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VETERINARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO HUMAN HEALTH –

IMPACT OF ONE HEALTH
o Veterinary public health is a branch of human health
o Consider Public Health as human herd medicine
o Animals have been major contributors to the spread
of communicable diseases
o Human health is therefore interlocked with animal
health and the prevention/control of infectious
disease and consumption of safe food of animal
origin

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VETERINARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO HUMAN HEALTH

o Schwabe thought epidemics were first prevalent
among animals then spread to humans

o Edward Jenner studied cowpox and horsepox,

hydatid disease, foot rot

o Koch studied anthrax, discovered the tubercle

bacillus.

VETERINARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO HUMAN HEALTH

Smith Schutz
Chauveau Jensen
Arloing Johne
Bang Ramon
Traum Salmon
Evans

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PUBLIC HEALTH VETERINARIAN AND FOOD PROTECTION

o Standards for meat hygiene were developed by

Robert von Ostertag

o The Bureau of Animal Industry ( BAI) was set up in

1884 by Daniel E Salmon

o Veterinarians at BAI were instrumental in the

spread of vector borne diseases

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PUBLIC HEALTH VETERINARIAN AND FOOD PROTECTION

o A milk sanitation programme was adopted in 1920’s

o Veterinarians in public health were at first concerned

about food hygiene practices in agriculture.

o They then moved to national public health service for

combating zoonoses and improving the food supply

PUBLIC HEALTH VETERINARIAN AND FOOD PROTECTION

o Administrators became more aware of the similarities
between public health and veterinary public health

o Veterinarians were appointed to American Public Health

agencies

o A Veterinary Public Health section was established in the

communicable disease center

o In 1963, 110 veterinarians were employed in various

areas of veterinary and human health related areas of
research

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VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH CONTRIBUTIONS TO

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
o Zoonoses surveillance and control

o Food safety, alleviation of disease, hunger,

malnutrition

o Prevention of animal sources of environmental

pollution

o Disaster preparedness, relief operations

PUBLIC HEALTH VETERINARIAN AND FOOD PROTECTION

o PAHO/WHO contributions

o A Veterinary Public Health component was added in

1900s

o Encouraged governments to establish Veterinary

Public Health Programs to promote and protect
human health by the application of veterinary
knowledge and skills

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PUBLIC HEALTH VETERINARIAN AND FOOD PROTECTION

o Technical information focused on the control and

eradication of Foot and Mouth Disease, zoonoses
and food protection

o 1972 Resolutions
- Establish VPH units in the Ministry of Health
- Programmes for food hygiene and zoonoses
control

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO EXPERIENCE

o Training for Animal Health Assistants and

establish a Veterinary School

o Seek funding from international organizations

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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO EXPERIENCE

In May 1973
- the following were in place
- 1 Director
- 1 Veterinary Public Health Assistant 11
- 1 Statistical Assistant 1
- 1 Messenger 1
- 1 Driver

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO EXPERIENCE

TT- VPHU Objective

The advancement of Human Health through the
application of professional veterinary skills
and knowledge

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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO EXPERIENCE

Activities
- prevention and control of animal diseases
- study the dynamics of disease in human and
animal populations
- effects of animal and animal products including
waste matter on the environment

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO EXPERIENCE

o Promotion of food safety through meat

inspection

o Examination of animal products for

microbiological contaminants, drug residues

o Identify animal diseases which may be

transmitted from animal products to man

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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO EXPERIENCE

o Food protection / Food safety

o Zoonoses Surveillance / control / eradication/
o Epidemiological investigations
o Training
o Stray dog and cat control
o Liaison with Min of Agric – Vet services division
o Lab animal medicine

FOOD PROTECTION FOOD SAFETY

o Should have an adequate food law from which

inspectorate will derive its powers

o Develop a healthy relationship between

inspectors and processing plant personnel

o Ensure that the food is safe.

