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Contents
F1.0 SHALY SAND POROSITY ............................................................................................................1
F1.1 CALCULATING φt , φe, AND SW IN SHALY SANDS ...................................................................1
F1.2 GRAPHICAL CALCULATION...................................................................................................6
F1.3 DIRECT CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE POROSITY..............................................................6

F2.0 EXAMPLE CALCULATION ...........................................................................................................7

F3.0 WORK SESSION .......................................................................................................................13

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Introduction to Openhole Logging

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F1.0 Shaly Sand Porosity
F1.1 CALCULATING φT, φe AND Sw
IN SHALY SANDS
To this point our calculations have been
fairly straightforward in evaluating porosity
and hence water saturation. As indicated in
Section E, shale presence complicates inter-
pretation considerably. To arrive at the best
possible value for Sw, we must develop a qual-
ity value for porosity. This means we must
correct φT for the volume of shales and obtain
φ e (effective porosity, shale free). This correc-
tion can be done graphically for all cases or
using an average assumption for neutron and
density porosity, through equations. Both
these methods are outlined in this section.
Before giving the methodologies, let's develop
the basis for the graphical correction for which
the direct calculation approximates. Shaly
clastics are generally modelled with the com-
position of silt-shale-sand in which the shales
can be laminated, dispersed or structural. The
basic model is suggested by the groupings of
the plotted points on the neutron-density
crossplot of Figures F1 and F2. These plots
represent a typical crossplot through a se-
quence of sands, shales and shaly sands. Most
of the data belong to two groups: Group A,
identified as sands and shaly sands, and Group
B, identified as shales.
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To explain the spread of points in Group B
along the line from Point Q through Point Sho
to Point Cl, the shales are considered mixtures
of clay minerals, water and silt in varying pro-
portions. Silt is fine grained and is assumed to
consist predominantly of quartz, but it may
also contain feldspars, calcite and other miner-
als. Silt has, on the average, nearly the same
neutron and density log properties as the ma-
trix quartz; pure quartz silt would plot at the
quartz point, Q. Silt, like quartz, is electrically
nonconductive. Points near the "wet clay"
point, Point Cl, correspond to shales that are
relatively silt free. Point Sho corresponds to
shale containing a maximum amount of silt.
The shaly sands in Group A grade from
shales, on Line Sho-Cl, to sands at Point Sd, on
Line Q-Sd. The shale in these shaly sands
may be distributed in various ways. When all
the shale is laminar shale, the point falls on the
Sd-Sho line. Dispersed shale causes the point
to plot to the left of the line. Structural shale
causes the point to plot to the right of the line.
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Figure F1: Neutron-Density Frequency Crossplot Illustrating the Shaly Sand Model

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0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

– 0.2

Figure F2: Expanded φN - φD Crossplot for Shaly Sand Showing All End Points

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Introduction to Openhole Logging
Typically, few points plot in Area C. When
they do, they usually represent levels where
log readings have been affected by borehole
rugosity, or where shale properties have been
affected by hydration of the clay in contact
with the mud, or where matrix lithology no
longer corresponds to a shale-sand sequence
(e.g., porous carbonates, lignite).
Once Points Sd, Sho and Cl have been de-
termined from inspection of the crossplot, the
plot can be scaled for water-bearing sands and
shales in terms of φ and Vcl, as shown in Fig-
ure F3. The lines of constant φ e are parallel to
the shale line, Q-Cl. They range from φ e = 0
on the shale line to φ = φmax on the line through
Point Sd (Figure F3a). The lines of constant
Vcl are parallel to the clean sand line, Q-Water
Point; they range from Vcl = 0 on the clean
sand line to Vcl = 100% at Point Cl. A similar
scaling of Vsh is possible if the location of the
laminar shale point, Point Sho, is fixed; the
scaling ranges from Vsh = 0 on the clean sand
line to Vsh = 100% at Point Sho.
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With a grid so established, the location of a
point on the neutron-density crossplot defines
its shale volume Vsh ; breaks down the total
shale volume into clay volume Vcl and silt vol-
ume or silt index, Isl (where Isl = [Vsh – Vcl]/Vsh );
and defines effective porosity φ for water
bearing formations.
Because hydrocarbons, particularly gas and
light hydrocarbons, can significantly affect the
neutron and density log responses, hydrocar-
bon-bearing zones must be handled differently.
Zone shaliness is first evaluated using a shale
indicator (SP, GR, Rt , Rxo , etc.). The neutron
and density logs are corrected for shaliness and
then used to determine porosity and hydrocar-
bon density.
With φ, Vsh and Rw now defined, water satu-
ration in the noninvaded, virgin formation can
be determined using the true resistivity from a
deep resistivity log.
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φ 0.5
φ D
φe φ
t

0.5

φ
N

Figure F3a: φN – φD Crossplot Scaled for φt and φe

φD0.5

0.5

φN

Figure F3b: φN – φD Crossplot Scaled for Vcl

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F1.2 GRAPHICAL CALCULATION F1.3 DIRECT CALCULATION

(APPROXIMATELY) OF
φ t and φe can be found graphically on a φ N – EFFECTIVE POROSITY
φ D crossplot; the steps are outlined in the fol-
lowing. This method helps identify gas- φN + φ D
bearing zones with the resistivity input (see a)φ t ≅
Figure F4). 2

