11/17/2021

Environmental Pollution Control

CHE F411

Krishna Etika
BITS Pilani Department of Chemical Engineering
B.I.T.S-Pilani, Pilani Campus
Pilani Campus

Water Pollution

Sources and Classification of water

pollutants

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Re- Cap

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Oxygen Demanding Wastes

(DO & BOD)
 Dissolved oxygen (DO) is essential for sustaining the plant and
animal life in any aquatic system.
 For example, warm water fish requires a minimum DO level of at
least 5 mg/l.
 If the DO level drops below the level necessary to sustain normal
life, then the aquatic system is classified as polluted.
Process by which the DO content is affected
(a)Reaeration: Process by which oxygen transfer takes place from the
atmosphere to water.
(b)Photosynthesis
(c)Respiration
(d)Oxidation of wastes
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Pollution results when the oxygen demand exceeds the
available oxygen.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
 Is a measure of the O2 utilized by microorganisms during
the oxidation of organic materials.
 On an average, the demand for oxygen is directly
proportional to the amount of organic waste which has to
broken down.
 Hence, BOD is a direct measure of oxygen requirements
and an indirect measure of biodegradable organic
matter.

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Biochemical Oxygen Demand

When a water sample containing degradable organic matter is placed in a closed
container in the presence of bacteria, the O2 consumption follows the pattern shown
below

L = The amount of BOD remaining in time t or the conc. of the remaining

oxidizable material (mg/l)
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand


 L  L u 10  k1 t 
If y represents the amount of BOD utilized at any time t, then
Lu = L + y

or 
y  Lu  L  Lu 1  10  k1 t 
A standard way to measure BOD is to determine the amount of
O2 required by the bacteria during the first five days of
decomposition at 200C. The result is known as the 5-day BOD
at 200C, commonly abbreviated as BOD5 that is equals

y5  Lu  L5  Lu 1  10 5 k1  7
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand

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Thomas method
A plot of (t/y)1/3 vs time, t, will give a straight line whose slope,
b and intercept, a can be used to calculate K’1 and Lu.
1   K  2 3 
a  2.3 K1 Lu 

3 b 1
1 
 3.43 Lu  3 
Further simplification will yield,

b 1
k1  2.61 Lu 
a 2.3k1 a 3
If we know k1ʹ and Lu, it is possible to predict the BOD utilization
with time.


y  Lu  L  Lu 1  10  k1 t  9
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Typical values of K’1 and Lu

Type of Waste water K11 (day-1) Lu(mg/l)

Weak wastewater 0.152 150
Strong wastewater 0.168 250
Primary sewage effluent 0.152 75-150
Secondary sewage effluent 0.052-0.100 15-75

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Lecture 24

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Deoxygenation constant (k1`)

The deoxygeration constant is f(Temperature) like any

other reaction rate constant.

Van’t Hoff-Arrhenius equation is applicable.

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Deoxygenation constant (k1`)

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Problem

Show that the ratio of 2.25 –day 35oC BOD to 5-day 20oC
BOD is almost 1.

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Complete BOD Curve

Why two stages?? 15

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Complete BOD Curve

 During the carbonaceous stage, ammonia is produced

by the breakdown of organic nitrogen materials, but this
process is so slow that nitrifiers do not dominate till
end of this stage.

Nitrosomonas
2NH4+ + 3O2 2NO2- + 2H2O + 4H+
Nitrobacter
2NO2- + O2 2NO3-
 Ammonia exerts a very high O2 demand, requiring more
than 4.5 times its own weight of oxygen for complete
oxidation.

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Complete BOD curve – New

Allylthio Urea - Inhibitor

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CBOD and NOD

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Oxygen Sag Curve

• Waste discharge to water results in depletion of DO
• As DO drops below saturation level, reaeration takes place.
• The simultaneous action of deoxygenation and reaeration
results in a typical variation of DO concentration of aquatic
system known as oxygen sag curve

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Oxygen Sag Curve

Net rate of change of oxygen deficiency, dD/dt

dD/dt = k1L - k2D where L = Lue-k1t
dD/dt = k1Lue-k1t - k2D
k1 Lu
D (e  k1t  e k 2t )  Do e  k2t
k 2  k1
At maximum deficit, i.e., D=Dc
dD k1
 k1 Lu e  k1t  k 2 D  0 Dc  Lu e  k1t
dt k2 20
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Oxygen Sag Curve

The critical time (tc) can be obtained by differentiating the eqn
below and setting dD/dt = 0

k1 Lu
D (e  k1t  e k 2t )  Do e  k2t
k 2  k1
1. Differentiating w.r.t t
2. LHS  0 at t=tc

1 k  D o ( k 2  k 1 )  
tc  ln  2 1  
k 2  k1  k1  k1 Lu  

How to determine k1 and k2?

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Critical Deficit and Critical

Time
k1 = can be determined by BOD test in the laboratory (Thomas
method) by using Bosko Equation:

kd = deoxygenation rate constant at 20oC, d-1

V = average speed of stream flow, m/s
k = BOD rate constant determined in laboratory at 20oC, d-1
H average depth of stream,
η = bed-activity coefficient (0.1 for stagnant or deep water, 0.6 for rapidly flowing water

k2 = f(stream characteristics), has to be determined at field.

3.9v 0.5
k2 
H 1.5 22
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Mixing Concentraton

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Mixing Concentraton
Concentrations of DO and BOD after mixing are the
respective masses per unit time divided by the total flow
rate (sum of wastewater and river flow)

Qw Lw  Qr Lr
L
Qw  Qr

 Q DOw  Qr DOr 
Do  DOs   w 
 Qw  Qr 

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