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FOOD PROTECTION FOOD SAFETY

o Ante and postmortem inspection at abattoirs and

poultry plants

o Humane slaughter of animals

o Compliance with sanitation principles at

processing plants

FOOD PROTECTION FOOD SAFETY

o Ensuring proper waste disposal at abattoirs

o Ensuring proper labeling of meat products
o Controlling ingredients used in meat and poultry
products
o Sampling for residues
o Certifying products for export
o Epidemiological investigations

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ZOONOSES SURVEILLANCE

Surveillance work for zoonotic diseases:

• Yellow fever
• Rabies
• Tuberculosis
• Leptospirosis
• Brucellosis

TRAINING

Meat and Poultry Inspection for Public health

Inspectors and Veterinary Public Health
Assistants, locally and at FSIS of the USDA

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SELECTED ZOONOTIC DISEASES

Zoonosis : Disease transmitted between vertebrate animals and
man
• Animals play an essential role in maintaining zoonotic infections
in nature.
• Zoonoses may be bacterial, viral, or parasitic, or may involve
unconventional agents.
• Zoonoses are a public health problem
• Many of the major zoonotic diseases prevent the efficient
production of food of animal origin and create obstacles to
international trade in animal products

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ONE HEALTH

Recent emerging infectious diseases that have caused outbreaks of

human disease

https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Repor
ts/Pages/One-Health176.aspx

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BRUCELLOSIS
Agents B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis, B.
canis (bacteria)
Affect cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, deer,
water buffaloes, reindeer.
Transmission: foetal membranes, aborted
foetus, raw milk and milk products
Persons at risk: Farmers, veterinarians,
livestock workers, abattoir and processing
plant workers, persons frequenting wild
life habitats, health care personnel, lab
workers, persons handling corpses or
organs
Clinical signs: Abortions, still birth,
lymphadenopathy, undulant fever,
encephalitits
Prevention PPE, do not consume raw milk

YELLOW FEVER

Acute mosquito borne

flaviviral (RNA virus)
infection
 Fever
 Jaundice
 Haemorrhage
 Black vomit---
haematemesis

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Jentes ES. Poumerol G, Gershman

MD, et al. The revised global
yellow fever risk map and
recommendations for
vaccination, 2010: consensus
of the Informal WHO Working
Group on Geographic Risk for
Yellow Fever. Lancet Infect Dis.
2011;11:622-32.

YELLOW FEVER
Incubation
 3-6 days
 Vector in the Urban Cycle is Aedes aegypti, Sylvatic cycle vector is
Haemagogus spp
Signs
 Fever chills vomiting weakness
Animals affected
 Neotropical monkey (red howler Alouatta spp, Capuchin, Spider
monkey, Marmoset, Owl monkey, squirrel monkey )

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YELLOW FEVER
o Control mosquito vector
o Vaccination ( chick embryo vaccine)
o Insect repellants
o Public health surveillance and reporting
of sick, dead and dying monkeys

LEPTOSPIROSIS
Caribvet animal health network

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LEPTOSPIROSIS

RABIES

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RABIES

Bat rabies is an emerging

disease of public
health significance in
the Americas.
Trinidad experiences
periodic outbreaks
within the livestock
population

RABIES

DESMODUS ROTUNDUS

Rabies is considered a neglected

disease and is of major
public health importance
worldwide as both an
emerging and re-emerging
disease
Agent : Rhabdoviridae
Single stranded RNA virus genus
Lyssavirus

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RABIES
o Following a bite:
o Early replication in skeletal muscle
o Entry into the nervous system via neuro-muscular and
neuro-tendinal spindle
o Progresses along the peripheral nerves to the CNS
o Severe disturbances in the brain function

RABIES
Clinical Signs
o Following the bite of rabid animal, the excitation phase
is often absent

o Ascending paralysis predominates i.e. “dumb rabies”

o Respiratory depression, cardio-respiratory arrest

o Death may occur after the excitement phase or after

the patient enters a coma

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RABIES

RABID COW IN NARIVA

Control:
Destroy vampire bat
roosts
Vaccinate cattle
Vaccinate people at
risk. Veterinarians ,
spelunkers

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RABIES
Diagnosis:
ANTEMORTEM
o Abnormal behavior suggestive of acute neurologic
disease
o Apprehension, pharyngeal spasms ddx tetanus

POSTMORTEM
o Virus isolation, rising antibody titres in serum and CSF
o FA staining of brain tissue, biopsy, corneal smears

TINEA SAGINATUM (ADULT STAGE)/CYTICERCUS BOVIS (LARVAL

STAGE)-BEEF TAPE WORM

Veterinary inspection of
carcasses for cysts

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CYSTICERCUS BOVIS CYSTS IN HEART MUSCLE

TINEA SOLIUM / CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSE

PORK TAPE WORM

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PREVENTION

HYDATID DISEASE

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AVIAN INFLUENZA

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febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com

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