?id=Wx3zAwAAQBAJ). University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-05218-9.
Wikimedia
Wikimedia Philippines
Wikimedia Atlas of Philippines
Other
Asian Development Bank (ADB) (http://www.adb.org/)
Filipinana.net – Free digital library and a research portal (https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/)
WikiSatellite view of Philippines (http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=12554564&x=122915039&z=6&l=0&m=a) at WikiMapia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&oldid=1045908187"
This page was last edited on 23 September 2021, at 02:09 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
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Philippines: Republic of The Philippines (Filipino: Republika NG Pilipinas)

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9/23/21, 11:23 PM Philippines - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 13°N 122°E

(English: "Chosen Land")

Negritos, some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by

It is considered to be an emerging market and a newly industrialized country,

Cinema (masculine and neutral)

Mass media (feminine)

References (colloquial feminine)

Bibliography (used for certain common

Other Legislature Congress

Early states (900–1565)

Colonial rule (1565–1946)

Postcolonial period (1946–present)

The 1991 eruption of Mount

Geography and environment

Government and politics

municipalities, and 42,036 barangays.[334]

Administrative map of the Philippines

Regions of the Philippines

Northern Cagayan de 229/km2

aged from 15 to 64 years old.[6]

Remittances from overseas Filipinos contribute significantly to the Philippine economy.[463]

Science and technology

Water supply and sanitation

Culture Ambuklao Dam in Bokod, Benguet.

Tagalog: Republika ng Pilipinas

In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines:

Spanish: República de Filipinas

184. Central Intelligence Agency. (2009). "Field Listing : Coastline" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/field

284. "PH defends purchase of arms from China, Russia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190805105137/https://www.manilatimes.n

352. "2018 Philippine Statistical Yearbook" (https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2018%20PSY_final%28revised%20asof26Mar19%

389. "The Global Catholic Population" (https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/). Pew Research

412. "Philippines" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142745/https://www.who.int/nmh/countries/phl_en.pdf?ua=1) (PDF).

454. Philippine Statistics Authority (October 2009). "Quickstat" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120711125757/http://www.census.g

476. "Mabuhay acquires Indon satellite;sets new orbit" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1370&dat=19960725&id=9mUV

499. Strong Republic Nautical Highway (http://www.macapagal.com/gma/initiatives/roro.php) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we

Official website of the Senate of the Philippines (https://www.senate.gov.ph/)

Books and articles

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This page was last edited on 23 September 2021, at 02:09 (UTC).

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