1. Calculate Vsh from gamma ray opposite b) φ e = φ t (1 - Vsh )

zone of interest.
2. Determine φD shale and φN shale from therefore,
average responses above the zone of in-
terest. FRw
3. Plot φD shale and φN shale on the cross- Swe =
2

plot (shale point). Rt

4. Draw shale line from shale point to clean
matrix line at zero porosity.
5. Plot φD and φN for zone of interest (Point
A).
6. Move the shaly sand point parallel to the
shale line a distance proportional to Vsh
(Point B).
7. If the corrected point falls above the clean
matrix line, gas is present.
8. Gas-correct the point (if necessary) by
moving to the clean matrix in the direction
of the approximate gas correction arrows
(Point E).
9. Once the shale and gas corrections have
been made, you have graphically calcu-
lated φe (Point E).
10. If a gas correction of total porosity is re-
quired, shifting the original point in an Figure F4: Graphical Solution of φt and φe
identical manner will produce φt (Point 1. Shale Correction
C). 2. Gas Correction - φ Effective
11. Using φe , therefore 3. Gas Correction - φ Total
FRw
Swe =
2

Rt

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F2.0 EXAMPLE CALCULATION: Using the log in Figure F5 for the zone from 444 to 447 m calculate:
1) Vsh 2) φt 3) φe
BS(MM )
125.00 375.00
GR(GAPI) NPHI(V/V )
0.0 150.00 .60000 0.0
CALI(MM ) DPHI(V/V )
125.00 375.00 .60000 0.0

SANDSTONE

CP 32.6 FILE 7 20-MAY-1992 11:40

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1 20-MAY-1992 16:36

1/240
ΦN = 49 SHALE POINT Φ D = 17

ΦN = 31 ΦD = 27
63 API
450

---BS
GR---
---NPHI
DPHI---
---CALI GR
SHALE
115
GR
CLEAN
23

Figure F5

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Introduction to Openhole Logging

EXAMPLE CALCULATION (continued)

GR - GRCL 63 - 23
1. Calculate Vsh . X = = = 0.435 Using Vsh-1 : Vsh = 25%
GRSH - GRCL 115 - 23

2. Plot the shale point on Figure F6.

φN

φD

Figure F6

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EXAMPLE CALCULATION (continued)

3. Plot the shale-sand point on Figure F7.

4. Draw the shale line.

φN

φD

Figure F7

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Introduction to Openhole Logging

EXAMPLE CALCULATION (continued)

5. Make the shale correction on Figure F8.

Figure F8

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EXAMPLE CALCULATION (continued):

6. Make the gas correction and read φe .

7. Gas correct the log value and read φt.

φt

φe

Figure F9

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Introduction to Openhole Logging

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F3.0 Work Session

1. Shaly Sand Problem (Figures F10 – F13)

Given: BHT = 24oC

Rmf = 3.08 at 14.4oC
Rm = 2.86 at 18.8oC
Rmf = 2.435 at 24oC
Gel Chem Mud; Mud Weight = 1090 kg/m3
Viscosity = 585
pH = 8.5
Fluid loss = 7.0 cm3
a. Find hydrocarbon zones.
b.Rw - Calculate Rw for this interval.
c. φ e - Determine effective porosity.
d.φ t - Determine total porosity.

0.62 Rw
e. SWT - From SWT =
2

φt 2.15 Rt

Note: When φe has been determined, Rt must also be corrected for effect of shale to properly calcu-
late Swe . This is discussed in the next section.

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DUAL INDUCTION - SFL

ILM(OHMM)
.20000 2000.0
ILD(OHMM)
.20000 2000.0
SP(MV ) SFL(OHMM)
-120.0 30.000 .20000 2000.0

CP 32.6 FILE 16 20-MAY-1992 12:10

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1 20-MAY-1992 15:48

1/240

400

425

SP---
---ILM
---ILD
---SFL

Figure F10
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COMPENSATED NEUTRON - LITHO DENSITY (NO PEF CURVE)

BS(MM )
125.00 375.00
GR(GAPI) NPHI(V/V )
0.0 150.00 .60000 0.0
CALI(MM ) DPHI(V/V )
125.00 375.00 .60000 0.0

SANDSTONE

CP 32.6 FILE 8 20-MAY-1992 11:42

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1 20-MAY-1992 17:09

1/240

---BS
GR---
---NPHI
DPHI---
---CALI

400

425

Figure F11
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BOREHOLE COMPENSATED SONIC

BS(MM )
125.00 375.00
GR(GAPI)
0.0 150.00
CALI(MM ) DT(US/M)
125.00 375.00 500.00 100.00

CP 32.6 FILE 9 20-MAY-1992 11:51

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1 20-MAY-1992 17:37

1/240

---DT
---BS
GR---
---CALI

400

425

Figure F12

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COMPENSATED NEUTRON - BHC SONIC

BS(MM )
125.00 375.00
GR(GAPI) DT(US/M)
0.0 150.00 500.00 100.00
CALI(MM ) NPHI(V/V )
125.00 375.00 .60000 0.0

CP 32.6 FILE 11 20-MAY-1992 11:56

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1 20-MAY-1992 17:37
1 20-MAY-1992 17:55

1/240

400

---DT
---BS
---GR
---NPHI
---CALI

425

Figure F13
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